Deletion of MGNREGA Job Cards

For Prelims: MGNREGA, MGNREGA Scheme, Gram Panchayat, Municipal Corporation, Management Information System, Aadhaar-Based Payment System, Legal Right to Work, Unemployment, Gram Panchayat, Unemployment Allowance.

For Mains: Poverty, Government Policies & Interventions, Issues Relating to Development, MGNREGA and related Issues.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The recent surge in the deletion of workers from job cards under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) has raised serious concerns about the right to work and transparency in implementation.

• In 2022-23 alone, over 5.53 crore workers were removed, marking a 247% increase from 2021-22.

What are the Key Provisions For Deletion of MGNREGA Job Cards?

• Grounds for Deletion: As per Schedule II, Paragraph 23 of the MGNREGA Act, 2005, a job card can only be deleted under specific, well-defined conditions:
  • Permanent Migration: If a household permanently relocates from the concerned Gram Panchayat.
  • Duplicate Job Cards: If a job card is found to be a duplicate.
  • Forged Documents: If a job card was issued based on forged documents.
  • Reclassification of Area: If a Gram Panchayat is reclassified as a Municipal Corporation, all associated job cards are deleted.
  • Other Valid Reasons: The MGNREGA Management Information System (MIS) lists reasons like "Duplicate Applicant," "Fake Applicant," and "Not Willing to Work."
• Role of ABPS: The surge in MGNREGA job card deletions during 2022-23 coincided with the implementation of mandatory Aadhaar-based payment systems (ABPS) which required workers to link their Aadhaar numbers to their job cards.
  • Workers with non-linked or improperly linked Aadhaar led to job card deletions.
• Due Process for Deletion: Workers proposed for deletion must be heard with two independent persons present, reasons for deletion independently verified, actions documented, and reports shared with the Gram Sabha or Ward Sabha for transparency.

Note: ABPS is a payment system that uses Aadhaar numbers to electronically send government subsidies and benefits to the Aadhaar-linked bank accounts of beneficiaries.

What are the Implications of Deletion of MGNREGA Job Cards?

• Violation of the Right to Work: Deleting workers’ names from job cards on grounds of “not willing to work”, denies the worker his legal right to work.
  • Many workers labeled as "Not willing to work" actually worked or requested work in the same financial year of their deletion.
• Inconsistent Procedure: The official reason of “Village becomes urban,” used for deleting job cards of only some workers contradicts the Act's stipulation that all job cards in an urbanized area must be deleted.
  • Deletions often bypass Gram Sabha approval, violating the Act, and many workers face wrongful deletions without their knowledge.
• Absence of Verification: Many workers were victims of wrongful deletions when deletion was done without any verification or analysis to assess the validity of reasons for deletion.
  • While deletions are recorded in the MIS, the Ministry of Rural Development has not conducted any verification and analysis of deletion reasons, including the ‘Not willing to work’ reason.
• Impact on Vulnerable Populations: Deleting workers for reasons such as “not willing to work”, especially in light of high rural unemployment rates, directly undermines their livelihood opportunities.
• Data-Driven Concerns: The data indicates that the surge in deletions aligns with the increased focus on ABPS, suggesting that deletions may have been driven by compliance incentives rather than genuine reasons.

What is MGNREGA Scheme?

• About: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 passed in September 2005 to provide a legal guarantee for wage employment under the MGNREGA Scheme.
• Objective: To enhance livelihood security in rural areas by offering 100 days of wage employment per financial year to adult members of rural households willing to do unskilled manual labor.
• Eligibility:
  • Target Group: All rural households in need of employment and willing to do manual, unskilled work.
  • Registration: Applicants submit their requests to the Gram Panchayat, which registers households and issues job cards after verification.
  • Priority: At least one-third of the wage seekers should be women.
  • Employment Conditions: Employment should last at least 14 consecutive days, with no more than six workdays per week.
• Employment Provision:
  • Employment Timeline: The Gram Panchayat or Block Programme Officer must provide work within 15 days of application, ideally within 5 kilometers of the applicant’s village.
    • Work beyond this requires an extra 10% wage for transportation and living costs.
  • Unemployment Allowance: If employment is not provided within 15 days, an unemployment allowance is given which is one-fourth of the wage rate for the first 30 days and at least half for the rest.
• Permissible Works:
  • Water and Land Development: Conservation and harvesting.
  • Afforestation and Drought Proofing: Tree plantation.
  • Irrigation and Farm Infrastructure: Canals, ponds, and irrigation.
  • Rural Connectivity: Roads and culverts.
  • Sanitation and Hygiene: Latrines and waste management.
  • Rural Infrastructure: Community centers and storage.
  • Employment-Linked Projects: Composting, livestock shelters, fisheries.
• Restrictions: The use of contractors and labor-displacing machines is prohibited.
• MGNREGA and SDGs:

