Rising Rape Crimes in India

For Prelims: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, Marital rape, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, Zero First Information Report, Two finger tests, National Legal Services Authority, National Crime Records Bureau

For Mains: Rape Crimes, related Challenges and Way Forward, Women's Safety in India and Legal Reforms, Issues Related to Women, Impact of societal norms 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The surge in rape crimes across India has reignited demands for comprehensive legal reforms and changes in societal behaviour to address sexual violence. 

• These incidents have fueled calls for harsher punishments, including the death penalty for rape, and urgent action to create a safer environment for women.

What are the Legal Framework Regarding Rape in India?

• About: Rape, according to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 occurs when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent, against her will, through coercion, deception, or when the woman is under 18 or unable to consent.
• Types of Rape in India:
  • Aggravated Rape: Rape committed by someone in a position of authority or trust over the victim (e.g., police officers, hospital staff, or guardians).
  • Rape and Murder: When rape leads to the victim's death or a vegetative state.
  • Gang Rape: When a woman is raped by multiple individuals simultaneously.
  • Marital rape: The term 'marital rape' refers to forceful sexual intercourse between husband and wife without the consent of either party.
• Laws Governing Rape in India:
  • Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023: The newly enacted BNS, 2023, which replaces the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 introduces significant changes in the treatment of sexual offences.
    • The BNS further defines aggravated forms of rape, including gang rape. It imposes harsher punishments for the gang rape of minors under 18, including life imprisonment or the death penalty.
  • Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: In 2012, the Nirbhaya rape case in Delhi led to the introduction of the Criminal Amendment Act 2013, which increased the minimum sentence for rape from seven to ten years. 
    • For cases resulting in the victim's death or vegetative state, the minimum sentence was increased to twenty years. 
    • Further, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 was enacted to prescribe even more stringent penal provisions including the death penalty for the rape of a girl below the age of 12 years.
  • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Protect children from sexual assault, harassment, and pornography.
• Rights of Rape Victims in India:
  
  • Right to Zero FIR: Victims can file a Zero First Information Report (FIR) at any police station, regardless of jurisdiction. The FIR will be transferred to the appropriate station for investigation.
  • Free Medical Treatment: Under Section 357C of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC),1973 (now replaced as Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023), all hospitals must provide free medical treatment to rape victims.
  • No Two-Finger Test: No doctor shall possess the right to do two finger tests while doing the medical examination, which was deemed a violation of the survivor's dignity.
  • Harassment-Free and Time-Bound Investigation: The statement shall be recorded by a women police officer or any other officer at a time and place convenient to the victim.
    • The statement shall be recorded in the presence of the victim's parents or guardian. If the victim is dumb or mentally disabled, an Analyzer Educator social interpreter will be present to understand the sign.
  • Right to Compensation: Section 357A of the CrPC mandates compensation for victims, guided by the National Legal Services Authority's compensation scheme.
  • Trial with Dignity and Protection: Trials should be conducted on camera, with no invasive questions about the victim’s sexual history, and by a female judge if possible.

Why is There an Increase in Rape Cases in India?

• Normalisation of Rape: It refers to a sociological environment where sexual violence is normalised and excused leading to Increased rape cases. It thrives on a range of behaviours and attitudes.
  
  • Rape Jokes: Humorous remarks about sexual violence that trivialise the severity of such crimes.
  • Sexist Behaviour: Actions and attitudes that undermine or demean women, often perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
  • Victim Blaming: Holding survivors responsible for the violence they experienced, instead of focusing on the perpetrators.
    • Cultural attitudes persist in blaming victims for their attire, with 68% of judges surveyed in India holding this view. This harmful perspective reinforces a culture of victim-blaming.
  • Victims are often shamed and blamed, which worsens their trauma and discourages them from reporting the crime. This lack of reporting contributes to an increase in rape incidents. 
    • This culture not only diminishes their personal freedom but also restricts their opportunities and social standing.
• Alcoholism: Alcohol consumption is a significant factor contributing to higher rape rates. It impairs judgement and can lead to more aggressive and violent behavior.
• Misogynistic Representation in Media: Movies and shows in India often objectify women, presenting them as mere objects of desire. This portrayal reinforces harmful stereotypes and behaviors that contribute to rape culture.
• Sex Ratio Imbalance: A higher number of men compared to women in a population is associated with increased rape rates. 
  • According to the 2011 Census, the country's sex ratio was 943 females for every 1,000 males. This gender imbalance creates a demographic environment where the incidence of sexual violence is higher.
• Insufficient Female Police Representation: India's police force had 11.75% female officers in 2022. This low percentage means that women who are victims of sexual assault may struggle to report their cases to female officers, who are often preferred for handling such sensitive issues.
• Acceptance of Domestic Abuse: This normalisation of domestic violence extends to a broader tolerance for sexual violence, reinforcing harmful behavior patterns and reducing the likelihood of victims seeking help or receiving adequate support.
• Blaming Victims for Immoral Behaviour: Women engaging in behaviours deemed "immoral" (such as drinking or late-night outings) are unjustly blamed for their assaults, reflecting broader societal issues. 
  • This blame perpetuates a culture that fails to protect women adequately, contributing to an increase in rape crimes.
  • Some individuals believe that sexual harassment and violence can be avoided by women simply by modifying their behavior, which shifts the blame onto victims rather than addressing systemic issues.
• Advising Silence: Victims are frequently advised against reporting their assaults, due to fears of societal judgement and personal embarrassment. This silence protects offenders and perpetuates the cycle of abuse.

