Syllabus of Geography Paper - I (PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY)
Physical Geography
Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crusts; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Volcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development; Applied Geomorphology; Geomorphology, economic geology, and environment.
Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; Atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronts; Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climate; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change, and role and response of man in climatic changes Applied climatology and Urban climate.
Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents, and tides; Marine resources; biotic, mineral, and energy resources; Coral reefs coral bleaching; Sea-level changes; Law of the sea and marine pollution.
Biogeography: Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation, and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry, agro-forestry; Wildlife; Major gene pool centers.
Environmental Geography: Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management, and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.
Human Geography
Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; Radical, behavioral, human, and welfare approaches; Languages, religions, and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.
Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: a typology of agricultural regions; Agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects, and remedies; World industries: location patterns and problems; Patterns of world trade.
Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; Demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; Concepts of the over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology; Concept of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural-urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalization; Growth centers and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography: System analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Syllabus of Geography Paper - II (GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA)
Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns; Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation, Soil types and their distributions.
Resources: Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources, Forest and wildlife resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
Agriculture: Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors; land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; Aquaculture; Sericulture, Agriculture and poultry; Agricultural regionalisation; Agro-climatic zones; Agroecological regions.
Industry: Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminum, fertiliser, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage, and ago-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policy; Multinationals and liberalisation; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including ecotourism.
Transport, Communication, and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway, and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; Major tribes, tribal areas, and their problems; Cultural regions; Growth, distribution, and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
Settlements: Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; Urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; Town planning; Problems of urbanisation and remedies.
Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill tribal area development; Multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.
Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter-state issues; International boundary of India and related issues; Cross-border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues related to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). What are truncated spurs' ?Where and how are they formed?
b). Formation of temperate cyclone depends on the condition of axis of dilation. Elucidate.
c). With suitable examples explain the factors causing sea level changes.
d). Examine the impacts of social forestry in socio-economic transformation of rural areas.
e). Mountain regions are more fragile to ecological changes. Elucidate.
a). Examine the recent views on mountain building process and divide the world mountains on the basis of their genesis.
b). Describe latitudinal distribution of Köppen's classification of world climate.
c). With suitable sketches elaborate the bottom topography of the Indian Ocean.
a). Explain air masses and associated weather dynamics. How do air masses influence the weather conditions of the Northern Hemisphere?
b). "Soil erosion is creeping death." Explaining the statement, suggest various soil conservation measures.
c). Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) are important components for biodiversity and sustainable environmental conservation. Elaborate.
a). How is carbon neutrality essential for future environmental conservation? Describe various efforts taken by nations in this regard.
b). What is a Yazoo stream? Why are Yazoo basins the areas of repeated flooding? Give examples of Yazoo stream/areas from various parts of the world.
c). "The latitudinal gradient in species richness is an important geographic trend in biodiversity." Examine the statement.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Critically examine the significance of Behavioural Approach in the development of human geography.
b). “While scarcity of water resources are felt locally, but its causes are increasingly global." Comment.
c). Central Business Districts (CBDs) are in decline as the economic core of metropolitan cities. Critically examine.
d). There is a need for gender-sensitive regional development. Elaborate.
e). Explain the theoretical framework and stages of economic growth proposed by Rostow's model.
a). The urbanisation process is particularly pronounced in Asia and Africa, where too many urban residents grapple with extreme poverty, exclusion, vulnerability and marginalisation. Discuss.
b). Explain how the physical view of geographical space has impacted the forms of spatial analysis.
c). Explain the Heartland theory with reference to contemporary geopolitical scenario of the world.
a). ExpIain the basis of D. Whittlesey's classification of agricultural regions of the world.
b). What is Transnationalism? Why has the scale and scope of transnational linkages of diaspora multiplied in recent times?
c). Assess the criteria required for selecting regions for developmental planning?
a). What is complementary region? With reference to hierarchy of settlements, describe the different types of complementary regions as proposed by Christaller.
b). Analyse the spatial changes and emerging patterns of semiconductor manufacturing in the world.
c). "In developed countries, migration rather than fertility will be the main driver of population dynamics over the next few decades." Examine the statement.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:
(i) Lunkaransar
(ii) Gua
(iii) Raidak River
(iv) Ekta Nagar
(v) Chandanwari
(vi) Babina
(vii) Tatipaka
(viii) Along Airport
(ix) Karaikal
(x) Panna
b). Discuss the basis of various explanations for the formation of Shiwalik
c). Conservation and breeding centres are important component of the Action PIan for Vulture Conservation 2020—2025. Why?