Way Forward

• Verification Processes: Ensuring deletions follow the MGNREGA Act, 2005 and Master Circular protocols is essential to minimize arbitrary deletions and protect workers' rights.
• Audit and Oversight: Set up independent bodies or third-party agencies to periodically audit deletion records and reasons for job card removals to ensure consistency and transparency.
• Grievance Redressal: Create or strengthen systems to provide workers with a clear and efficient process for filing complaints and seeking redress for wrongful deletions.
• Empowering Gram Sabhas: Ensuring that all deletions are reviewed and approved by the Gram Sabha as mandated by the MGNREGA Act, 2005.
• Upgrade MIS: Enhance the MIS to accurately track and record job card deletions, with real-time notifications and strong reporting features for better oversight.
  • Use data analytics to detect trends and irregularities in job card deletions for timely intervention and corrective action.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. What measures can be taken to strengthen the verification process under MGNREGA to prevent arbitrary exclusions?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.With reference to the Indian economy after the 1991 economic liberalization, consider the following statements: (2020)

1. Worker productivity (Rs. per worker at 2004-05 prices) increased in urban areas while it decreased in rural areas.

2. The percentage share of rural areas in the workforce steadily increased.

3. In rural areas, the growth in the non-farm economy increased.

4. The growth rate in rural employment decreased.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 and 4 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 4 only

Ans: (b)

Q.Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (2011)

(a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households

(b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households

(c) Adult members of households of all backward communities

(d) Adult members of any household

Ans: (d)

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Mains

Q.“The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (2017)

Q.Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)

SASCI Development of Iconic Tourist Centres to Global Scale

For Prelims: Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment , Public-Private Partnership, Jal Jeevan Mission , Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Swadesh Darshan Scheme

For Mains: Scheme of Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment, Sustainable tourism and infrastructure

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Union Government has allocated Rs 3,295 crore for the development of 40 tourism projects across 23 states under the Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) - Development of Iconic Tourist Centres to Global Scale.

• While SASCI has been active since 2020-21, this is the first time funds have been specifically earmarked for tourism.

What is the SASCI Development of Iconic Tourist Centres to Global Scale?

• About: The Development of Iconic Tourist Centres to Global Scale component under the SASCI scheme focuses on developing tourism infrastructure in India, promoting less-visited sites like Bateshwar (Uttar Pradesh), Ponda (Goa), and Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh) to diversify tourism.
• Objective: The scheme provides interest-free loans for 50 years to States for developing iconic tourist centers, branding, and global marketing.
  • It aims to boost local economies, create jobs, promote sustainable tourism and strengthen the entire tourist value chain(includes Transportation, Accommodation, Activities, and Services) through challenge-mode projects.
• Salient Features of the Scheme: Funding is provided only for shortlisted proposals submitted by the State that meet the scheme's guidelines and objectives.
  • The Ministry of Tourism will evaluate proposals based on criteria such as connectivity, existing tourism ecosystem, site capacity, utilities availability, project impact, financial viability, and sustainability.
  • Proposals must follow the challenge mode development process.
    • The challenge mode development process selects the best proposals through competitive evaluation based on set criteria, ensuring high-quality, innovative projects.
  • States must provide encumbrance-free land at no cost. Projects must be sustainable, with long-term operation and maintenance.
  • Completion time for projects is capped at two years, with funds available until 31st March 2026.
  • The State Government is solely responsible for the project's operations and maintenance, potentially through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
  • States may offer incentives to attract private players for world-class tourist development.
• Pattern of Assistance: States can submit multiple projects, with a maximum funding of Rs. 100 crores per project.
  • For exceptional projects, the Ministry of Tourism may propose higher funding, subject to approval by the Department of Expenditure (DoE).
  • The Government of India will provide 100% of the project cost, while States must contribute to peripheral infrastructure, safety, connectivity, and capacity building.
    • No State will receive more than Rs. 250 crores, with funds allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.
• Implementation and Monitoring: States are responsible for the implementation of projects, while the Ministry of Tourism will oversee their progress.

What is SASCI Scheme?

