State Finance Commission

For Prelims: State Finance Commissions, Constitutional Bodies, Article 243-I, 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), 15^th Finance Commission (2021-26), Finance Commission, Municipal Councillors, Article 280, Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of a State, 16^th Finance Commission.   

For Mains: Role of State Finance Commissions in financial decentralisation.

Source: IE

Why in News?

According to the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, all states, except Arunachal Pradesh have constituted State Finance Commissions (SFCs). 

• The 15^th Finance Commission, in its report, expressed significant concern over delays in constituting SFCs. 

What are the Key Points about State Finance Commissions (SFCs)? 

• About: SFCs are constitutional bodies established by states under Article 243-I of the Indian Constitution. 
  • As per Article 243-I, the Governor is required to constitute an SFC within one year from the enactment of the 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 and every five years thereafter. 
• Mandate: Their primary role is to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the state government and its local bodies i.e., Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs). 
• 15^th Finance Commission on SFCs: The 15^th Finance Commission recommended states establish SFCs, implement their recommendations, and submit an action report to the legislature. 
  • It suggested withholding grants for states that do not comply with these requirements. 
• Role of Ministry of Panchayati Raj: It is tasked with certifying compliance by states with constitutional provisions for SFCs before the release of grants for 2024-25 and 2025-26. 

Why Appointment of State Finance Commissions (SFCs) is Important? 

• Constitutional Requirement: Regular and timely constitution of SFCs every five years under Article 243(I) is a constitutional mandate aimed at ensuring financial health and autonomy of local bodies. 
• Fiscal Devolution: The distribution of state revenues among local tiers ensures a fair allocation of funds, balancing the financial strength of local bodies.  
  • This role complements the Union Finance Commission's allocation of central funds to states and local bodies. 
• Enhancing Accountability: By evaluating  financial needs, suggesting optimal utilisation of resources, and recommending fiscal measures, SFCs can drive local governments to improve service delivery and become more responsive to citizens' needs. 
  • SFCs provide mechanisms for performance-based evaluation, which could lead to a system of rewards and penalties, fostering better governance practices at the local level. 
• Addressing Local Needs Directly: Local governance bodies impact daily life by providing services like sanitation, health, education, and infrastructure.  
  • Proper funding and financial autonomy, supported by SFC recommendations, are key to improving service quality. 
• Bridging the Functional and Financial Gap: Local bodies often face unfunded mandates due to a lack of financial resources.  
  • SFCs address this by recommending financial devolution based on responsibilities, ensuring local governments have the resources to meet their obligations. 
  • SFCs can streamline fiscal transfers, improve funding predictability, and reduce volatility with effective recommendations. 
• Political and Administrative Decentralisation: The role of SFCs extends beyond fiscal recommendations. It serves to empower local elected representatives like municipal councillors and panchayat pradhans.  

Finance Commission 

• Constitutional Basis: It is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. 
  • It is appointed by the President every five years or at an earlier time deemed necessary by the President. 
• Composition: The Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President. 
  • The chairman should be a person having experience in public affairs. 
• Functions and Duties: The primary function of the Finance Commission is to make recommendations to the President on various financial matters. 
  • Tax Distribution: It recommends the distribution between the Union and States of the net proceeds of taxes that are to be divided between them. 
  • Grants-in-Aid: It suggests the principles for grants-in-aid from the Consolidated Fund of India to the States. 
  • Augmentation of State Funds: It recommends measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of Panchayats and Municipalities based on the recommendations of the State’s Finance Commission. 
  • Additional Matters: The Finance Commission may also address any other matter referred to it by the President in the interest of sound public finance. 
• Significance for Local Governance: The Finance Commission not only determines the financial relationship between the Union and States but also recommends ways to strengthen local bodies' fiscal capacities. 
  • This ensures that local governments have sufficient funds to provide essential services, contributing to decentralised governance and people-centric policies. 
• 16^th Finance Commission: The 16th Finance Commission was constituted in December 2023 with Arvind Panagariya as its Chairman. 
  • It covers an award period of 5 years commencing 1^st April, 2026. 

What are the Problems with State Finance Commissions (SFCs)? 

• Compliance Issues: The 15^th Finance Commission (2021-26) highlighted that only nine states have constituted their 6th SFC, even though it was due in 2019-20 for all states.
  • Many states remain stuck at the 2nd or 3rd SFC, indicating a lack of timely renewal and updates.
• Lack of Political Will: There is widespread resistance among state governments to fully devolve power and resources to local bodies, as intended by the 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendments. 
• Resource Deficiencies: SFCs often need to start from scratch when collecting data due to a lack of readily available and organised information, further hampering their effectiveness. 
• Deficiencies in Expertise: Many SFCs are led by bureaucrats or politicians, lacking domain experts and public finance professionals.  
  • The absence of qualified technocrats diminishes the credibility and quality of SFC recommendations, which weakens their impact. 
• Opaqueness: States often fail to table Action Taken Reports (ATRs) in the legislature after SFC recommendations, reducing transparency and accountability. 
• Ignorance of SFC Recommendations: There is a pattern of non-compliance with SFC recommendations by state governments, which undermines the role of SFCs in shaping fiscal policies for local governance. 
• Peoples’ Resistance: Experts note that urban local bodies face neglect, with low political awareness and limited public engagement, which worsens the state of fiscal decentralisation. 