Why are Rape Conviction Rates So Low in India?

• Low Conviction Rates: The number of reported rapes remains alarmingly high, with annual reports consistently exceeding 30,000 cases since 2012, except for a decline during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. 
  • In 2022, over 31,000 rape cases were reported, reflecting the ongoing severity of the issue. Despite tougher laws, conviction rates for rape have remained low, fluctuating between 27%-28% from 2018 to 2022 according to National Crime Records Bureau data.
• Systemic Issues: Corruption within the legal and law enforcement systems can undermine efforts to address rape cases. Bribery and misconduct can result in cases being mishandled or dismissed. 
  • Many incidents of rape are not reported due to fear of retaliation, lack of trust in the system, or perceived inefficacy of the legal process. 
• Socio-Cultural Factors: Societal attitudes often place undue scrutiny on survivors, leading to victim-blaming and discouraging them from pursuing justice.
  • The fear of societal rejection and stigma can lead survivors to withdraw from the legal process.
• Inconsistent Law Enforcement: The effectiveness of rape laws in India is frequently undermined by inconsistent application, hampering equitable enforcement.
  • The BNS, 2023 does not adequately address sexual crimes against men and transgender persons reflecting a significant gap in the legal framework and the challenge of ensuring consistent and inclusive law enforcement across the country.
  • Marital rape remains non-criminalised in India, supported by outdated notions of marriage sanctity. This legal loophole perpetuates a culture where consent within marriage is often ignored, contributing to the broader problem of rape culture.
• Poor Evidence Collection: Inadequate or poor evidence collection and investigation can weaken cases, making it difficult to secure convictions.
  • Corruption and inefficiency within the police force can exacerbate these issues, leading to poorly handled investigations.
  • Example: The Hathras case of 2020 revealed serious lapses in policing, including delayed action and mishandling of evidence, highlighting the systemic issues within investigative processes.
• Ineffective Legal Support: Many survivors of rape do not receive adequate psychological, legal, or medical support, which can impact their ability to pursue justice effectively.
  • The absence of robust support systems can make the process of seeking justice more daunting and less likely to result in a conviction.
• Judicial System Overload: The Indian judicial system often faces an overwhelming number of cases, which can lead to delays and compromises in the quality of justice delivered.
  • Overburdened courts may struggle to give each case the attention it requires, impacting overall case outcomes.
  • The slow pace of judicial proceedings contributes to prolonged delays in delivering justice. Delays in trials can lead to a weakening of evidence and witness testimonies, which impacts the chances of securing a conviction.
  • Example: The Nirbhaya case, despite being fast-tracked, took over seven years to reach a conclusion, demonstrating inefficiencies in the legal system.

What are the Implications of Rising Rape Cases?

• Restrictions and Safety Concerns: Women already face significant restrictions on their movement and independence due to societal norms and safety concerns.
  • The rising number of rape cases further limits their freedom, as fear of violence constrains their ability to travel and participate in public life.
• Impact on Workplace Dynamics: Increasing sexual offences in workplaces can deter women from pursuing or remaining in careers, impacting gender diversity in companies.
  • Companies may face difficulties in recruiting and retaining female employees if workplace safety and harassment issues are not adequately addressed.
  • Survivors of rape may face challenges in maintaining employment or pursuing career opportunities due to trauma or stigma.
• Economic Consequences: The need for medical treatment and psychological support for survivors adds to healthcare costs.
  • These expenses can strain public health resources and affect the economic stability of individuals and families.
  • The economic impact of sexual violence can extend to families and communities, affecting overall productivity.
• Erosion of Trust: The prevalence of rape can erode public trust in law enforcement and the justice system, leading to a sense of insecurity and disillusionment.
• Reinforcement of Gender stereotypes: Rising rape cases can reinforce harmful gender stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes, perpetuating gender inequality and limiting women's opportunities.

Way Forward

• Legal Reforms: Evidence suggests that harsher punishments, like the death penalty, are unlikely to prevent sexual violence. The Laws should focus on the certainty of punishment rather than its severity. With conviction rates in rape cases under 30% in India, the real issue lies in the efficiency and fairness of the judicial process rather than the harshness of the penalty.
  • Additionally, there should be increased awareness campaigns about the consequences of rape and the associated punishments to deter potential offenders, as many people are not aware of the legal repercussions.
    • Implementing the 2013 Justice Verma Committee Report recommended significant reforms, including police reforms to address rape crimes and the criminalization of marital rape, many of these recommendations remain unimplemented.
• Changing Societal Attitudes: Educating society about consent and respectful behaviour is crucial. This includes rejecting rape jokes and challenging victim-blaming attitudes. Promoting empathy and support for survivors can help shift public perceptions.
• Media Responsibility: Media outlets should be held accountable for the portrayal of women. Content that objectifies or demeans women should be criticised and regulated.
• Comprehensive Health/Sex Education: Schools and colleges should incorporate thorough sex education programs. This education should address consent, respect, and the harmful effects of pornography.
• Support for Victims: Creating a supportive environment for survivors, where they are not judged or blamed, is vital. Providing mental health resources and legal aid can help survivors recover and seek justice.