• About: The 'Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure' was launched in 2020-21 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It was then implemented as the 'Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment' in 2022-23 and 2023-24.
• Objective: Provides financial assistance to states in the form of 50-year interest-free loans.
• Structure of the Scheme: The scheme focuses on key development areas, including vehicle scrappage incentives, urban planning reforms, housing for police personnel, and promotion of national integration through Unity Mall projects.
  • It also supports the establishment of libraries with digital infrastructure at Panchayat and Ward levels to enhance educational access.
• Objectives of the Scheme: The scheme aims to boost the economy by stimulating demand and creating jobs, while accelerating key projects like the Jal Jeevan Mission and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana through state funding.
  • It also encourages reforms in urban planning and finance to enhance quality of life and governance in cities.

Capital Expenditure

• Capital Expenditure (Capex) refers to government funds for acquiring or improving physical assets like infrastructure and machinery, enhancing economic productivity and employment.
• In the Union Budget 2024-25, Rs 11.11 lakh crore (or 3.4 % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) have been allocated for capital expenditure.

India’s Initiatives to Enhance Tourism Sector

• Swadesh Darshan Scheme
• Draft National Tourism Policy 2022
• Dekho Apna Desh Initiative
• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
• Incredible India Tourist Facilitator Certification Programme
• E-Visa
• Regional Connectivity Scheme - Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (RCS - UDAN)
• National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD)
• Assistance to Central Agencies for Tourism Infrastructure Development Scheme: Financial assistance for developing tourism infrastructure and cultural tourism.
• Domestic Promotion & Publicity including Hospitality (DPPH) scheme: Supports States/UTs in organizing tourism events, fairs, and festivals.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How does the Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment Scheme boost state capital expenditure while promoting sustainable tourism?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are included in the capital budget of the Government of India? (2016)

1. Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc.
2. Loans received from foreign governments
3. Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

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Mains

Q.1 How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? (2019)

Q.2 The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are reaching the limits of their ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate. (2015)

Rising Digital Arrests

For Prelims: Digital Arrest, CBI, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Bureau, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, CBDC, Cryptocurrency, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, Virtual Private Network, Ponzi or Pyramid Schemes, National Cyber Crime Helpline, Aadhaar

For Mains: Economic cost of cyber fraud, threats and way forward.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Digital arrests are the newest form of cyber scam that has affected more than 92,000 Indians in 2024 in which money is extracted through online transfers under the guise of resolving tax or legal dues.

What are Key Facts About Digital Arrest?

• About: Digital arrest scams involve cybercriminals impersonating law enforcement officials or government agencies such as the State police, CBI, ED, and Narcotics Bureau defrauding gullible victims of their hard-earned money.
  • Scammers call unsuspecting people, claiming a case has been filed against them and even use a fake police station to give credence to their allegations.
• Modus Operandi: Cybercriminals contact victims by phone or email, starting with audio calls and then video calls from places like airports, police stations, or courts.
  • They use photos of police officers, lawyers, and judges as display pictures on their social media accounts to appear legitimate.
  • They may also send fake arrest warrants, legal notices, or official-looking documents via email or messaging apps.
• Trapping Victims: The cybercriminals typically accuse victims of serious crimes such as money laundering, drug trafficking, or cybercrime.
  • They may fabricate evidence to make their accusations seem credible.
• Vulnerability of People:
  • Fear and Panic: Fear of arrest threats push victims to comply without rational thought.
  • Lack of Knowledge: Unfamiliarity with law enforcement procedures makes it difficult for victims to distinguish legitimate claims from fraud.
  • Social Stigma: Fear of social stigma and impact on family motivates victims to comply to avoid embarrassment.
  • Manipulative Techniques: Use of AI voices, professional logos, and simulated video calls to appear credible and increase victim compliance.
  • Isolation and Control: Scammers isolate victims by preventing them from seeking verification, making it easier to control them.
  • Increased Target Vulnerability: Trusting, less tech-savvy, or stressed individuals are prime targets for easier deception.

What is the Status of Cyber Scams in India?