d). North-Eastern States in India are geopolitically sensitive and strategically significant. Explain.
a). Institutional factors are playing a dominant role in controlling the agricultural prosperity in India. Justify with evidences.
b). The Indian Space Policy, 2023 supports the commercial presence in space. In what ways will it benefit the socio-economic development and security of India?
c). Discuss the process of formation of conurbations in India and describe their problems.
a). India has wide-ranging regional disparities in economic development. Explain the patterns, implications and challenges.
b). Discuss the variations in nature of glaciers in India and the emerging issues due to climate change.
c). Domestic tourism in India has immense local resource potential. Discuss the reasons and its various dimensions.
a). Migration is the reflection of regional disparities. What socio-economic and demographic consequences are experienced at the place of origin and destination?
b). In spite of various tribal area development programmes in India, tribal areas still lag behind. Discuss critically with examples.
c). WaterScarcity is an important cause of disputes and conflicts in India. Suggest innovative methods for location-based solutions.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
a). How are geographic factors influencing the distribution of high, annual rainfall in certain parts of India?
b). Indian population belongs to large number of races. Discuss the spatial distribution of major races.
c). Examine the transitional role of technology on Indian agriculture sector.
d). Describe the area-specific strategies for the development of drought-prone areas in India.
e). Examine the relationship between seaports and regional development in India.
a). Industrial waste is diversified. Discuss the potentials and challenges associated with it.
b). How is cultural background of States of India reflected in the attributes of sex and age structure?
c). Discuss the targets of focused interventions of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain, 2024 in rural and urban areas.
a). India is playing a very significant role in world affairs. Examine the stands taken by India in important global and regional summits.
b). The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act devolved functions, finances and functionaries for planning of rural areas in India. Discuss the major achievements with examples
c). How do small and fragmented landholdings affect the agro-ecological system in rural India? What are the resilient steps needed to overcome this issue?
a). How can morphology of Indian towns be described historically? Discuss the major features of the first planned city in India after independence.
b). Health is the outcome of interaction between physical setting, cultural traits and ecological connection. Explain.
c). What are the major regional rapid transit systems developed in India? How are urban problems being addressed by them?
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). What is "Geostrophic Wind"? Explain the relationship between barometric slope and
air circulation.
b). What is ocean ranching? How are aqua-cowboys related to such activities?
c). Explain the natural processes of soil enrichment and its impact on food production.
d). How is 'Deep Ecology' as a concept different from "Shallow Ecology"? Explain.
e). What are the environmental implications of economic geology? Discuss.
Answer the following:
a). "Evidences from palaeomagnetism and sea floor spreading have validated that
continents and ocean basins have never been stationary." Elucidate with suitable
diagrams.
b). Explain the characteristics and weather conditions associated with 'Anticyclones'
giving suitable examples.
c). How are ocean currents generated? Discuss their effects on coastal climates with
special reference to the Pacific Ocean.
Answer the following:
a). What are the causes of the origin of local winds? Discuss their significance on prevailing
weather and climate in various regions with suitable examples.
b). Define Peneplains. Describe the landscape features associated with peneplains under
different geomorphic cycles.
c). What are the factors affecting regional ecological changes? How do these affect human
Health?
Answer the following:
a). Give an account of marine resources and their economic significance. How has marine
pollution affected such resources?
b). Differentiate between the characteristics of organic horizons and mineral horizons in
a generalized soil profile.
c). How does inversion of temperature occur? Explain its significance on local weather
with suitable examples.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Explain the sequential development of areal differentiation as a fundamental concept
in Human Geography.
b). Discuss critically food and nutrition problems associated with the developing world.
c). Human migration is a reflection of the balance between push and pull factors. Elaborate
with reference to the most recent diaspora.
d). Has Malthusian Theory been discredited in contemporary times? Justify your answer.
e). Discuss the different types of polarisation induced spatial inequalities and imbalances
associated with growth poles.
Answer the following:
a). Explain the problems and prospects of urban expansion in the context of urban fringe
in developed and developing nations.
b). What is the relation between gender equity and human development? Provide a list
of commonly used gender related indices.
c). Explain population, resource use and development nexus in the Limits to Growth
Model. Why has this model been criticized intensively?