Conclusion

Rape is a severe crime that damages individuals and erodes societal values and safety. While India’s legal framework strives to support and protect victims, significant challenges persist. To foster a safer society, it is crucial to enforce laws rigorously, educate the public, and transform societal attitudes towards sexual violence. Ensuring justice for survivors and holding perpetrators accountable is vital for creating a more just and secure environment for all women.

Read more: Persistent Issue of Violence Against Women in India

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. In light of the surge in rape cases in India, evaluate the impact of legal reforms. Suggest strategies to tackle systemic issues and shift societal attitudes for better survivor support and conviction rates

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains 

Q. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)

76th Anniversary of Accession of Hyderabad

For Prelims: Accession of Hyderabad, Operation Polo, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Princely State, Razakars, Indian National Congress, United Nations, International Court of Justice, Constituent Assembly, British paramountcy.

For Mains: Integration of Hyderabad and other princely states to Indian Union, Role of different leaders in the integration process.

Source: DH

Why in News?

Recently, 17^th September 2024 marked the 76th anniversary of the accession of Hyderabad to independent India. 

• Operation Polo was launched to prevent Hyderabad from becoming a security threat to the Indian Union.

What are the Key Highlights of the Accession of Hyderabad to India?

• Background of Hyderabad: Hyderabad was a large landlocked princely state in south India, covering present day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra.
  • The population was primarily Hindu (87%) while its ruler, Nizam Osman Ali Khan, was Muslim, supported by a Muslim elite.
  • The Nizam and the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, a pro-Nizam Muslim party, pushed for Hyderabad’s independence, wanting the state to be on par with India and Pakistan.
• Nizam's Declaration of Independence: In June 1947, Nizam Osman Ali Khan issued a firman declaring Hyderabad’s intention to remain independent after British India’s transfer of power.
  • India rejected this arguing that Hyderabad’s location was strategically important to India’s national security.
  • A temporary Standstill Agreement (to maintain status quo) was signed to buy time, but Hyderabad still did not accede to India.
• Hyderabad’s Moves Toward Independence: The Nizam had provided Rs. 200 million to Pakistan and stationed a bomber squadron there, intensifying Indian suspicions.
  • Hyderabad banned Indian currency, imported arms from Pakistan and expanded its military forces, particularly the Razakars militia.
  • Australian aviator Sidney Cotton was hired by the Nizam to smuggle weapons into Hyderabad.
• Role of the Razakars: The Razakars, a militia aligned with the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (All India Council for Unity of Muslims) and led by Qasim Razvi, acted to protect the Muslim ruling class against any uprisings.
  • The Razakars’ violent suppression of opposition, including atrocities against Hindus, heightened tensions. 
  • They also targeted Hyderabadi Muslims who favoured merging with India.
• Political Agitation: Internally, Hyderabad faced a Communist uprising in Telangana, a peasant revolt that the Nizam could not quell, weakening his position further.
  • The Hyderabad State Congress, affiliated with the Indian National Congress, launched a political agitation for Hyderabad’s integration with India.
• International Appeals: The Nizam sought British support and later attempted to involve US President Harry Truman and the United Nations, but his efforts were unsuccessful.
  • After Mountbatten's efforts for a negotiated settlement failed, in August 1948, the Nizam appealed to the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice, fearing an imminent Indian invasion.
• Operation Polo (Hyderabad Police Action): Sardar Patel was getting anxious as the negotiations with the Nizam dragged on.
  • On 13^th September 1948, the Indian Army launched “Operation Polo,” a military operation of Hyderabad, citing internal law and order concerns.
  • It was referred to as "Police Action" because it was an internal matter of India.
  • On 17^th September 1948, the Nizam formally surrendered after dismissing Prime Minister Mir Laik Ali and his cabinet.

What is the Significance of Hyderabad's Accession to India?

• Unity and Integrity of India: The integration of Hyderabad into India, despite opposition from the Nizam and Razakars, strengthened the Indian Union’s unity, integrity and stability.
• Triumph of Secularism: It was not only a significant political victory but also a triumph of secularism, as it highlighted the support of Indian Muslims for integration with India.
  • Involvement of Indian Muslims on India’s side created a positive impression across the country.
• Prevented Further Crisis: Despite ongoing talks, Hyderabad’s government continued importing arms, preparing for conflict.
  • Immediate military operation prevented an insurgency-like situation which might have spiralled across decades with help of foreign powers.
• Use of Force: Arms imports and involvement of foreign powers increased the urgency for India to resolve the Hyderabad issue, which was now seen as a potential security threat.
  • Operation Polo showed that India would not shy away from using force for its national interests.
• India’s Successful Diplomacy: India’s combination of diplomatic, military, and logistical strategies, especially the stymieing of arms supplies.
  • E.g., Efforts of V.K. Krishna Menon, then Indian High Commissioner in London, literally starved Hyderabad of weapons.