• Overview: According to the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), cyber scams in India have shown a significant rise in both frequency and financial impact.
  • This alarming trend indicates a persistent and evolving threat landscape in India’s digital ecosystem.
• Complaints and Losses: The number of complaints increased significantly over the years, with 1,35,242 complaints in 2021, 5,14,741 in 2022, and 11,31,221 in 2023.
  • The total monetary loss from cyber frauds has reached Rs 27,914 crore between 2021 and September 2024.
• Major Scams:
  • Stock Trading Scams: It is the most significant source of loss with Rs 4,636 crore from 2,28,094 complaints.
    • Under it, scammers offer unrealistic returns trading stocks, foreign currencies, or cryptocurrencies but victims end up being defrauded.
  • Ponzi Scheme Scam: Caused Rs 3,216 crore in losses with 1,00,360 complaints.
  • “Digital Arrest” Frauds: Accounted for Rs 1,616 crore in losses from 63,481 complaints.
• New Money Siphoning off Tactics: Cybercriminals have adapted their strategies to siphon off money.
  • Withdrawal Methods: Stolen money is often withdrawn through various channels, including cheques, CBDC, fintech cryptocurrencies, ATMs, merchant payments, and e-wallets.
  • Mule Accounts: The I4C has identified and frozen around 4.5 lakh mule bank accounts, used primarily for laundering funds from cybercrime.

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

• About: I4C was launched by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2020 to deal with all types of cyber crimes including cyber fraud in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.
• Objectives of I4C:
  • To act as a nodal point to curb Cybercrime in the country.
  • To strengthen the fight against Cybercrime committed against women and children.
  • Facilitate easy filing Cybercrime related complaints and identifying Cybercrime trends and patterns.
  • To act as an early warning system for Law Enforcement Agencies for proactive Cybercrime prevention and detection.
  • Awareness creation among the public about preventing Cybercrime.
  • Assist States/UTs in capacity building of Police Officers, Public Prosecutors and Judicial Officers in the area of cyber forensic, investigation, cyber hygiene, cyber-criminology, etc
• National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal:
  • Under I4C, the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal is a citizen-centric initiative which will enable citizens to report cyber fraud online and all the complaints will be accessed by the concerned law enforcement agencies for taking action as per law.

What are Challenges in Addressing Cyber Scams?

• Anonymity and Privacy: Cybercriminals use tools such as virtual private networks (VPNs) and encrypted messaging apps to conceal their identity and location, complicating efforts to trace and arrest them.
• International Scope: Cyber scams often span multiple countries, making it difficult for local law enforcement to take action.
  • A significant portion of scams originates from Southeast Asia and China.
• Rapidly Evolving Tactics: Phishing scams have advanced from simple emails to more sophisticated tactics, including social engineering, text messages, and voice calls, making fraud harder to detect.
• Advanced Malware: Cyber scams use advanced malware that can bypass antivirus programs and firewalls to steal data or gain unauthorized access.
• Regulatory Fragmentation: Different countries have different regulations, making it difficult to create cohesive international strategies for combating cybercrime.
  • Also, countries lack comprehensive threat intelligence to identify emerging cyber scam trends and tactics without sharing data.
• Growing Digital Market: The growth of e-commerce and digital payment systems has led to an increase in scams such as fake online stores, card skimming, and fraudulent payment schemes.

Types of Cyber Scams

• Phishing Scams: Fraudsters send fake emails or messages that mimic trusted organizations to trick victims into sharing sensitive information like passwords or financial details.
• Lottery and Prize Scams: Victims receive notifications claiming they have won a significant prize and are asked to pay a processing fee or taxes to claim it.
• Emotional Manipulation Scams: Scammers on dating apps build relationships with victims and later ask for money for emergencies, often demanding payments in cryptocurrency.
• Job Scams: Scammers post fake job listings on hiring platforms or social media to trick job seekers, especially fresh graduates, into giving personal information or money.
• Investment Scams: These scams appeal to a victim’s desire for quick money by promising high, unrealistic returns through Ponzi or pyramid schemes.
• Cash-on-Delivery (CoD) Scams: Scammers set up fake online stores that accept CoD orders. When the product is delivered, it is either counterfeit or not as advertised.
• Fake Charity Appeal Scams: Scammers create fake websites or social media pages for bogus causes like disaster relief or health initiatives, using emotional stories or images to create urgency and sympathy.
• Mistaken Money-Transfer Scams: Scammers contact victims claiming money was mistakenly sent to their account and using fake transaction receipts to pressure them into returning it to avoid legal trouble.
• Credit Card Scams: Fraudsters offer loans at low interest rates with quick approval. After the victim pays an upfront fee to secure the loan, the scammers disappear.

What are the Key Government Initiatives Related to Cyber Scam in India?