Answer the following:
a). Explain with suitable diagrams A. Losch's model of the Theory of Location related to
Central Places. Why has this been criticized?
b). How can Sustainable Land Management (SLM) harmonise the complimentary goals of
environmental, economic and social opportunities. Discuss.
c). "The stages of Demographic Transition are a reflection of uneven economic
development across the globe." Explain with suitable examples.
Answer the following:
a). "Rural settlements are expressions of the basic relationships between human beings
and their physical and social environment." Discuss.
b). Describe the concept of Planning Region. Explain the environmental and economic
factors in the creation of such regions.
c). "Boundaries and frontiers have different meanings in geographical literature."
Substantiate your answer in the present context.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following.
Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/
commercial/economic/ecological environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words
for each entry:
(i) Nathula
(ii) Hutti
(iii) Ross Island
(iv) Moreh
(v) Ramappa
(vi) Namdapha National Park
(vii) Sela Tunnel
(viii) Ennore Port
(ix) Ramagundam
(x) Betwa River
b). Describe the origin, distribution and economic significance of Gondwana system of
rocks in India.
c). Examine the role of Indian Earth Observation Satellite Technology in enhancing
weather forecasting and disaster management.
d). Discuss the impact of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 on forest conservation in
India.
Answer the following:
a). Examine the environmental challenges caused by the solid waste in metropolitan
regions of India and discuss the efforts to overcome it.
b). Why are millets considered as 'nutri-cereals' and climate-resilient? Discuss the
constraints and opportunities of millet cultivation in India.
c). Examine the geostrategic significance of Indian islands.
Answer the following:
a). Indian Pharma Industry has to move from 'volume' to 'value' leadership to capture
global market. Discuss.
b). Discuss the problems of floods and their management with special reference to Indo-
Gangetic Plain.
c). Critically examine the role of petroleum energy resources on International Geopolitics
with special reference to India.
Answer the following:
a). With falling fertility rate and rising median age, how can India translate demographic
dividend to economic dividend?
b). Poor quality of urban planning in India is a huge constraint in realizing the true
economic potentials of urbanization. Critically examine.
c). Highlight the salient features of India's trade policy. Discuss the status of India's
balance of trade with China.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Identify the jute-producing areas and discuss the major causes of decline of jute mill
industry in India.
b). Urban built environment in big cities of India creates key changes in biophysical
character of the landscape- Discuss.
c). Explain the geological characteristics and ecological significance of the Eastern Ghats.
d). Explain the cultural regions of India based on their cultural attributes.
e). Why are critical minerals essential for the economic development and national security
in India?
Answer the following:
a). A large number of Indian cities have a complex morphological characteristics due to
their historical evolution. Elucidate.
b). Discuss the significance of organic farming for sustainable agricultural development in
India.
c). Examine the geopolitical impact of bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the green energy initiatives of India as a signatory nation to the Paris
Agreement.
b). India's poultry sector has become one of the fastest growing areas of the country's
agricultural sector. Examine its opportunities and challenges.
c). Critically examine the ecological and economic impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command
Area development.
Answer the following:
a). Why India lags behind many other countries in agricultural productivity? Suggest
suitable measures to raise productivity across the regions in a sustainable manner.
b). Assess the ecotourism potential of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands and
highlight the challenges associated with the sustainable development of island
territories.
c). Describe the regional variations of health indicators among the Indian States.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Define 'speleothem'. Discuss the various forms and features of speleothems.
b). What are the high altitude environmental hazards? Explain with suitable examples.
c). What is pollution dome? Discuss its formation and impacts.
d). When corals are affected by stress it causes them to turn completely white. Explain the reasons of such an occurrence
e). Well developed soils typically exhibit distinct layers in their soil profile. Elaborate.
Answer the following:
a). Sequential changes in land use and land cover have brought global and regional ecological changes and imbalances. Elucidate.
b). Explain how various aspects of channel morphology are used in transportation, settlement and land use planning, flood control and flood management
c). What is the relationship between ocean currents and global surface wind systems? Explain with examples how does the gyre in the Northern Hemisphere differ from the one in the Southern Hemisphere.
Answer the following:
a). Plants and animals that exist in a particular ecosystem are those that have been successful in adjusting to their habitat and environmental conditions. Elucidate with examples.
b). With suitable examples describe the impacts of movement of airmasses on weather and winds in different parts of the continents.
c). Discuss the role of Slope, Altitude and Relief (SAR) in landscape development.