Way Forward  

• Compliance with Constitutional Deadline: States must form SFCs every five years as required by the constitution. Those missing deadlines should be held accountable, with regular monitoring to ensure compliance. 
• Reducing Political Resistance: State governments should be aware of the benefits of financial autonomy for local governments, leading to better services, citizen satisfaction, and accountable governance. 
• Public Finance Experts: States should ensure commissions are led by economists, finance experts, and relevant professionals, not just bureaucrats and politicians to enhance their efficiency. 
• Strengthening Local Data Systems: Local bodies should adopt modern data systems for accurate financial reporting, aiding SFCs in making informed recommendations. 
• Action Taken Reports (ATRs): States must table Action Taken Reports (ATRs) in the legislature, outlining timelines and measures to implement SFC recommendations for better transparency and accountability. 
  • Independent bodies can be tasked with evaluating the effectiveness of financial devolution and the implementation of SFC recommendations. 
• Incentive Framework: The Ministry should create a rewards system for states that excel in SFC compliance, encouraging others to improve local governance. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of State Finance Commissions (SFCs) in strengthening local governance in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2023)

1. Demographic performance 
2. Forest and ecology 
3. Governance reforms 
4. Stable government 
5. Tax and fiscal efforts 

For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance? 

(a) Only two 

(b) Only three 

(c) Only four 

(d) All five 

Ans: (b)

Q.The Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992, which aims at promoting the Panchayati Raj Institutions in the country provides for which of the following? (2011) 

1. Constitution of District Planning Committees.
2. State Election Commissions to conduct all panchayat elections.
3. Establishment of State Finance Commissions.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)

Mains 

Q. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (2021) 

Q. How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (2020)

CSR for Agriculture Sustainability

For Prelims: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Small and Marginal Farmers, Fertilisers, Irrigation Systems, Cyclones, Livestock Farming, Precision Agriculture, Solar Power, Wind Energy, Biogas, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), Grain Banks, Water Conservation, Companies Act, 2013, NGOs, Companies (CSR Policy) Rules, 2014, Supply Chains. 

For Mains: Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in development of agriculture.

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

With increasing contributions, the focus is on how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can support Indian agriculture to become both economically viable and ecologically sustainable. 

Why is CSR Needed for Agriculture Sustainability? 

• High Dependence on Agriculture: Nearly 47% of India's population depends on agriculture for employment, compared to a global average of 25%. 
  • CSR can reduce agricultural dependency by promoting skill development, supporting rural entrepreneurship, infrastructure, allied activities, and non-agri business ventures.
• Small and Marginal Farmers: Over 70% of rural households rely primarily on agriculture for their sustenance. Of this, 82% of farmers are classified as small and marginal. 
  • By providing access to knowledge and hands-on experience with modern farming practices, farmers can be better equipped to increase productivity, and reduce risks.
• Poor Access to Finance: High Interest rates and the lack of formal credit sources often prevent farmers from purchasing necessary equipment, seeds and fertilisers, limiting their growth and productivity.
  • Companies can collaborate with Small finance banks (SFB)  and micro-finance institutions (MFIs) to offer low-interest loans and subsidies to facilitate access to affordable financing and credit.
• Building Market Linkages: Poor rural infrastructure, such as inadequate storage facilities, transportation, and irrigation systems, leads to post-harvest losses, inefficient supply chains, and reduced access to markets.
  • CSR can help create market linkages by creating Farmer Cooperatives and promoting E-Commerce Platforms.
• Environmental Challenges: Unpredictable weather patterns lead to crop failures, loss of livestock, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters like floods, droughts, and cyclones. 
  • CSR can provide relief materials (seeds, fodder, equipment), and partner with insurers for affordable crop and livestock insurance to minimise losses.
• Soil Degradation: Improper irrigation practices and excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides have led to soil degradation leading to reduced soil fertility, lower crop yields, and environmental damage.
  • CSR can promote organic farming, bio-fertilizers, nano fertilisers and natural pest control.
• Water Scarcity: Water scarcity threatens both crop production and livestock farming, making irrigation and water management a critical issue.
  • Companies can invest in rainwater harvesting, water-efficient irrigation (e.g., drip irrigation), and watershed management to conserve water in farming communities.

Note

"Environment and sustainability" is the second priority for companies with healthcare, water, sanitation, and hygiene being the top priority. 