• National Cyber Security Policy
• Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-In)
• Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra
• National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)
• Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
• Cyber Crime Coordination Centre
• Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System

Way Forward

• Digital Safety: India’s PM outlined a simple three-step safety protocol to protect against digital arrests.
  • Stop: Remain calm and avoid giving out personal information immediately.
  • Think: Be aware that legitimate agencies don’t conduct such inquiries over calls or demand payments through calls.
  • Take Action: Report incidents on the National Cyber Crime Helpline (1930) or at National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, inform family members, and record evidence.
• Cybersecurity Best Practices: Use firewalls that act as the first line of defence for computers, monitoring and filtering network traffic to prevent unauthorised access.
  • Keep all software and hardware systems up-to-date to patch security vulnerabilities.
• Enhanced Security: Implement two-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security. Use encryption to protect sensitive data, including financial records.
• Heightened Alertness: Banks should monitor high-value transactions in low-balance or salaried accounts and alert authorities, as stolen money is often moved to these accounts before being converted to cryptocurrency and sent abroad.
• Awareness: Don’t give out any personal information (such as Aadhaar or PAN card details). Do not send any money.
  • Always independently verify the caller’s identity through official channels.
  • Learn about common scam tactics and share this information with your family and friends to prevent such events.
• International Cooperation: Collaboration between nations to create common laws, share intelligence, and coordinate responses can help combat cross-border cybercrime.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. What are the different types of Cyber Scams? What are the challenges in addressing cyber scams?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)

1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer

2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so

3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion

4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)

Q. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?(2017)

1. Service providers

2. Data centres

3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

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Mains

Q.What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)

Miniature Paintings

For Prelims: Miniature painting, Bhimbetaka caves, Delhi Sultanate, Pala School of Art, Mughal Era Miniature Painting, Upper Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, Chalcolithic Period

For Mains: Evolution of Painting in India, Need to conservation of pre-historic paintings, paintings as a historical records of the past time, Miniature Painting as Cultural Identity, Upper Paleolithic Period,Mesolithic Period, Chalcolithic Period,

Source: TH

Why in News?

A recent New Delhi exhibition showcased the evolving relevance and global interpretations of South Asian miniature painting, featuring 20 diverse artists and emphasizing its dynamic cultural significance.

What are Miniature Paintings?

• About:
  • The term 'miniature' comes from the Latin 'Minium,' meaning red lead paint, used in Renaissance illuminated manuscripts.
  • These small, detailed paintings are typically no larger than 25 square inches, with subjects painted at 1/6th of their actual size. Common features include bulging eyes, pointed noses, and slim waists.
• Early Miniature: Early miniature paintings were initially less refined, featuring minimal decoration. Over time, they evolved to include more detailed embellishments, ultimately becoming similar to today's miniature paintings.
  • They were often painted for either books or albums, on perishable material including paper, palm leaves and cloth. These paintings developed between the 8^th and 12^th centuries and can be attributed to the eastern and western regions. Two prominent schools of early miniature paintings are:
  • Pala School of Art: This school was flourishing during 750-1150 AD. These paintings are generally found as a part of Buddhist manuscripts and were generally executed on palm leaf or vellum paper.
    • These paintings are characterised by sinuous lines and subdued tones of the background imagery. There are lonely single figures in the paintings and one rarely finds group paintings.
    • The proponents of the Vajrayana school of Buddhism also used and patronised these paintings.
  • Apabhramsa School of Art: This school originated in Gujarat and Mewar, Rajasthan, dominating western Indian painting from the 11^th to 15^th centuries. Initially focusing on Jain themes, it later incorporated Vaishnava subjects.