Answer the following:
a). Rise of surface temperature brings severe consequences. Elaborate the potential changes and threats associated with it in the world.
b). Describe how short term variations in temperature are related to the processes of receiving energy from the sun to the Earth's surface and dissipating it to the atmosphere.
c). With the help of suitable sketches describe the mountain genesis and mountain types. Give suitable examples from various mountain systems of the world.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Analyse the effects of Globalisation on languages.
b). "Shifting global trade patterns create new opportunities". Examine this statement.
c). Examine the morphological factors that influence the origin and growth of towns.
d). Discuss the role of transportation accessibility in regional development.
e). Explain the geometrical boundaries with examples.
Answer the following:
a). "Culture is a dynamic concept". Elucidate with examples.
b). "Automation is rapidly changing the economies of labour and will affect trade patterns in significant ways". Clarify.
c). "Over crowding leads to chronic problem of shortage of housing in Indian cities". Explain citing relevant examples.
Answer the following:
a). "Climate change is a serious problem to global food security and poverty eradication". Critically examine.
b). Critically examine the significance of the Quantitative Revolution and its influence in the development of Geography.
c). Explain in detail the impact of regional disparities on economic development.
Answer the following:
a). How migration is affected by push and pull factors ? Explain how these factors play a role in understanding new settlement patterns.
b). Explain the relevance and applicability of Von Thunen theory of Agriculture-location in today's world.
c). Discuss the concept of 'Rank-Size-Rule' given by G. K. Zipf. Is this rule relevant in Indian context?
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological / environmental / cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.
(i) Tarangambadi
(ii) Mahe
(iii) Bomdila
(iv) Dhola Sadiya Bridge
(v) Talakaveri
(vi) Satkosia
(vii) Dholavira
(viii) Sonamarg
(ix) Maliku Atoll
(x) Gangasagar
b). Why has extreme particulate pollution remained a festering issue in Delhi NCR region?
c). How do physiography and climate of India explain the biological diversity of the country ?
d). The process of desertification leads to soil desiccation and soil loss. Explain.
Answer the following:
a). Critically examine the factors affecting the unpredictability of South-West Monsoonsystem in India.
b). The peninsular location of India provides scope for harnessing non-conventional energy resources. Discuss with examples.
c). Groundwater contamination in the fast expanding urban landscape of India appears to have becomea major publichealth issue. Discuss.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the recent changes brought about in institutional frameworks of agriculture in India. Evaluate its impact on the agrarian economy of the country.
b). Discuss the continuing disputes on water sharing between the riparian states of North-West India.
c). Soils of India, are clear reflections of the structure and process. Comment.
Answer the following:
a). India is bestowed with rich mineral resources due to its geological structure. Correlate the above statement with large mineral belts of India.
b). Discuss the importance of 'Dry-land' farming in the drought-prone regions of India.
c). Incidence of extreme rainfall events and flash floods in recent times have led to devastating consequences for people living in low-lying areas and flood plains of the country. Discuss.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Discuss the impact of Forest Rights Act, 2006 on the local forest communities in India.
b). Can the Panchayat Raj institutions play a role in grassroot level planning in India ? If yes, discuss how.
c). Discuss the significance of new ports on the Western Coast of India on the external trade of the country.
d). How would decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below the replacement level, in many states of India affect the future population structure of the country?
e). Kalapani dispute has opened a new front on the India-Nepal international border. Explain.
Answer the following:
a). Why do disparities in development and incomes between regions persist in large countries like India? How does the recent ADP plan address the issue?
b). Critically examine the role of IRNSS-NavIc programme on the satellite navigation system of India.
c). Examine the role of high population concentration in Indian slums in making them more vulnerable during pandemic conditions like the COVID-19.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the salient characteristics of industrial complexes of Western India. Examine the impact of SEZ policy on the region.
b). Discuss the emergence of linguistic regions and states in India.
c). What are the drivers of urban sprawl around the major cities of the country ? How have new investments in transport projects supported sprawl development?
Answer the following:
a). How do agro-climatic and land capability indicators assist in macro-agricultural regionalisation of India? illustrate with an appropriate map.
b). Discuss the geopolitical significance of Quad in the Indo-Pacific realm with reference to marine trade in the region.
c). Evaluate the role of the National Food Security Act, 2013 in providing access of food to the poor in India.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Describe the concept of 'Altiplanation'.
b). What are the important factors responsible for airmass modifications?
c). Discuss the hazards associated with rise of sea-surface temperature,
d). Gene pool centres are 'Good Hope' for biodiversity conservation. Elucidate.
e). Describe how ecosystem services of Himalayas are essential for Highland-Lowland sustainability in Asia.