• Examples of CSR-supported initiatives include grain banks, farmer schools, water conservation, and energy-efficient irrigation.

What are the Challenges Related to CSR Implementation in Agriculture Sustainability?

• No Clear Demarcation: CSR activities to Agriculture are not clearly demarcated and well-defined.  
  • Under Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013, activities targeting agricultural sustainability could fall under 11 of the 29 development sectors of CSR. E.g., gender equality, poverty, technology incubators, animal welfare etc. 
• Short-Term Focus: CSR programs often focus on short-term goals and deliverables, while agriculture requires long-term investments and sustained support to yield significant outcomes. 
• Measurement of Social Impact: The social impact of CSR in agriculture is often harder to measure, especially in rural areas.  
  • Evaluating improvements in farmers' incomes, livelihoods, or well-being due to CSR projects can be subjective and complex.  
• Not-Aligned with Business Goals: Many companies may find it difficult to integrate CSR in agriculture with their business strategies in a way that is mutually beneficial. E.g., Cosmetic companies have little incentive to invest in farming practices. 
• Ignorance of Agriculture: Education and health dominate CSR funding leaving agricultural initiatives with limited focus. 
  • Also, a major CSR fund is diverted to other purposes like the PM CARES Fund which leads to a dip in CSR expenditure in specific sectors. 
• Fragmented Approach: CSR initiatives often focus on isolated aspects of agriculture such as providing training, technology, missing broader challenges like climate change, market access, and financing. 
• Lack of Suitable NGOs: Corporations often struggle to find NGOs in rural areas that align with their CSR objectives, leading to challenges in identifying the right partners for project implementation. 
• Disparity in CSR Spending: A significant portion of CSR funds (more than 30%) is directed to more industrialized states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. This leaves less funding for less-developed regions. 
• Inefficient Allocation: Many companies focus their CSR efforts in regions where they have existing operations or deeper ties, rather than strategically directing funds to areas with the most significant need. 

What is CSR? 

• About: CSR is a business practice in which companies voluntarily integrate social, environmental, and ethical concerns into their operations and interactions with stakeholders. 
  • E.g., environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, education, and healthcare etc. 
• India's CSR Mandate: India became the first country to legally mandate CSR in 2013 under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013. 
  • From 2014 to 2023, Rs 1.84 lakh crore of CSR funds were disbursed. 
• Legislative Framework:  The CSR concept in India is governed by Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 and Companies (CSR Policy) Rules, 2014. 
  • CSR is a mandatory requirement for certain companies with effect from 1st April 2014. 

• CSR Criteria: CSR provisions apply to companies that meet any of the following criteria in the preceding financial year: a net worth of over Rs 5 billion, a turnover exceeding Rs 10 billion, or a net profit greater than Rs 50 million.  
  • Such companies must spend a minimum of 2% of their net profit over the last three years on CSR activities. 
  • For newly incorporated companies with less than three years of operations, the average net profit of available years is considered. 
• National CSR Data Portal: It is an initiative by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to disseminate CSR-related data and information. 
• CSR Activities: Companies can include the following activities in their CSR policies, as specified in Schedule VII. 

Way Forward 

• Mandatory CSR for Agriculture: Introduce mandatory CSR on the lines of Priority Sector Lending for agriculture and allied activities, particularly in rural and vulnerable regions.
• Centralised Tracking Portal: Create a government-monitored, centralised digital platform to track agriculture-specific CSR contributions. 
  • The platform should offer real-time data on fund utilisation and project outcomes, ensuring transparency and accountability.
• Cross-Sectoral Collaboration: Foster partnerships with NGOs, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and farmer cooperatives (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO)) to implement innovative and localised solutions for agricultural challenges.
• Address Climate Change Impacts: Leverage CSR funds to build climate-resilient infrastructure such as drought-resistant seed banks, rainwater harvesting systems, and early-warning systems for weather risks.
• AgriTech Startups: Encourage CSR investments in startups that focus on AgriTech innovations, such as precision farming, IoT-based irrigation systems, and blockchain-based supply chains.
• Aligning CSR with Government Initiatives: Align CSR contributions with key government initiatives like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), and Soil Health Card Scheme to avoid duplication and maximise impact.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the role of CSR in promoting agricultural sustainability and the challenges faced in its implementation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question 

Prelims 

Q. Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly? (2019)

(a) Certificate of Deposit 

(b) Commercial Paper 

(c) Promissory Note 

(d) Participatory Note 

Ans: (d)

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Mains 

Q. With a consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013 has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its implementation in right earnest. Also discuss other provisions in the Bill and their implications. (2013)

Prakash Parv of Guru Nanak Dev Ji

For Prelims: President, Prakash Parv, Guru Nanak Dev, Sikhism, Lodi Administration, Nirguna School, Kabir Das, Sikh Guru Arjan, Guru Angad, Bhakti Movement, Kartarpur Corridor, Golden Temple. 