• Miniature Art During Delhi Sultanate: These paintings tried to bring together the Persian elements of their origins with the Indian traditional elements.
  • An example is the Nimatnama, a cookery book created during the reign of Nasir Shah, who ruled Mandu.
• Mughal Era Miniature Painting: The paintings made in the Mughal period had a distinctive style as they were drawn from Persian antecedents.
  • Mughal art is recognized for its diverse subjects beyond religious themes. The emphasis shifted from depicting gods to glorifying rulers and their lives. Artists focused on hunting scenes.
  • They brought the technique of foreshortening to the Indian painter’s repertoire. Under this technique, “objects were drawn in a way that they look closer and smaller than they really are”.
  • Contribution of Mughal Rulers:
    • Akbar: Founded Tasvir Khana, an artistic studio and promoted calligraphy.
    • Jahangir: Mughal painting peaked, favoring naturalistic themes (flora and fauna) and decorated margins. Example: Zebra and cock paintings.
    • Shah Jahan: Inspired by European art, it introduced stillness and pencil sketching while incorporating more gold, silver, and brighter color palettes.
• Miniatures in South India:
  • Tanjore Paintings: It is famous for decorative paintings. The Maratha rulers patronized them during the 18^th century.
  • Mysore Paintings: Mysore Paintings depict Hindu gods and goddesses. They uniquely feature multiple figures, with one figure dominating in size and color.
• Regional Schools of Art:
  • Rajasthani Schools of Painting:
    • Mewar School of Painting: Mewar painting is dominated by the extraordinary figure of Sahibdin.
    • Kishangarh School of Painting: Paintings were associated with the most romantic legends – Sawant Singh and his beloved Bani Thani, and of the intertwining of lives and myths, romance and bhakti.
  • Pahari Styles of Painting: This style of painting developed in the sub-himalayan states: Jammu or Dogra School (Northern Series) and Basholi & Kangra School (Southern Series).
• Modern Paintings: During the colonial period, Company Paintings emerged, blending Rajput, Mughal, and Indian styles with European elements. British officers employed Indian-trained painters, mixing European tastes with Indian techniques.
  • Bazaar Paintings: This school was also influenced by the European encounter in India. They were different from the Company paintings as that school mixed European techniques and themes with Indian ones.
  • Bengal School of Art: This school had a reactionary approach to the existing styles of paintings in the 1940s –1960s. They used simple colours.
  • Cubist Style of Painting: Inspired by European Cubism, in which objects were broken, analyzed, and reassembled using abstract forms, balancing line and color.

What are the Socio-Economic Impacts of Reviving Miniature Painting?

• Economic Opportunities: The resurgence of interest in miniature painting creates job opportunities for artists and artisans, contributing to local economies.
  • Art exhibitions promote sales of artworks, boosting income for participating artists.
• Cultural Tourism: Miniature paintings attract tourists interested in cultural heritage, enhancing tourism revenue.
  • Regions with rich miniature art traditions, like Rajasthan, can leverage tourists avenues to promote local crafts.
• Community Engagement: Workshops and exhibitions foster community involvement and awareness about traditional arts.
  • Educational programs can equip younger generations with the knowledge and techniques to master and sustain these traditional skills.

How does Painting Reflect the Cultural Identities of the Time?

• Historical Context: Miniature painting has roots in the Mughal, Rajput, and Persian traditions, flourishing between the 16^th and 17^th centuries.
  • It served as a medium for storytelling, capturing both sacred and secular narratives with intricate details.
• Regional Diversity: India's diverse painting styles reflect local socio-religious outlook.
  • Example: Apabhramsa School of Art depicts Jain and Vaishnava subjects.
• Government initiatives: Projects like the ‘Ghar Ghar Museum’ preserve local art by encouraging community museums, maintaining traditional art forms, and fostering cultural identity and pride.
• Contemporary Interpretations: Artists today reinterpret traditional themes through modern lenses, addressing contemporary issues such as identity, spirituality, and socio-political commentary.
• Social Commentary: Paintings confront vital social issues such as gender roles, caste discrimination, and political unrest.
  • Visionaries like Abanindranath Tagore (Bengal School of Art), celebrated for his painting Bharat Mata, championed a resurgence of indigenous art styles, resisting Western influences.
• Cultural Preservation vs. Innovation: While preserving traditional techniques, contemporary artists experiment with new motifs and mediums (e.g., digital art).
  • This dual approach ensures that miniature painting remains vibrant and relevant in today's art scene.

What Actionable Strategies Can Support the Growth of Miniature Painting?

• Government Support: Policies offering grants and subsidies to financially support artists. Creating dedicated art funds can enhance research, training, and exhibitions for miniature painting.
• Educational Initiatives: Adding miniature painting to school curricula can foster appreciation among youth. Collaborating with art institutions can offer training programs combining traditional and contemporary techniques.
  • The Sahitya Akademi holds nationwide workshops to promote regional art, enhancing and showcasing artists' skills.
• International Collaborations: Partnerships with international galleries and global art fairs can provide platforms for Indian artists to showcase their work globally.
• Digital Platforms: Utilising online platforms for monetising artworks can expand market reach beyond local boundaries.
  • Social media campaigns can raise awareness about miniature painting's significance and attract a broader audience.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Examine how miniature painting preserves cultural identity while embracing modern artistic expressions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)

(a) Ajanta

(b) Badami

(c) Bagh

(d) Ellora

Ans: (a)

Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)

1. Ajanta Caves
2. Lepakshi Temple
3. Sanchi Stupa

Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) None

Ans: (b)

Q. There are only two known examples of cave paintings of the Gupta period in ancient India. One of these is paintings of Ajanta caves. Where is the other surviving example of Gupta paintings? (2010)

(a) Bagh caves

(b) Ellora caves

(c) Lomas Rishi cave

(d) Nasik caves

Ans: (b)

Q. The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the (2018)

(a) Bundi school

(b) Jaipur school

(c) Kangra school

(d) Kishangarh school

Ans: (d)

Q. Kalamkari painting refers to (2015)

(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India

(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India

(c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India

(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in NorthWestern India

Ans: (a)

PM-WANI

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Prime Minister's Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) framework aims to enhance internet accessibility across India by setting up public Wi-Fi hotspots.