Answer the following:
a). The concept of Plate tectonics has been derived from the isostasy and continental drift theory. Elaborate citing suitable examples.
b). Give a detailed account of the bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean.
c). Soil erosion and soil degradation are threat to food supply. Discuss.
Answer the following:
a). Examine major influencing factors for varied patterns of precipitations on the continents.
b). Maritime security is being neglected. Indicate the major challenges and suggest solutions in the context of Law of the Sea.
c). Explaining the concept of carbon neutrality, describe the measures taken by carbon positive and negative nations.
Answer the following:
a). With suitable examples, elaborate human ecological adaptations. Explain its impacts on ecology and environment in various parts of the world.
b). Stream basins and drainage divides are important components to delineate a watershed area. Explain.
c). Indicating the causes of lightning, describe the threats associated with it.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). The interrelationships between social and spatial structure are complex. Explain in the context of socio-spatial dialectic.
b). How is energy transition seen as an instrument for achieving zero carbon by 2050?
c). Protected cultivation assists in healthier and a larger produce. Justify with examples.
d). Explain the processes of contagion and hierarchical diffusion in addressing regional imbalances.
e). Examine the relevance of Central Place Theory of Christaller in the present context.
Answer the following:
a). Development-induced displacement poses serious challenges. Mention its causes, consequences, and solutions.
b). Describe the role of accessibility and affordability in food security of developing world.
c). The environmental issues are not adequately addressed in the regional planning. Comment.
Answer the following:
a). Suggest criteria, indicators and techniques for delimitation of formal regions.
b). Boundaries are important in geopolitics. Explain. What issues develop from the inclusionary and exclusionary aspects of borders?
c). Small number of mega cities are playing key role in organisation of global economics and culture. Explain.
Answer the following:
a). Why is radicalism seen as a major paradigm shift in geography? Explain its causes, approaches and criticism.
b). Aging population has adverse social and economic consequences. Explain with examples.
c). Present a critical account of Alfred Weber Theory of industrial location.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological / environmental / cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.
(i) Ziro Valley
(ii) Khecheopalri Lake
(iii) Toranmal
(iv) Subarnarekha River
(v) Koderma
(vi) Sir Creek
(vii) Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary
(viii) Peechi Dam
(ix) Digha Beach
(x) Pamban Island
b). Discuss the geo-political impact of bilateral relationship between India and Bhutan.
c). Discuss the economic significance of volcanic soils of India.
d). Give a reasoned account of difference between sugar industry of North and Peninsular India.
Answer the following:
a). Landslide is a major problem in Himalayan region. Discuss its causes and mitigation measures.
b). Appraise why drought is one of the most common climatic extremes in India.
c). Discuss the ecological and economic challenges of river linking in India.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the importance of solar energy in future economic development of India.
b). Critically examine the importance of Smart Cities Programme for solving urban problems in India.
c). Examine the significance of ecotourism in relation to socio-economic development and biodiversity conservation in India.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the reserves, distribution and production of all varieties of coal in India.
b). Describe the salient features of east-flowing rivers of India.
c). Critically examine the problems of inter-State border disputes in India.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Discuss the salient features of Project Tiger in India.
b). Describe the problems of cloud burst in India giving suitable examples.
c). Discuss the role of watershed management for soil and water conservation in hilly regions of India.
d). Critically examine the relevance of Ravenstein's law of population migration with reference to India.
e). Discuss Ashok Mitra's classification method of Indian cities.
Answer the following:
a). Explain the impact of tropical cyclones and western disturbances on the climate of India.
b). Examine the critical issues of groundwater resources in India.
c). Describe the structure and relief features of Deccan Plateau.
Answer the following:
a). Critically examine how Panchayati Raj system is catalyst in decentralized planning in India.
b). Identify the major industrial corridors of India and discuss the characteristics of Bengaluru—Mumbai Corridor.
c). Assess the growth of multinational corporations in liberalized economic environment of India.
Answer the following:
a). Examine how information and communication technology has boosted the development of certain regions of India.
b). Discuss the Command Area Development Programme and its impact on eliminating regional inequalities in India.
c). Critically assess the status of balance of trade in India and suggest some measures to combat the issues.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Write a geographical note on Halloween Storm.
b). Why is mapping important for analysing geo-hydrological investigations? Explain with relevant examples.
c). Marine resources are economically very significant. Discuss citing suitable examples.
d). Which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.
e). Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million plus cities in India. How can these be managed?