What was the Role of Sardar Patel in Integration of Princely States?

• Role in Interim Government (2nd September 1946): Sardar Patel was allocated the Home, States and Information & Broadcasting portfolios, setting the stage for his crucial role in India's administration even before independence.
• Nehru’s Acknowledgement: A fortnight before independence, on 1st August 1947, JL Nehru invited Patel to join his cabinet, referring to him as the “strongest pillar of the Cabinet.”
• Collaboration with Lord Mountbatten: Patel and Mountbatten worked closely, using a combination of diplomacy and pressure in convincing the princes to accede to India. 
  • They warned Princely States of the perils of independent existence.
• Creation of States Department (5th July 1947): Patel organised the States Department and appointed V.P. Menon as its Secretary.
  • The department aimed to secure the accession of states in defence, foreign affairs, and communications, and maintain Standstill Agreements for common interests.
• Carrot and Stick Approach: Patel charged with negotiating accession, adopted a conciliatory and diplomatic stance, balancing pressure with reassurance. 
  
  • E.g., India closed all its borders to Junagadh and stopped the movement of goods, transport and postal articles which forced Junagarh to invite the Government of India to take control.
    • Later, a plebiscite was held in which 99% of the population voted to join India.
• Appeal for Friendship and Equality: Patel invited the princes to join independent India as friends, emphasising that it was preferable to make laws together as equals, rather than establish treaties as separate entities.
• Integration’s Impact on India’s Territory: While India lost 3.6 lakh square miles of territory and 81.5 million people during Partition, it gained 5 lakh square miles and 86.5 million people through the integration of princely states.

What was the Role of Other Leaders in Integration of Princely States?

• Lord Mountbatten: Mountbatten played a key role in persuading reluctant monarchs to accede to the Indian Union.
  • Princes believed he could guarantee that independent India would adhere to any agreements because he was appointed as the first Governor-General of India.
• JL Nehru: Nehru’s approach was more confrontational.
  • In January 1947, he rejected the divine right of kings and by May 1947, he declared that any princely state that refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state.
• C. Rajagopalachari: C. Rajagopalachari argued that British control over princely states was based on reality, not an agreement, so it would naturally transfer to independent India as the British successor.
• Congress as an Organisation: The Congress asserted that the princely states were not sovereign entities and could not opt for independence after British paramountcy ended.

Conclusion

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's leadership was crucial in integrating 562 princely states into India, blending diplomacy and decisive action. Operation Polo secured Hyderabad’s accession, adding 212,000 square kilometres and 17 million people. Government data highlights Patel's efforts in expanding India’s territory by 5 lakh square kilometres post-Partition, solidifying his role as the "Iron Man of India."

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Evaluate the significance of Hyderabad's accession to India in 1948. Critically analyse the role of Sardar Patel in the successful integration of Hyderabad through Operation Polo?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2021)

1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.
2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 

(d) 3 only

Q. For the Karachi Session of Indian National Congress in 1931 presided over by Sardar Patel, who drafted the Resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Programme? (2010)

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

(d) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Ans: (b)

India-China Disengagement along the LAC

For Prelims: Line of Actual Control (LAC), Depsang Plains, Galwan Valley, Pangong Tso, BRICS, Siachen Glacier, Aksai Chin, Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road, G20.

For Mains: Managing India-China border dispute, Roadmap for border dispute resolution.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, India’s External Affairs Minister said that about 75% of the “disengagement problems” with China have been “sorted out” along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh.

• However, Demchok and Depsang plains have seen no progress towards their resolution in the past two years.

What are the Recent Developments on India-China Disengagement along the LAC?

• Verified Disengagement: Both India and China have mutually agreed on and verified disengagement from five friction points, including Galwan Valley, Pangong Tso, and Gogra-Hot Springs.
  • However, Demchok and Depsang remain unresolved.
• Reasons for Disengagement: Recent high level diplomatic interactions has led to the disengagement along the LAC.
  • India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the sidelines of the meeting of BRICS NSAs in St Petersburg, Russia.
  • The recent optimism for further disengagement is linked to the upcoming BRICS Summit in October in Kazan, Russia, where leaders from both nations will meet.
• Significance of Disengagement: The 31st meeting of Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) was described as “frank, constructive, and forward-looking,” and urged parties to “narrow down the differences” and “find early resolution of the outstanding issues”.
  
  • The expression “narrow down the differences” had been used for the first time in the bilateral talks on the border standoff and indicated hope for further disengagement.
• Challenges in Disengagement:
  
  • Stalled Negotiations: Despite multiple rounds of talks, agreements on Demchok and Depsang have not materialised.
  • Military Build-Up: Both India and China have continued significant infrastructure development and troop deployments along the 3,488 km-long LAC.
    • Both nations have approximately 50,000-60,000 troops stationed along the LAC.
  • Vulnerable to Escalation: China’s massive build-up of infrastructure and new weaponry has fundamentally altered the status quo. India has responded with similar infrastructure and capability enhancements.
    • It may lead to a military escalation in case of any miscalculation.