For Mains: Teachings of Guru Nanak and their relevance in today’s world. 

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

Recently, the President of India greeted citizens on the eve of Prakash Parv of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, urging them to adopt his teachings and promote unity and equality in society. 

• Prakash Parv is celebrated on the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji,  which falls on the Kartik Purnima, 15^th lunar day in the month of Kartik, according to the Hindu calendar.
• It is celebrated as Prakash Parv because he tried to take people from darkness towards light. 

What are Key Facts About Guru Nanak Dev? 

• Birth and Early Life: Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was born in 1469 in Talwandi village, near Lahore in Pakistan. 
  • He was the first of the 10 Sikh gurus. 
  • He worked as a clerk in Sultanpur in the Lodi administration. 
• Spiritual Revelation: Around the age of 30, Guru Nanak had a profound spiritual experience and a direct encounter with God near a river Kali Bein, leading him to declare, "There is neither Hindu nor Muslim."  
• Philosophical Inspiration: He was a proponent of the Nirguna School of the Bhakti movement and was influenced by Kabir Das. He emphasised spiritual practices like "Nam Japna" i.e., the repetition of God's name to experience God’s presence. 
• Teachings and Travels: He travelled extensively across India and the Middle East, spreading his message with his Muslim companion, Mardana. 
  • The hymns composed by him were incorporated in the Adi Granth by the fifth Sikh Guru Arjan in 1604. 
• Community and Legacy: He settled in Kartarpur and established the first Sikh community where disciples lived and worshipped together.  
  • He appointed Guru Angad (Bhai Lehna) as his successor to lead the community. 

Bhakti Movement 

• About: Bhakti movement advocated devotional surrender to a personally conceived supreme God for attaining salvation. 
• Concept of Bhakti: In the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Bhakti simply means participation, devotion and love for any endeavour.  
  • The Bhagvada-Gita stresses the importance of having unwavering faith in God. 
• Origin: The Bhakti movement began in South India during the 7th to 8th centuries AD, initiated by the Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) and Alwars (devotees of Vishnu). 
  • The movement spread from South India to North India, aided by the use of local languages by saints to communicate their teachings. 
• Social and Religious Reforms: Bhakti saints preached equality of all human, regardless of caste, class, or religion. 
• Prominent Bhakti Saints: Saints associated with the Bhakti movement include Ramdas, Mirabai, Tulsidas, Namdev, Tukaram, Ramanuja, Kabir, Nanak, and others. 
  • Kabir and Guru Nanak played pivotal roles in bridging the gap between Hindus and Muslims by drawing from both Hindu and Islamic traditions. 

What are the Teachings of Guru Nanak? 

• Ek Omkar (Monotheism): Guru Nanak emphasised that there is one God who is omnipresent, and all humans are children of this one God. 
• Naam Jap (Chanting the Name of God): He promoted remembering and chanting God's name to eliminate darkness, bring peace and happiness, and instil values of kindness and love. 
• Working with Honesty: Guru Nanak stressed the importance of working honestly and earning through fair means. Honest labour brings blessings, a sense of satisfaction, and self-confidence. 
• Wand Chhako (Sharing and Service): He taught the practice of sharing a portion of one’s earnings with the needy to foster societal equality and compassion. 
• Attitude Towards Other Religions: Guru Nanak respected all religions and believed all humans were equal, rejecting judgement based on religious differences.  
  • With a deep understanding of texts like the Vedas, Quran, and Bible, he showed equal respect for each faith. 
• Idol Worship: Nanak rejected idol worship, believing that God cannot be found in idols. He taught that God is infinite, beyond human words, symbols, or forms, and cannot be defined by man-made idols. 
  • Guru Nanak was the main proponent of the Nirguna ('formless God') tradition of the Bhakti movement.  
• Salvation: Guru Nanak believed that good deeds help the soul merge with the eternal soul, while bad deeds hinder it.  
  • Meditation in God's name is key to salvation, which means freedom from rebirth and union with God.  
• Brotherhood and Equality: Guru Nanak opposed any form of discrimination based on caste, religion, or class. 
  • He believed in the inherent equality of all people and preached that everyone deserves equal love and respect. 
• Detachment from Materialism: He advocated against attachment to material possessions and encouraged spiritual development and devotion to God to create a just and ideal society. 
• Respect for Women: Guru Nanak emphasised the equality and respect of women, standing against gender discrimination and advocating for their dignity and equal treatment. 

Precious Words of Guru Nanak Dev Ji 

• If you can keep your mind calm, you will conquer the world. 
• Speak only that which brings you respect. 
• One-tenth of your income should be devoted to charity and one-tenth of your time should be devoted to devotion to God. 
• Always be ready to help others because when you help someone, God helps you. 
• Only one who has faith in himself can believe in God.