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Write an essay on the evolution of continents and oceans using various theories and models.
b). Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and macroalgal regime shifts due to this process.
c). Explain the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean and their significant role in the climate of Western Europe.
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system.
b). Explain the effects and causes of deforestation, and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in India.
c). Explain the characteristic features of Frontogenesis and Frontolysis.
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Discuss the problems of erosional surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with suitable diagrams.
b). Land use/ Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the world. Discuss with relevant examples.
c). Discuss the human response to and management of hazards and disasters in India.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Analyse India's food security in the context of population growth.
b). Identify the causes and effects of energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the problem.
c). Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in India?
d). "Where economic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a progressive integration of the space economy." Elucidate.
e). Write a note on the relevance of von Thünen's agricultural location theory in the present context.
Answer the following:
a). Compare and contrast the Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian perspectives in the context of population growth, resource use and environmental impact.
b). "Land degradation is a threat to productivity and sustainable resource management." Explain with suitable examples from India.
c). In the modern world, most of the frontiers have been replaced by boundaries. Explain the reasons.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with reference to towns and cities of India.
b). Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India.
c). Write an essay on gender equity and equality in India in the context of balanced human development.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.
b). Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-economic development.
c). "Human ecology is the study of mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural and social." Discuss in detail using ecological concepts.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the. significance of these locations whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry :
(i) Vadhawan
(ii) Salkhan
(iii) Coorg
(iv) Mhow
(v) Umroi
(vi) Thoothukudi
(vii) Bargarh
(viii) Atal Tunnel
(ix) Gurushikhar
(x) Bum La
b). Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons. Comment with examples and empirical evidences.
c). Discuss the methods of crop residue management in rural India to reduce pollution.
d). Has the regional aspiration of the people of Jammu and Kashmir been addressed through re-organisation of the state? Make an assessment.
Answer the following:
a). identify the areas covered under tribal sub-plan, discuss the programmes initiated to address their problems.
b). soil types in India, classified on the basis of colour, possess specific chemical and mineral characteristics. Discuss.
c). the pharmaceutical industry in India depends on the import of raw materials. Evaluate this statement in the view of Indo-Chinese relationship.
Answer the following:
a). India has opened its space to private sector for satellite based activities. Critically examine its implications indicating the major security concerns.
b). Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and discuss the measures to promote edible oil industry.
c). Give a reasoned geographical account of changing rural folk houses in India.
Answer the following:
a). Border area development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders?
b). stunting and wasting among children are major consequences of food insecurity. Discuss various schemes of Government of India to address these problems and their achievements.
c). the essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply and distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon meaningful participation of people at grassroot level. Examine
b). Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for Indian agriculture.
c). Canal irrigation has led to monocropping in India. Explain with suitable examples.
d). The pattern of growing ecological footprints is uneven in nature. Analyse with reference to land resources in India.
e). Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies.
Answer the following:
a). Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in development. Elaborate with suitable examples.
b). Avalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures?
c). The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of demographic transition theory.
Answer the following:
a). Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions required in most sensitive seismic zones for sustainable human settlements.
b). What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism in India.
c). Urban sprawl around planned cities evolve leading to emergence of squatter settlements. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such outgrowth.
Answer the following:
a). Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-å-vis rural-urban divide in India.
b). Describe the economic, maritime and strategic interests of India in South China Sea.
c). What kind of skill promotion programmes have been initiated for job deficient regions in India? Explain.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences
b). Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.
c). How are sandspits and tombolos formed?
d). Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain.
e). How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest?
Answer the following:
a). Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context?
b). Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries.
c). Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation
b). How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility?
c). "The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple throughout the whole." Elaborate.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated?
b). The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping. Comment.
c). How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). "A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its speakers." Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot spots.
b). Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries?
c). Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population.
d). What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions?
e). Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne.
Answer the following:
a). HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process. Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI.
b). "A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world matched by industrialization in the developing world." Analyze this statement.
c). What do you mean by 'climate migrants'? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their resettlement.
Answer the following:
a). What changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements are needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities?
b). Globalization can often subsume folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects?
c). "Growth is not uniform in different places." Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth pole theory.
Answer the following:
a). Distinguish between 'isodapanes' and 'isotims'. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial location given by Alfred Weber.
b). Assess the challenges for countries with the largest shares of aged populations.
c). Examine the relevance of the 'rirnland theory' in the contemporary world.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:
(i) Lothal
(ii) River Beas
(iii) Chikhaldara
(iv) Narora
(v) Lengpui
(vi) Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary
(vii) Thenmala
(viii) Anamudi
(ix) Barren Island
(x) Durgaduani creek
b). Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India.
c). Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature? Explain.
d). Explain the siY1ificance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India.