What is the Strategic Significance of Depsang Plains and Demchok?

• Depsang Plains: The Depsang Plains is a strategically important territory, because the PLA’s control threatens India’s control over the Siachen Glacier, encircling the Indian Army from both China and Pakistan. 
  • A two-pronged attack by China and Pakistan will leave India’s military position on the Siachen Glacier highly vulnerable.
  • It is identified as the most vulnerable region in Ladakh by the Indian Army due to its flat terrain, which is suitable for mechanised warfare and provides direct access to Aksai Chin.
• Demchok: Demchok allows for effective surveillance of Chinese movements and activities in the Aksai Chin region. 
  • It supports road and communication links that are essential for rapid military mobilisation and logistical support.

What are the Key Areas in the India-China Standoff?

• Pangong Lake Region: This region frequently witnesses cross-paths between patrols of India and China.
  
  • The north bank of the lake is divided into 8 fingers. India has claimed its territory till Finger 8 and China disputes its claims till Finger 4.
    • The mountain spurs jutting into the lake are referred to as 'Fingers' in military parlance. 
• Demchok Region: It reported Chinese activity and heavy equipment movement in the region.
• Galwan River Basin: Satellite images showed Chinese tents near the road close to the Galwan River basin, indicating Chinese incursions into areas traditionally held by Indian forces. 
• Gogra Post:  Chinese military build-up near the Gogra post heightened the tensions.
• Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO): Chinese encroached in the Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) sector lying on the Indian side. 
  • The DBO airstrip, crucial for winter operations and reinforcements, is accessible by the 255 km-long Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road for India. 

What triggered China’s Aggression Along LAC?

• Infrastructure Sensitivity: China’s aggressive stance might be driven by India’s recent infrastructure developments, which could be perceived as a threat or a move to pre-emptively counter India’s strategic improvements.
• Element of Coercion: China’s actions might be intended to exert pressure on India. 
  • Historically, the red lines for both nations were well-defined, but current multiple intrusions suggest a strategy to test and pressurise India.
• Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy: China's aggressive diplomatic stance, known as "wolf-warrior diplomacy," might be mirrored in their military approach along the LAC.
  • It is a confrontational form of public diplomacy adopted by Chinese diplomats.
• Leverage Tactics: The activation of border areas might be part of China's broader strategy to gain leverage over India in bilateral relations and other issues like G20 and BRICS.
• Economic and Diplomatic Pressures: China’s actions could be influenced by the need to demonstrate strength amid economic difficulties and strained international relations due to the Covid-19 pandemic and its origin in Wuhan.

What can be done to manage the China-India Border Dispute?

• Clarification of LAC: Efforts should resume to clarify the LAC. It will avoid potential clashes in overlapping claim areas.
• Buffer Zones: Consider making existing buffer zones permanent and creating new ones in areas with frequent standoffs. Both sides should be willing to defend these buffer zones to their domestic audiences.
• Abiding by Agreements: Continue to adhere to existing bilateral agreements, including bans on firearms, and make joint public statements to reaffirm commitments.
• No-Patrol Zones: Establish no-patrol zones in frequently contested areas.
• Drones Usage: Agree on parameters for the use of drones for intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance.
• Mutual Security Agreement: Attempt to reach an understanding on acceptable levels of forces, arms, and facilities near the border based on the “principle of mutual and equal security.”
• Impact of Third-Party Relations: Both sides should be sensitive to how their relations with third parties (e.g., US for India, Pakistan for China) might influence the other’s perceptions and actions.

Conclusion

The China-India border dispute, rooted in colonial-era decisions, has intensified due to rising nationalism and state assertiveness. The 2020 Ladakh clashes worsened relations, leading to a state of "armed coexistence" marked by mutual distrust and military buildup. To maintain peace, India and China must enhance engagement rules, establish stronger buffer zones, and improve communication between top brass. Strategic competition complicates a comprehensive border agreement, making high-level dialogue essential.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How can India and China improve their approach to conflict management to prevent future standoffs?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)

(a) China 

(b) Japan

(c) Russia 

(d) USA

Ans: (a)

---

Mains

Q. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (2018)

India Status Report on Road Safety 2024

For Prelims: Road accident fatalities, First Information Reports (FIRs), United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Stockholm Declaration, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, Sample Registration System (SRS), Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019, The Carriage by Road Act, 2007, National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2000, National Highways Authority of India Act, 1998, Third High Level Global Conference on Road Safety for Achieving Global Goals 2030.

For Mains: Key findings of the India Status Report on Road Safety 2024, Mitigation of road accidents in India.

Source: TH

Why in News?

According to the India Status Report on Road Safety 2024 of IIT Delhi highlights India’s slow progress toward meeting international goals of reducing road accident fatalities.

What are the Key Findings of the Report?