• With 246,993 hotspots installed as of November 2024, the initiative is a key part of India's Digital India mission, aiming to provide affordable and widespread internet access.

What is PM-WANI?

• About: Launched in 2020 by the Department of Telecom (DoT), the PM-WANI framework aims to expand public Wi-Fi hotspots across India, particularly in rural areas.
  • It allows local businesses, like shopkeepers, to set up Wi-Fi hotspots, providing affordable internet access and supporting the goals of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018.
• Importance: By enabling local businesses to become Wi-Fi providers without requiring licenses or fees, the scheme promotes ease of doing business and ensures rapid deployment.
  • PM-WANI will significantly improve internet access fostering digital inclusion and innovation.
• PM-WANI Ecosystem:
  • Public Data Office (PDO): Establishes, maintains, and operates PM-WANI compliant Wi-Fi hotspots.
    • PDOs provide last-mile connectivity by procuring internet bandwidth from telecom or internet service providers and delivers broadband services to subscribers.
  • Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): Provides aggregation services such as authorization and accounting to PDOs.
    • PDOA facilitates PDOs in delivering services to end consumers.
  • App Provider: Develops an application to register users and display PM-WANI compliant Wi-Fi hotspots nearby. Authenticates potential broadband users for accessing the internet service.
  • Central Registry: It maintains the details of App Providers, PDOAs, and PDOs. It is currently managed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT).
    • C-DoT was established in 1984. It is an autonomous Telecom R&D (Research and Development) centre of DoT (Department of Telecom), Ministry of Communications. It is a registered society under the Societies Registration Act,1860.

National Digital Communications Policy, 2018

• About: NDCP, 2018 aims to transform India into a digitally empowered economy by enhancing digital infrastructure and services.
  • NDCP 2018 set a goal to deploy 10 million public Wi-Fi hotspots by 2022.
• Key Objectives: Ensuring universal broadband access, creating four million jobs, increasing the Digital Communications sector's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contribution to 8%, and ensuring digital sovereignty.
• Key features: It involves providing broadband at 50 Mbps for all citizens, ensuring connectivity in uncovered areas, attracting USD 100 billion in investments, training one million individuals in New Age Skills.
  • NDCP 2018 also focuses on expanding the Internet of Things ecosystem, establishing data protection, and ensuring accountability and security in digital communications.
• NDCP, 2018 and Wi-Fi hotspots Target: India has missed its public Wi-Fi rollout target, achieving just 0.5 million hotspots instead of the 10 million goal set by the NDCP, 2018.

Note: The Bharat 6G Vision targets 50 million public Wi-Fi hotspots by 2030, requiring significant growth and reduced connectivity costs to achieve this goal.

Eklavya Platform

Source: PIB

Recently, the Ministry of Defence launched Eklavya, an online learning platform for the Indian Army.

• Aim: To improve the professional education and training of Indian Army officers under the Decade of Transformation (2023-2032) initiative and the 2024 theme, Year of Technology Absorption.
• Developed By: Bhaskaracharya National Institute of Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N), Gandhinagar.
• Content: A total of 96 courses by 17 Category ‘A’ Training Establishments of the Indian Army have been hosted on the platform.
• Three Categories of Courses:
  • Pre-course Preparatory Capsules: Shift basic offline physical courses to the online courses.
  • Appointment/Assignment Related Courses: Like information warfare, defence land management, financial planning, discipline and vigilance works etc.
  • Professional Development Suite: Courses on Strategy, Operational Art, Leadership, Organisational Behaviour, Emerging Technology etc.
• Centralised Knowledge Hub: Eklavya features a searchable “Knowledge Highway” where journals, research papers, articles, and more are accessible under one platform.

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Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI) 2023

Source: PIB

Recently, the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (MoPP&P), launched the GRAI 2023. This initiative aims to evaluate and improve the grievance redressal mechanisms of various central ministries and departments in India.