Answer the following:
a). Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India.
b). Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India's economic development with suitable examples.
c). Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impact on human health.
b). Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future.
c). Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distibution of natural vegetation in India.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected the geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian federalism.
b). Examine the development of information technology in India and its influence on work culture and society.
c). Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of workforce in India.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India.
b). Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India.
c). Correlate the price of land, vertical growth of cities and the growth of slums in large cities of India.
d). Assess the importance of foot-loose industries in the development of backward regions in India.
e). Examine the problems of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in India.
Answer the following:
a). "Intrabasins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially and ecologically". Discuss with suitable examples from India.
b). Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and explain with suitable examples the problems associated with it.
c). Explain the relevance of geen tourism for sustainable development of mountain environment in India.
Answer the following:
a). Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India.
b). Give a reasoned account of high level of pollution in North Indian cities as compared to South Indian cities.
c). Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional imbalances in socio-economic development of India.
Answer the following:
a). With special reference to India examine the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors.
b). Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas.
c). "India is emerging as global power in relation to Indian ocean realm." Elaborate.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). "Landscape is a function of structure. process and stage." Critique the statement.
b). Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle.
c). Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils.
d). Describe in brief the characteristics and importance of azonal soils.
e). Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in Mumbai.
Answer the following:
a). Evaluate how far Kober's geosynclinical theory explains the mountain building process.
b). Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T. Trewartha.
c). Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of formal find non-formal environmental education in India.
Answer the following:
a). Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy.
b). "Geomorphological changes are largely responsible for environmental hazard in the Himalayan region." comment with relevant examples
c). "Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your views with suitable arguments.
Answer the following:
a). Describe the potential marine energy resources with benefits, harvestibility and environmental impacts.
b). Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.
c). Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their prevention, conservation and development.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). "Geography is a contested and multiparadigmic discipline with a strong Eurocentricity that has only recently been challenged.” comment.
b). Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to "footloose industries".
c). Explain the concepts of "megalopolis" and "exopolis* with regard to the growth of cities indicating whether the two can and do overlap.
d). Write a note on "forward and backward linkage' in Perroux's thesis of economic growth and regional development.
e). Outline briefly the "age of rnass consumption? as described by Rostow in his 'multi-stage theory of growth'.
Answer the following:
a). 'Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification for studying 'regions' and 'regional geography'," Comment.
b). Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist population policies are advanced. What could be the implications of these policies on women's workforce participation?
c). Comment upon the contributions of D.M Smith in outlining ‘welfare’ as a key focus in the geoghraphies of social well-being.
Answer the following:
a). Famine is a social phenomena rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which determine access. to food by different classes and strata. Comment.
b). Provide a brief outline of ideas related to "sense of place*' propounded by Yi Fu Tuan and Relph in the hunlanistie geography that emerged in the 1970s.
c). Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research, outlining key themes addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970’s.
Answer the following:
a). "Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice." Comment with reference to the main ideas and Scope of the main ideas and scope of the subfield.
b). Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the methodological foundation for models and modelling in geography.
c). Discuss in brief the main thesis in "Limits to Growth" (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map or India provided to you. mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical 'commercial /economic/ecological/environment/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry
(i) Shyok River
(ii) Shravasti
(iii) Kori Creek
(iv) Amarkantak
(v) Ghatshila
(vi) Tawang
(vii) Neyyar
(viii) Dandeli
(ix) Mawlynnong
(x) Mulshi Lake
b). Explain unusual intensity of dust storms and thunder storms across India in the pre-monsoon period of year 2018.
c). why setting up of water management Boards is a controversial issue in India?
d). Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of India be circumvented by harnessing non-conventional energy resources?
Answer the following:
a). Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-Western lava plateau and Chotanagpur plateau of peninsular India.
b). Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context rapid urbanization in India.
c). Assess the suitability Of Special Economic Zones (SEB) for the sustainable economic development in India.
Answer the following:
a). Examine the ongoing process of agricultural diversification and its implications for food security in India.
b). Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India,
c). Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.