• Methodology of the Report:
  • The report evaluates road safety in India, utilizing data from First Information Reports (FIRs) across six states (Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh), alongside audits of state compliance with Supreme Court mandates on road safety governance.
• Findings of the Report: 
  • In 2021, road traffic injuries were the 13th leading cause of mortality in India and the 12th leading cause of health loss, as measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs).
    • In the states road traffic injuries ranked among the top 10 contributors to health loss.
• Performance of States in Road Safety:
  • Road safety in India exhibits significant regional variation, with per capita road traffic death rates differing more than threefold across states. 
    • Tamil Nadu (21.9), Telangana (19.2), and Chhattisgarh (17.6) recorded the highest death rates per 1,00,000 people.
    • West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest rates at 5.9 per 1,00,000 in 2021.
    • Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu, account for nearly 50% of all road traffic fatalities.
  • The report identifies pedestrians, cyclists, and motorised two-wheeler riders as the most vulnerable road users, while trucks are responsible for the highest proportion of impacting vehicles.
  • Despite the life-saving potential of helmet usage, more than 50% of motorised two-wheeler riders wear helmets in only seven states.
  • Only eight states have audited more than half of their National Highway networks, and even fewer states have extended such audits to State Highways.
  • Basic road safety measures such as traffic calming, road markings, and signage remain insufficient in most states, while helmet usage in rural areas is particularly low, and trauma care facilities are inadequate.
  • The report underscores the need for tailored, state-specific strategies to address the diverse road safety challenges across India.
• India Performing Globally:
  
  • Most Indian states are unlikely to meet the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety objective, which aims to halve traffic-related deaths by 2030.
  • The report presents a comparison between India and developed countries such as Sweden and other Scandinavian nations, which have demonstrated exemplary road safety governance.
    • In 1990, the likelihood of an Indian dying in a road accident was 40% higher than in these nations; by 2021, this disparity had escalated to 600%, reflecting a significant surge in road fatalities in India.

Note

• Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030: The UN General Assembly adopted resolution "Improving global road safety " with the ambitious target of preventing at least 50% of road traffic deaths and injuries by 2030.
• The Global Plan aligns with the Stockholm Declaration, by emphasising the importance of a holistic approach to road safety.

National Strategy for Prevention of Unintentional Injury of the Ministry of Health

• Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are the largest cause of deaths due to unintentional injuries in India, contributing to 43.7% of fatalities.
  • Over-speeding accounts for 75.2% of these deaths, followed by driving on the wrong side (5.8%) and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (2.5%).
  • Road traffic injuries (RTIs):
    • 86% of RTI fatalities are males, 14% are females.
    • 67.8% of RTI deaths occur in rural areas, 32.2% in urban areas.
• National highways (only 2.1% of total road length) are responsible for the most road fatalities, accounting for 45 deaths per 100 km in 2022.

Supreme Court Interventions on Road Safety

• The Supreme Court of India had set up the three-member Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan panel on road safety in April 2014 which recommended the ban on the sale of alcohol on highways to restrain drunk driving.
  • It also directed states to implement laws on wearing helmets.
  • The committee stressed the importance of creating awareness among people on road safety rules.
• The SC in 2017, issued a number of directives with regard to road safety that, inter alia, included few measures.
  • The constitution of a State Road Safety Council
  • The setting up of road safety fund
  • Notification of a road safety action plan
  • The constitution of a district road safety committee
  • The establishment of trauma care centres
  • Inclusion of road safety education in the academic curriculum of schools

What are the Government Initiatives Related to Road Safety?

• Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019
• The Carriage by Road Act, 2007
• The Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2000
• National Highways Authority of India Act, 1998
• Third High Level Global Conference on Road Safety for Achieving Global Goals 2030

Way Forward 

• Prioritising Road Safety Interventions: This requires a coordinated approach across multiple sectors such as transportation, health, and law enforcement to develop holistic strategies that can significantly reduce fatalities and injuries.
  • Small steps can also be taken like mandatory use of helmet, abiding traffic laws, and maintaining vehicles, etc.
• Establishment of a National Database for Fatal Crashes: National Database will serve as a comprehensive repository of data, enabling policymakers, researchers, and enforcement agencies to analyze real-time trends and identify high-risk areas. 
• Public Access and Transparency: Providing public access to the national crash database will enhance transparency and foster greater accountability among stakeholders. 
• Monitoring and Evaluation: By tracking accident rates and fatalities over time, governments can gauge the impact of road safety campaigns, legislation, and infrastructure improvements. 
• Leveraging Technology for Road Safety: The adoption of emerging technologies, such as AI-driven traffic monitoring, smart signage, and data analytics tools, can be integrated with the national database to further enhance road safety.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically analyze the major challenges in ensuring road safety in India and suggest comprehensive measures.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains:

Q. NationalUrban Transport Policy emphasises on ‘moving people’ instead of ‘moving vehicles’. Discuss critically the success of the various strategies of the Government in this regard. (2014)

Corridor Projects for Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Union Budget 2024-25 revealed plans to develop corridor projects for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. 

• Modelled after the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor, these projects aim to enhance both temples as major pilgrim and tourist destinations. 
• The temples are about 10 kilometres apart and are culturally significant.