Sikh Gurus and their Major Contributions
Guru	Period	Key Contributions
Guru Nanak Dev	1469-1539	Founder of Sikhism; started GURU KA LANGAR; contemporary of Babur; 550th birth anniversary commemorated with Kartarpur corridor.
Guru Angad	1504-1552	Invented Guru-Mukhi script; popularised GURU KA LANGAR.
Guru Amar Das	1479-1574	Introduced Anand Karaj Marriage; abolished Sati and Purdah; contemporary of Akbar.
Guru Ram Das	1534-1581	Founded Amritsar in 1577; initiated construction of Golden Temple.
Guru Arjun Dev	1563-1606	Composed Adi Granth in 1604; completed Golden Temple; executed by Jahangir.
Guru Hargobind	1594-1644	Transformed Sikhs into a military community; established Akal Takht; waged wars against Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Guru Har Rai	1630-1661	Promoted peace with Aurangzeb; focused on missionary work.
Guru Har Krishan	1656-1664	Youngest guru; summoned by Aurangzeb for anti-Islamic blasphemy.
Guru Teg Bahadur	1621-1675	Founded Anandpur Sahib, Beheaded on the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1675.
Guru Gobind Singh	1666-1708	Founded Khalsa in 1699; introduced Pahul (Baptism ceremony) ; last guru to pass Guruship to Guru Granth Sahib.

Conclusion 

Guru Nanak's teachings on unity, equality, and devotion profoundly shaped Sikhism and the Bhakti movement. His emphasis on the oneness of God, respect for all religions, and social reforms continues to inspire millions. Guru Nanak’s legacy promotes peace, love, and social justice, which remains relevant today.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Explain the key teachings of Guru Nanak and their relevance in contemporary society.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013) 

1. Dadu Dayal 
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over? 

(a) 1 and 3  

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3  

(d) 1 and 2 

Ans: (b)

Mains 

Q. Evaluate the nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (2021)

Children’s Day and Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

For Prelims: Simon Commission, Non-Aligned Movement, Objective Resolution, Tribal Panchsheel, Hindu Code Bill, Bandung (1955), Sino-Indian war 

For Mains: History and Significance of Children’s Day, Contribution of Pt. Nehru in India’s Freedom Struggle and Post-independent India

Source: IE

Why in News?

Children's Day 2024 (Bal Diwas), is celebrated annually on 14th November to honour the birth anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, born on 14^th November 1889. 

• Nehru (affectionately called Chacha Nehru) is remembered for his strong bond with children and his significant contributions to their welfare. 

What is the History and Significance of Children’s Day? 

• Children’s Rights and Development: The day is observed to raise awareness about the rights and welfare of children, focusing on their education, health, nutrition, and overall development. 
• Earlier Observance of World Children’s Day: World Children’s Day was first established in 1954 as Universal Children's Day and is celebrated on 20th November each year to promote international togetherness, and awareness among children worldwide to improve children's welfare. 
  • 20^th November is notable for the UN's adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. 
  • Following the death of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, the Government of India decided to dedicate 14th November as Children’s Day to honour Nehru’s legacy and his commitment to children's issues. 
• Significance of Children's Day: 
  • Children's Day underscores the importance of children's rights, including education, protection from exploitation, and healthcare, while emphasising quality education and programs like the Right to Education Act, 2009, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) for holistic development. 
  • India’s policies on child welfare align with international conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 

What are the Contributions of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru? 