Answer the following:
a). Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million-plus cities Of India with suitable examples.
b). Discuss the emerging geo-political Scenario of Indian Ocean realm.
c). Give a critical account of region specific constraints of sustainable tourism in Indla.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Discuss the socio-economic problems associated with the left behind families of international migrants from India.
b). Explain the changing river courses and their impacts on the riparian population in India with suitable examples.
c). Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river Water quality in India.
d). Examine the role of people's participation in successful decentralised planning in lndia.
e). Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral encephalitis in India.
Answer the following:
a). Illustrate with suitable examples of the endeavours undertaken in augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India.
b). Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in India.
c). Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in India. Examine it with suitable examples.
Answer the following:
a). Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional development.
b). Discuss the Changing composition of international trade through rnajor seaports of India.
c). Pen-urbanization has created enormous environmental problems. Discuss their causes and consequences with reference to the National Capital Region (N.C.R.) Of India.
Answer the following:
a). Describe the Changing regional morphology or rural settlements in India.
b). Startups may play important role in giving fillip to economic growth in India Illustrate with examples.
c). Is the land boundary Of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural divide or divided culture? Explain With suitable examples.
Paper-1
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Write a note on pseudovolcanic features.
b). Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts.
c). Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour.
d). Describe the characteristics of biological deserts.
e). Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth's surface.
b). "The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management." Explain.
c). Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean floor.
Answer the following:
a). "Climate change is a reality." Explain with suitable examples.
b). Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Sierozem soils.
c). Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier.
b). "Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of channels." Explain.
c). Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Explain the concept of Time-Geography.
b). "Whittlesey's agricultural regions are relevant even today." Discuss.
c). Write an explanatory note on geographical systems.
d). "The traditional cultural identities are at loss with the growth of global connectivity." Explain.
e). Give an account on sustainable development and its components.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography.
b). "The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally." Explain.
c). Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the applicability of Christaller's Central Place Theory.
b). "There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan." Explain.
c). Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples.
Answer the following:
a). "The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again." Comment.
b). Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process.
c). Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India.
Paper-2
SECTION ‘A’
Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial/ economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.
(i) Thumba
(ii) Nayachar Island
(iii) Doddabetta
(iv) Devasthal
(v) Pangong Lake
(vi) Hampi
(vii) Havelock Island
(viii) Luni River
(ix) Daringbadi
(x) Dudhsagar Waterfalls
b). Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal rainfall in India in 2017.
c). Explain the inter-State issues involved in implementation of the Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal Project.
d). Small towns in India have problems and prospects of their own. Elaborate.
Answer the following:
a). Discuss the freshwater crisis in India and prepare a blueprint for its sustainable management.
b). Identify the Naxal-affected areas in India and discuss their socio-economic problems.
c). Critically exarnine the feasibility of development of a comprehensive network of airways in India.
Answer the following:
a). "An effective three-tier Panchayat Raj System will strengthen the bottom-up approach to multilevel planning in India." Explain.
b). "Linguistic diversity is an asset as well as a challenge in India." Explain the statement focussing on the distribution of languages and the major steps taken to address the related issues.
c). How may tourism in hilly areas of India be developed as an important source of economy?
Answer the following:
a). Mention various methods of functional classification of towns in India and explain the method applied by Asok Mitra.
b). Farrners' suicide is one of the major agrarian problems in India. Bring out its causes and suggest the remedial measures with special reference to Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.
c). Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in India. Describe various measures taken in this direction after Independence.
SECTION ‘B’
Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Explain the role of 'Hill Transport Subsidy Scheme' in reducing regional imbalances in areas identified by the Government of India.
b). Bring out the geopolitical implications of Doklam dispute in the context of Indo-China relations.
c). Bring out the significance of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
d). Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of decentralization of iron and steel industry in India. Explain.
e). Goods and Services Tax (GST) has differential impact on developed and backward States of the country. How and why?
Answer the following:
a). Interlinking of rivers may serve as a major source of assured irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India. Comment on its feasibility taking into account physical, economic and ecological implication.
b). Religious minorities are largely concentrated in border States of India. Discuss its causes and consequences.
c). What do you understand by soil pollution? Delineate the areas vulnerable to it in India and suggest remedial measures.
Answer the following:
a). Integrated development of road and rail networks in a complementary framework is a prerequisite for regional development. Explain with reference to North-Eastern Region of India.
b). Describe the salient features of Sagar Mala Project and highlight its role in port-led development of coastal regions in India.
c). Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its vegetation and soil types.
Answer the following:
a). Name the major industrial regions of India indicating the bases of their identification. Highlight their basic problems.
b). Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure and topography. Elaborate.
c). Why has solar energy in India not been developed to desired level in spite of its high potential?