What are the Key Facts About Vishnupad Temple and the Mahabodhi Temple?

• Vishnupad Temple at Gaya: It is situated on the banks of the Phalgu/Falgu river in Gaya district of  Bihar. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
  • Legend: According to local mythology, a demon named Gayasur requested the gods to grant him the power to help others attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth). 
    • However, after misusing this power, Lord Vishnu subdued him, leaving a footprint in the temple, believed to be a mark of that event.
  • Architectural Features: The temple stands about 100 feet tall and features 44 pillars constructed from large gray granite blocks (Munger Black stone) joined with iron clamps. 
    • The octagonal shrine is oriented towards the east.
  • Construction: It was constructed in 1787 under the orders of Queen Ahilyabai Holkar.
  • Cultural Practices: The temple is particularly significant during Pitra Paksha, a period dedicated to honoring ancestors, attracting many devotees.
    • The Brahma Kalpit Brahmins, also referred to as Gayawal Brahmins, have been the traditional priests of the temple since ancient times.

• Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya: It is believed to be the site where Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment under the Mahabodhi Tree.
  • Construction of Temple: The original temple was built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC, with the current structure dating back to the 5th–6th centuries.
  • Architectural Features: It comprises the 50 m high grand temple (the Vajrasana), sacred Bodhi Tree and other 6 sacred sites of Buddha's enlightenment.
    • It is surrounded by numerous ancient Votive stupas, well maintained and protected by inner, middle and outer circular boundaries.
    • It is one of the earliest brick temples from the Gupta period, influencing later brick architecture.
    • The  Vajrasana (the Diamond Throne) was originally installed by Emperor Asoka to mark the spot where Buddha sat and meditated.
  • Sacred Sites:
    • Bodhi Tree: Believed to be a direct descendant of the tree under which Buddha attained Enlightenment.
    • Animeshlochan Chaitya: Where Buddha spent the second week of meditation after attaining enlightenment.
    • Ratnachakrama: Site of Buddha's third week after attaining enlightenment.
    • Ratnaghar Chaitya: Site of Buddha's fourth week after attaining enlightenment.
    • Ajapala Nigrodh Tree: Site of Buddha’s fifth week after attaining enlightenment.
    • Lotus Pond: Site of Buddha’s sixth week after attaining enlightenment..
    • Rajyatana Tree: Site of Buddha’s seventh week after attaining enlightenment..
  • Recognition: It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002. 
  • Pilgrimage Site: The Mahabodhi Temple attracts a large number of national and international pilgrims, highlighting its spiritual significance.

Note

• Other famous tourist places in Bihar are Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Rajgir, Nalanda, Ancient city of Patliputra, Valmiki Nagar Tiger Reserve in the West Champaran, etc,.

What is the Pilgrim Corridor Project (PCP)?

• The Pilgrim Corridor Project (PCP) involves upgrading religious sites into world-class destinations for spiritual and tourism purposes. 
• Key Features:
  • Boost to Tourism and Economy: The expansion of religious tourism is expected to generate foreign exchange and create jobs, with India's tourism revenue rising by 65.7% year-on-year (Economic Survey 2023-24).
  • Preservation and Restoration: Projects like the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor expand and restore temple areas, including smaller temples like Sheetla Mata and Shri Ram Temple.
  • Enhanced Visitor Experience: Improvements include reducing congestion, offering virtual tours, and providing amenities such as restrooms, shops, and improved accessibility with escalators and ramps.

Read More: Temple Architecture, Ram Temple 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the (2012)

(a) three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India

Ans: c

450th Jyoti Jot Diwas of Sri Guru Amardas

Source: TT

Why in News?

Recently, the 450^th Jyoti Jot Diwas (passing away day) of Sri Guru Amardas Ji, the third Sikh Guru, was marked.

Who was Sri Guru Amardas Ji?

• About: 
  • Born in 1479 at Basarke in Amritsar district, Sri Guru Amardas Ji was raised in an orthodox Hindu family.
  • He was deeply inspired by the hymns of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and adopted Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji as his spiritual guide.
  • Appointed as the third Guru (succeeding Guru Angad Ji) in march 1552 at the age of 73, he established his headquarters in Goindwal.
• Key Contributions:
  • Guru Amardas Ji divided the Sikh community into 22 administrative districts (Manjis) to facilitate the spread of Sikh teachings.
  • He reinforced the tradition of 'Guru ka Langar' (communal kitchen) by insisting that visitors eat before meeting him, promoting equality and community.
  • His interaction with Emperor Akbar led to the abolition of toll-tax (pilgrim’s tax) for non-Muslims and solidified a respectful relationship.
  • He actively campaigned against social injustices and abolished the custom of Sati and Purdah system among the Sikhs.
  • He introduced the ceremony of the Anand Karaj Marriage.
• Legacy and Final Years:
• Guru Amardas Ji constructed a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib, making it a significant Sikh pilgrimage site.
• He composed 869 verses (though some accounts state there were 709), including Anand Sahib, and Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji incorporated all these Shabads into the Guru Granth Sahib.
• He passed away on 1st September 1574, at the age of 95, leaving a profound legacy that continues to inspire the Sikh community today.