• The GRAI was conceptualised by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) based on recommendations from the Parliamentary Standing Committee of the MoPP&P.
• The GRAI index, based on four dimensions (Efficiency, Feedback, Domain, Organizational Commitment) and 11 indicators, assesses 89 central ministries and departments, enabling comparative analysis of grievance handling.
• The data used for this assessment was collected from the Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS), ensuring a standardised evaluation process.
  • CPGRAMS is an online platform available to citizens 24/7 to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery.
  • Recognised as a best practice by the Commonwealth Secretariat, CPGRAMS serves as a vital tool for citizens to file and track grievances, enhancing transparency in public service.
• The report indicates that 85 out of 89 ministries showed an improvement in their GRAI scores compared to the previous year.
  • Approximately 10% of the ministries/departments achieved over 50% growth, while 28% recorded growth between 25-50%.

Read more...

Excavation Pit Collapsed in Lothal

Source: HT

Recently, a research scholar died when a pit collapsed on her during a research excavation at Lothal, a Harappan site.

• About Lothal: Located in the Bhal region of Gujarat, Lothal is one of the southernmost sites of the Harappan civilization.
  • It is believed to have been built in 2200 BC.
  • It was discovered in 1954 by SR Rao.
  • The meaning of Lothal in Gujarati is “the mound of the dead”. (Mohenjodaro also means the same in Sindhi).
  • It had the world’s earliest known dock, connecting the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river.
    • It is the only port-town of the Harappan Civilisation.
  • Lothal was nominated in April 2014 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • A National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) is being developed at Lothal.
• Surkotada and Dholavira are other important Harappan sites in Gujarat.

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Centre for Processing Accelerated Corporate Exit (C-PACE)

Source: BS

The Centre for Processing Accelerated Corporate Exit (C-PACE) has efficiently streamlined the process of company closures to 70-90 days.

• It aims to expedite the voluntary winding up of companies within six months.
  • Since 5^th August 2024, C-PACE has been empowered processing eForms related to striking off Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) as well.
• C-PACE was launched by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) to centralise and streamline the process of company closure.
  • It functions under the Registrar of Companies (RoC), an office under MCA.
• It facilitates ‘Ease of Doing Business’ by eliminating the necessity for physical interactions with stakeholders.
• Section 248 of the Companies Act, 2013 gives RoC the authority to remove a company's name from the register of companies.
  • Voluntary liquidation under Section 59 of the IBC is now more streamlined as it does not require NCLT intervention to start the process.
• The timeline for voluntary winding up of companies takes between 90 and 180 days in the US while in Germany it takes more than a year.

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Revised Dividend Guidelines for CPSEs

Source: TH

Recently, the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) has introduced revised guidelines for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), mandating a minimum annual dividend payment of 30% of profit after tax (PAT) or 4% of net worth, whichever is higher.

• Earlier, the 2016 guidelines stipulated that dividend payments must be 30% of profit after tax (PAT) or 5% of net worth, whichever is greater.
  • The guidelines also extend to CPSE subsidiaries where the parent central public sector enterprise holds over 51% stake.
• The guidelines allow CPSEs whose market price has been below book value for six months, with a net worth of at least Rs 3,000 crore, to consider share buybacks. Additionally, they can issue bonus shares when reserves exceed 20 times their paid-up equity.
  • Share Buybacks is the reacquisition by a company of its own shares from the stock market.
  • Bonus shares are additional shares granted to existing shareholders at no extra cost, based on the quantity of shares they currently hold.
• DIPAM manages Central Government investments, including disinvestment and equity sales in Central Public Sector Undertakings.

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Jim Corbett National Park

Source: ET

The Supreme Court (SC) of India stressed balancing wildlife conservation with local community needs, while addressing the issue of private buses operating through the core and buffer zones of Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.

• The SC was hearing a petition challenging the Jim Corbett National Park's 2020 decision allowing private buses within the core area, which had been stayed since 2021.
  • Section 38(O) of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 states that tiger reserves cannot be diverted for ecologically unsustainable uses.
    • If such diversion is necessary, the state of Uttarakhand must obtain approval from the National Board for Wildlife on the advice of the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
    • The diversion of protected areas must adhere to strict guidelines to safeguard ecosystems from long-term harm.
• Jim Corbett National Park, located in Nainital district, Uttarakhand, is part of the Corbett Tiger Reserve.
  • It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the Bengal tiger, it is the oldest national park in India and the first area under the Project Tiger initiative in 1973.
• The core zone is a strictly protected area for natural resources, while the buffer zone surrounds it, allowing for sustainable nature conservation alongside compatible human activities.

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