• Pre-Independence Era (1889-1947): 
  • Nehru entered politics in 1912, attending the 27th Congress session at Bankipore Congress as a delegate and became Home Rule League Secretary in 1919. 
  • He organised the first Kisan March in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, in 1920 and was twice imprisoned during the 1920-22 Non-Cooperation Movement. 
  • He became General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) in 1923. 
  • In 1926, Nehru committed the Congress to independence at the Madras Congress. In 1928, he was lathi-charged while leading a procession against the Simon Commission in Lucknow. 
  • In 1928, Nehru played a crucial role in drafting and signing the Nehru Report (drafted by Motilal Nehru), which was a proposal for constitutional reforms in India. 
  • Nehru also established the Independence for India League in 1928, aiming to advocate for full independence from British rule. 
  • In 1929, at the Lahore Congress, Nehru was elected President, and the Congress officially adopted complete independence as its goal (known as the Purna Swaraj Resolution). 
  • On 7th August 1942, Nehru moved the Quit India Resolution at the All-India Congress Committee (AICC) session in Bombay. 
• Achievements of Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister: 
  • Vision for Modern India: During his tenure as India's first Prime Minister (1947–1964), Nehru established a modern democratic state, promoted secularism and scientific advancement, and laid the foundations for industrialisation. 
  • Social Reforms: At its core, the Hindu Code Bill aimed to replace religious laws with a secular civil code. It sought to outlaw polygamy, grant women property and divorce rights, amend inheritance laws, and introduce inter-caste marriage provisions. 
    • Tribal Panchsheel: Jawaharlal Nehru's Tribal Panchsheel emphasised self-development, respect for tribal rights, minimal external imposition, local participation in administration, and human-centred outcomes over financial metrics. 
  • Economic Development and Institutions: Nehru established key institutions like IITs, the Indian Institute of Management, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),  
    • These institutes are essential for India's economic growth and emphasise industrialization through the Five-Year Plans for self-sufficiency. 
    • He championed the development of a scientific temperament to fight religious obscurantism and superstition, continuing the legacy of social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 
  • Institutionalisation of Democracy: Nehru's 'Objective Resolution' guided the Constituent Assembly in drafting the constitution, shaping the preamble and significantly deciding the philosophy of the Constitution of India.  
  • Foreign Policy of Nonalignment: 
    • NAM: Nehru's nonalignment policy aimed to keep India neutral during the Cold War. He was pivotal in forming the Non-Aligned Movement, promoting global peace at the Bandung (1955) and Belgrade (1961) conferences. 
    • Panchsheel Principle: Also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, are a set of principles that were jointly formulated by India and China in the 1950s. It includes 
      • Mutual Respect for Each Other's Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty. 
      • Mutual Non-Aggression. 
      • Mutual Non-Interference in Each Other's Internal Affairs. 
      • Equality and Mutual Benefit. 
      • Peaceful Coexistence. 
• Criticisms of Nehruvian Policy: 
  • Kashmir Dispute: Nehru’s foreign policy focused on the Kashmir issue, seeking UN support post-1947 partition, but struggled to resolve the conflict with Pakistan. 
  • Goa Liberation: In 1961, Nehru's military action to liberate Goa from Portuguese rule faced international criticism but was seen as a justified anti-colonial step. 
  • The 1962 Sino-Indian War: Nehru’s failure to modernise or upgrade Indian forces before the 1962 Sino-Indian War highlighted the need for enhanced defence measures, forcing a reevaluation of India's military preparedness and strategic approach. 
• Legacy: 
  • Nehru's secular, socialist approach shaped India's post-independence trajectory, laying the groundwork for a modern nation despite challenges like the Kashmir issue and the Sino-Indian war. 
    • Nehru's secularism fostered humanistic values and national development. His ideas, rooted in Indian tradition, emphasised religious equality, humanism, and universal ethics. 
  • Nehru unified India's diverse communities, promoting policies to balance traditional diversity with modern governance. 
    • Nehru concluded that the government must sustain religious diversity, aligning with the idea of separating religion from politics.

Conclusion

Children's Day (Bal Diwas) serves as a reminder of India's commitment to child welfare and education. It underscores the need for comprehensive policies for children's protection, rights, and development. 

Drishti Mains Question

How do Jawaharlal Nehru’s ideas and initiatives continue to shape the nation’s progress as a modern secular state?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims: 

Q.What was the exact constitutional status of India on 26th January, 1950? (2021) 

(a) A Democratic Republic  

(b) A Sovereign Democratic Republic  

(c) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic  

(d) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic 

Ans: (b)

Q. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is (2020)

(a) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect  

(b) not a part of the Constitution and has no legal effect either  

(c) a part of the Constitution and has the same legal effect as any other part  

(d) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect independently of other parts 

Ans: (d)

Q. Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948? (2018)

(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George  

(b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy  

(c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu  

(d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2010)

1. The “Bombay Manifesto” signed in 1936 openly opposed the preaching of socialist ideals. 
2. It evoked support from a large section of the business community from all across India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)

---

Mains:

Q. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the ‘Preamble’. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (2016)

Jeddah Commitments on AMR

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

Recently, the 4^th Global High-Level Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) concluded in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with the adoption of the Jeddah Commitments. 

• Jeddah Commitments laid down practical, actionable and cross-sectoral steps stakeholders to address AMR-related goals by 2030. 
• Its theme was “From Declaration to Implementation – Accelerating Actions Through Multisectoral Partnerships for the Containment of AMR.” 

What are the Key Initiatives in Jeddah Commitments?   

• Establishment of New Hubs: It announced an AMR 'One Health' Learning Hub and a regional Antimicrobial Access and Logistics Hub in Saudi Arabia to enhance access to essential antimicrobials and diagnostics. 
• Biotech Bridge Initiative: It calls for the creation of a new ‘biotech bridge’ aimed at boosting research, development and innovation to find solutions to the global threat. 
• Quadripartite Joint Secretariat (QJS) on AMR: It highlighted the role of QJS on AMR which aims to bolster efforts to prevent and reduce the rise of AMR. 
• Other Key Actions:  
  • Establishment of an Independent Panel for Evidence on Action Against AMR by 2025. 
  • Creation of operational national AMR coordination mechanisms. 
  • Promotion of global data sharing through platforms like GLASS AMR/AMC, ANIMUSE, and INFARM. 
  • Adherence to Codex Alimentarius Commission guidelines for responsible antimicrobial use. 