Sikh Gurus and their Major Contributions
Guru	Period	Key Contributions
Guru Nanak Dev	1469-1539	Founder of Sikhism; started GURU KA LANGAR; contemporary of Babur; 550th birth anniversary commemorated with Kartarpur corridor.
Guru Angad	1504-1552	Invented Guru-Mukhi script; popularized GURU KA LANGAR.
Guru Amar Das	1479-1574	Introduced Anand Karaj Marriage; abolished Sati and Purdah; contemporary of Akbar.
Guru Ram Das	1534-1581	Founded Amritsar in 1577; initiated construction of Golden Temple.
Guru Arjun Dev	1563-1606	Composed Adi Granth in 1604; completed Golden Temple; executed by Jahangir.
Guru Hargobind	1594-1644	Transformed Sikhs into a military community; established Akal Takht; waged wars against Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Guru Har Rai	1630-1661	Promoted peace with Aurangzeb; focused on missionary work.
Guru Har Krishan	1656-1664	Youngest guru; summoned by Aurangzeb for anti-Islamic blasphemy.
Guru Teg Bahadur	1621-1675	Founded Anandpur Sahib.
Guru Gobind Singh	1666-1708	Founded Khalsa in 1699; introduced "Pahul"; last guru to pass Guruship to Guru Granth Sahib.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)

1. Dadu Dayal 
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 

(d) 1 and 2

Ans: (b)

Telangana unveils AI City project

Source: BL

The Telangana government plans to build an AI City with the aim to become a global hub for Artificial Intelligence. 

• The AI City will serve as a hub for research, development, and application, driving pioneering advancements in the field of Artificial Intelligence. 
  • Additionally, an AI School will be established within the city to cultivate expertise and foster education in AI.
• The Telangana AI Mission, in collaboration with Nasscom, will assist the government in the implementation of the AI framework to prevent the misuse of AI technologies.
• The government will collaborate with private players to establish Centres of Excellence, aimed at advancing AI in critical and emerging sectors within the state.
  • It aimed to foster talent development and skill enhancement among the youth, benefiting over 2.5 lakh students and professionals.
  • The government will partner with the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), a global research center, to establish an AI Research Lab, which will leverage AI to enhance governance services and processes.

Read More: IndiaAI Mission

Anti-Submarine Warfare Launch

Source: PIB

Recently, Malpe and Mulki, the fourth and fifth ships of the Eight Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Shallow Water Craft (SWC) project, being built by M/s Cochin Shipyard Ltd, for the Indian Navy, were launched in Kochi. 

• INS Mahe, INS Malvan, and INS Mangrol were unveiled in 2023.
• The Mahe-class ASW SWC have been named after strategically significant ports along India's coastline. 
• The ASW SWC ships are equipped with indigenously developed, state-of-the-art underwater sensors, and are envisaged to undertake anti-submarine operations in coastal waters as well as Low Intensity Maritime Operations and Mine Laying Operations.
  • They can achieve a maximum speed of 25 knots with endurance of up to 1800 nautical miles.

Read More: Indian Navy ASW SWC Project

Anusandhan National Research Foundation

Source: HT

Recently, the first meeting of the governing board of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) was chaired by the Prime Minister. 

• It focused on initiatives to enhance India's research capabilities and establish a strong research culture across institutions.
• Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR), the Mission for Advancement in High-impact Areas (MAHA), and ANRF Centres of Excellence (ACE) are planned to be launched during the meeting.
  • PAIR aims to foster new partnerships established between top-tier institutions and academic institutions where research capabilities are limited.
    • It will operate under a Hub and Spoke framework.
  • MAHA is designed to accelerate research in key strategic and emerging areas through priority-driven, solution-focused research.
    • The immediate priority areas for support under MAHA are EV Mobility and Advanced Materials.
  • ANRF Centres of Excellence will create a world-class research environment with state-of-the-art infrastructure to support cutting-edge research in various fields.
• ANRF has been established under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023 to seed, grow, and foster a culture of research and innovation throughout the country.

Read More: National Research Foundation

Mercury’s South Pole

Source: IT

Recently, The joint European-Japanese BepiColombo mission successfully conducted its fourth Mercury flyby, advancing the spacecraft closer to orbit around the innermost planet in the solar system.

• This marks a significant milestone for BepiColombo, as it provided the first-ever glimpse of Mercury's elusive South Pole.
• This will help prepare the spacecraft for its upcoming mission to orbit Mercury, which has been delayed to November 2026.
• BepiColombo Mission:
  • It is a joint European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission to Mercury, launched in October 2018.
  • It is an ambitious and complex mission designed to study Mercury's surface, composition, magnetic field, and its interaction with the solar environment.
• Mercury:
  • It is the nearest to the Sun and also the smallest planet in our solar system.
  • Although Mercury is closest to the Sun, it is not the hottest planet. That distinction goes to Venus, due to its thick atmosphere.
  • It has no satellite of its own.
  • It takes 88 Earth days to complete a rotation.

Read more: Mission to Mercury