What are the Key Points about QJS on AMR? 

• About: QJS on AMR is a collaborative effort between four key international organisations i.e., FAO, UNEP, WHO, and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) to address the global challenge of AMR. 
• Establishment: It was created following a request from the United Nations Secretary-General to the Executive Leaders of the then Tripartite organisations (FAO, WHO, WOAH). 
• Purpose and Role: It provides global advocacy, technical guidance, political engagement, and promotes a shared vision and goals for addressing AMR. 
  • It acts as the Secretariat for global governance structures related to AMR. 
• Hosting and Operations: It is hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO). 
  • It is tasked with implementing the recommendations of the Inter-agency Coordinating Group on AMR (IACG). 

What are Key Points about AMR? 

• About AMR: AMR occurs when pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial medicines, making treatments ineffective and increasing risks of severe illness, disease spread, and death. 
  • Resistant pathogens are termed as superbugs. 
• Causes of AMR: AMR is a natural process in pathogens, but human activities like misusing and overusing antimicrobials speed up its spread. 
  • Excessive Use: Over-prescribing antibiotics for viral infections. 
  • Inappropriate Use: Taking antibiotics without supervision or using the wrong ones. 
  • Self-medication: Using leftover or unprescribed antibiotics. 
  • Subtherapeutic Dosing: Taking insufficient antibiotic doses, allowing bacteria to adapt. 
  • Routine Use in Animals: Antibiotics are used in livestock to promote growth or prevent disease, not just for infections. 
  • Spread to Humans: Resistant bacteria can transfer to humans through meat consumption or contact with animals. 
• Economic Costs: The World Bank estimates AMR could add USD 1 trillion in healthcare costs by 2050 and cause annual GDP losses of USD 1 trillion to USD 3.4 trillion by 2030. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (2019) 

1. Genetic predisposition of some people
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 2  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4  

(d) 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Widespread resistance of malarial parasites to drugs like chloroquine has prompted attempts to develop a malaria vaccine to combat malaria. Why is it difficult to develop an effective malaria vaccine? (2010) 

(a) Malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium 

(b) Man does not develop immunity to malaria during natural infection 

(c) Vaccines can be developed only against bacteria 

(d) Man is only an intermediate host and not the definitive host 

Ans: (b)

Lunar Volcanism on the Far Side of the Moon

Source: HT 

Why in News?

A new study published in the journal Nature and Science reveals that volcanic eruptions occurred on the moon's far side, based on samples from China’s Chang’e-6 mission, shedding light on lunar geology. 

What are the Key Findings of the Study? 

• The Moon's far side, like the near side, experienced volcanic eruptions billions of years ago, with rock fragments dating back 2.8 to 4.2 billion years, confirming widespread lunar volcanism.  
  • Data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and prior studies had hinted at volcanic activity on the far side, but this study offers the first physical evidence.  
• These eruptions lasted over a billion years, and future research aims to understand the duration and causes. 
• The far side is less flat and lacks the large lava plains seen on the near side, which raises questions about why the two sides have such different geological features. 
• These findings are significant as they enhance understanding of the Moon’s geological history and may explain the differences between the far side and the near side. 

Far Side of the Moon 

• The moon is tidally locked to Earth, meaning it takes 27.3 days to rotate once and the same time to orbit Earth. This causes the same side of the Moon to always face Earth, while the other side, known as the far side, remains hidden. 

What is China’s Chang’e-6 Mission? 

• Chang’e Program: Named after the Chinese goddess of the moon, the Chang’e missions are part of China's Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP), initiated in 2003 by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). 
  • The Chang’e series aims to deepen understanding of the moon and its geological history. 
• Mission Phases:

Mission	Year	Key Achievements
Chang’e 1	2007	Created a comprehensive map of the moon’s surface.
Chang’e 2	2010	Launched phase I of the moon missions, equipped with a better camera to support future missions.
Chang’e 3	2013	Successfully landed a rover on the moon’s near side, marking the start of phase II.
Chang’e 4	2019	Achieved the first soft landing on the moon’s far side, exploring this mysterious region.
Chang’e 5	2020	Deployed a lander on the near side, returned lunar soil samples to Earth, marking the start of phase III.
Chang’e 6	2023	Continuing phase III, it returned to Earth with lunar samples from the far side of the moon and it aims to investigate the differences between the near and far sides.

India’s Far Side Lunar Plans: India plans to launch the Chandrayaan-4 lunar sample-return mission in 2028 but has no current plans to explore the far side of the moon. However, as a signatory of the Artemis Accords, India is expected to collaborate on future lunar exploration missions. 

 

UPSC Civil Service Examination, Previous Year Questions(PYQs) 

Q. Selene-1, the lunar orbiter mission belongs to which one of the following? (2008)

(a) China 
(b) European Union 
(c) Japan 
(d) USA 

Ans: (c) 

Q.2 What is the purpose of the US Space Agency’s Themis Mission, which was recently in the news? (2008) 

(a) To study the possibility of life on Mars 
(b) To study the satellites of Saturn 
(c) To study the colourful display of high latitude skies 
(d) To build a space laboratory to study the stellar explosions 

Ans: (c) 

Which one of the following planets has largest number of natural satellites or moons? (2009)

(a) Jupiter 
(b) Mars  
(c) Saturn  
(d) Venus 

Ans: (a) 

Q. Tides occur in the oceans and seas due to which among the following? (2015)

1. Gravitational force of the Sun 
2. Gravitational force of the Moon 
3. Centrifugal force of the Earth 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)

Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile

Source: PIB 

Recently, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the maiden flight-test of the Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) off the coast of Odisha. 

• Precision Strike:The missile has a precision strike range of 1,000 km, ensuring accuracy and effectiveness in targeting strategic locations. 
• Advanced Technology: It is equipped with advanced avionics and software, which enhance its reliability and operational efficiency. 
  • It demonstrates the ability to navigate through predetermined waypoints while performing various manoeuvres and operating effectively at different altitudes and speeds. 
• Similarity: Similar to the US Tomahawk and Russia’s Kalibr, the LRLACM excels in delivering precise, long-range strikes. 
• Strategic Importance: Such missiles are critical for modern militaries, enabling stand- off attacks on strategic targets while ensuring the safety of the launch platform and personnel. 
• Collaboration: The LRLACM was developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment, Bengaluru, with support from other DRDO laboratories and Indian industry partners. 

Read more:  GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS Mission. 

Barak River

Source: TH 

Three bodies found floating in Manipur's Barak River, in Jiribam district, are believed to be victims of the ongoing violence in the state. 

• Barak River: Originates from the Manipur hills in Senapati district. It flows along the Nagaland-Manipur border, enters Assam, and then Bangladesh, where it is known as the Surma and Kushiyara, and later as the Meghna (before receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra). 
  • The principal tributaries of Barak are the Jiri, the Dhaleswari, the Singla, the Longai, the Sonai and the Katakhal. 
  • The Barak sub-basin drains areas in India, Bangladesh and Burma. It is bounded by the Barail range separating it from the Brahmaputra basin on the north, by the Naga and Lushai hills on the east and by Mizo hills and territory of Bangladesh on the south and west.  
    • The predominant soil types found in the sub-basin are laterite and red and yellow soils. 
  • The Barak sub-basin is divided into two major physiographic regions: the hilly areas (home to tribal populations) and the plains, which are densely populated and extensively cultivated.

Read more: Violence in Manipur

1st Bodoland Mohotsov

Source: PIB 

Recently, the 1^st  Bodoland Mohotsov was organised on the 15th and 16th November in  New Delhi. 

• Theme: Peace and Harmony for Prosperous Bharat. 
• Objective: Focus areas include the rich culture, language, education, and heritage of the Bodo community and other communities from the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR). 
• Historical Significance: It celebrated the recovery of the region post the Bodo Peace Accord (2020) which resolved decades of conflict and violence. 
• About Bodos: Bodos are the largest community among Assam's notified Scheduled Tribes, making up about 5-6% of the state's population. 
  • In the late 1980s, the Bodos initiated a mass movement demanding a separate state for the Bodos. 
• About BTR: Bodoland Territorial Region is an autonomous region in Assam consisting of four districts namely Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri. 
  • It is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council. 

Read More: Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) 

Nepal-Bangladesh Power Transfer via India

Source: TH 

Nepal started exporting electricity to Bangladesh using India’s electricity grid, marking a significant milestone in regional energy cooperation. 

• Tri-nation Agreement: The power transfer is a result of a tripartite power sales agreement between National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Vidyut Vyapar Nigam, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), and Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), signed in October 2023. 
• Electricity Crisis in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is facing an electricity crisis, the export of 40 MW of Nepalese hydroelectric power to Bangladesh through the Indian grid aims to address Bangladesh’s electricity shortage. 
• NVVN: NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd, was formed in 2002 to tap into India's power trading potential. It holds the highest Category 'I' power trading licence as per Central Electricity Regulatory Commission regulations. 
  • NVVN is diversifying into renewables, e-mobility, waste-to-green fuel conversion, and providing comprehensive business solutions across the power value chain, in addition to trading in gypsum. 
• NTPC: NTPC, a Central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power, established in 1975 to accelerate power development in the country. 
  • NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010 and is headquartered in New Delhi. 

Read more: Power Markets in India