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Syllabus of Anthropology Paper - I

1.1. Meaning, Scope and development of Anthropology.

1.2. Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.

1.3. Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:

1. Social-cultural Anthropology.
2. biological Anthropology.
3. Archaeological Anthropology.
4. Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4. Human Evolution and emergence of Man:

1. Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
2. Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).
3. Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).

1.5.Characteristics of Primates: Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.

1.6. Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:

1. Plio-preleistocene hominids in South and East Africa—Australopithecines.
2. Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
3. Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
4. Rhodesian man.
5. Homo sapiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7. The biological basis of Life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.

1.8. (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:

1. Paleolithic
2. Mesolithic
3. Neolithic
4. Chalcolithic
5. Copper-Bronze age
6. Iron Age

2.1.The Nature of Culture: The concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization;Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism.

2.2.The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social groups; and social stratification.

2.3.Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).

2.4. Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family.

2.5.Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation;Decent and Alliance.

3.Economic Organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity,redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.

4.Political Organization and Social Control:Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; conceptsof power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple Societies.

5. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man,

6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural—Functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (Levi-Strauss and E. Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois)
(f) Neo—evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post-modernism in anthropology.

7. Culture, Language and Communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use.

8. Research methods in Anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

9.1. Human Genetics: Methods and Application: Methods for study of genetic principles in man family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.

Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

9.3. Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.

9.4. Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.

9.5. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker: ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-ecomomic groups.

9.7. Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology: Bio-cultural Adaptations—Genetic and Non-genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high-altitude climate.

9.8. Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency related diseases.

10. Concept of human growth and Development: Stages of growth—pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.

— Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
— Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations
— biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

11.1. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio events to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.

11.2. Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.

11.3. Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.

12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthroplogy in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthroplogy, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

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Paper - 2

1.1. Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization— Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post Harappan cultures. Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2. Palaeo—Anthropological evidences from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3. Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities.

2. Demographic profile of India— Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population—factors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1. The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system—Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

3.2. Caste system in India— Structure and characteristics Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system. Tribe-case continuum.

3.3. Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex.

3.4. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity of Indian society.

4. Emergence, growth and development in India— Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.

5.1. Indian Village— Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2. Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.

5.3. Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social change; Media and Social change.

6.1. Tribal situation in India— Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution.

6.2. Problems of the tribal Communities— Land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, under- employment, health and nutrition.

6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal populations.

7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.

7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.

7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.

8.2 Tribe and nation state— a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.

9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.

9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.

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Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   (a) Attributes of culture
   (b) Harappan maritime trade
   (c) Critical perspective on avoidance and joking relationship
   (d) Lethal and sublethal genes
   (e) Hemoglobin in health and disease
2. (a) Discuss historical particularism as a critical development to the classical evolutionism.
   (b) Describe the evidences of food production and domestication of animals with special reference to Mehrgarh. Throw light on its significance.
   (c) Critically comment on the lifestyle diseases and their impact on human health.
3. (a) What is meant by karyotype? How does its analysis help in diagnosis of the chromosomal aberrations in man?
   (b) Define urbanization and discuss its impact on family in India with examples.
   (c) Discuss the contemporary challenges in fieldwork method in anthropological research.
4. (a) Critically discuss the characteristics of the psychological types in the cultures of the American South-West as observed by Ruth Benedict.
   (b) Discuss the Acheulian and Oldowan traditions of Indian Paleolithic cultures with suitable illustrations.
   (c) What is genetic counseling? Briefly discuss various steps involved in it.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   (a) Chronometric dating
   (b) Cultural relevance of the Kula
   (c) Heritability and its estimation
   (d) Authority and forms of political organization
   (e) Single-gene mutation disorders in man
6. (a) Discuss the geographical distribution of Homo erectus. Taking into account its physical features, where does it fit in human evolutionary line?
   (b) Discuss the applications of forensic anthropology with suitable examples.
   (c) How does Lévi-Strauss look at the Tsimshian myth of Asdiwal? Critically discuss Lévi-Strauss’ theory of structuralism in the light of his study of mythologies.
7. (a) Critically explain the notion of 'deconstruction' in the light of the postmodern works of Jacques Derrida.
   (b) What is a multifactorial trait? Illustrate your answer with suitable human examples.
   (c) Discuss the applicability of various sampling techniques in selecting the study group.
8. (a) Examine critically the concept of social stratification as a basis for sustaining social inequality.
   (b) Describe the genetics and inheritance patterns of the ABO and Rh blood groups in man.
   (c) Critically discuss the synergistic effect of biological and cultural factors in human evolution.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   (a) Digitisation of rural economy
   (b) Origin of State Societies
   (c) Syro-Malabar Christians
   (d) Artisan tribes of Jharkhand
   (e) Causes of stunting and wasting among tribal children
2. (a) Critically discuss the recent welfare measures initiated by the Government for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Comment why PVTGs were erroneously called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
   (b) How is PESA Act empowering local self-governance and impacting women’s political participation?
   (c) Deconstruct the colonial history of Indian Anthropology highlighting the critical role played by the Indian Anthropologists in sustaining its autonomy.
3. (a) Critically describe evidences from Rakhi Garhi and its linkages to Harappan civilization.
   (b) Compare and contrast the approaches of M.N. Srinivas and L.P. Vidyarthi to social change in village India.
   (c) Examine the impact of Forest Policies from 1878 to 2006 on land alienation and deprivation of rights of tribal communities in India.
4. (a) What are the ethical concerns in biological and socio-cultural anthropology because of recent advances in AI and genetic research?
   (b) Write an essay on the life history of tribal activist and freedom fighter Birsa Munda. What was the impact of his sacrifice on tribal society?
   (c) What are the demographic challenges of India’s changing population dynamics in the next 50 years?

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   (a) B.K. Roy Burman’s concept of ‘Buffer Zone’
   (b) Describe ILO’s Convention No. 169 (1989) on Indigenous and Tribal people. Is India a signatory to it?
   (c) Agricultural practices of the Apatani
   (d) Status of Sixth Schedule Areas
   (e) Constitutional Safeguards for Backward Classes
6. (a) Custodians of natural resources are the tribals, but they are the most deprived. Critically examine how climate change will impact their survival in future.
   (b) Elucidate the difference between secularism, religiosity, religious fundamentalism, and spiritualism from an anthropological perspective.
   (c) Discuss the contribution of P.K. Bhowmick in decriminalising the status of the Lodha tribe.
7. (a) Critically examine existing paradigms of holistic health for the marginalized sections of society drawing inferences from COVID-19 pandemic.
   (b) Discuss the theories on the origin of caste system and its criticism in India. Differentiate between caste, class, and race.
   (c) Elucidate the resurgence of ethno-nationalism from an anthropological lens.
8. (a) Describe the important Paleolithic sites from South India with suitable examples. What is the significance of South Indian Paleolithic cultures?
   (b) Distinguish a 'Theocratic State' from a secular, liberal, democratic state. Illustrate your answer with examples from tribal and contemporary societies.
   (c) Discuss the economic, social, and developmental impacts on tribal communities with special reference to mining.

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Scope and relevance of Social and Cultural Anthropology
   b). Cultural impact of Iron Age.
   c). Race and Ethnicity.
   d). Customary laws and Environmental conservation.
   e). Gene expression.
2. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss major species of Australopithecus discovered from South and East Africa. Describe the discovery, physical features and significance of Taung baby.
   b). Discuss the Paleolithic environment in light of available evidences with special reference to India.
   c). Elucidate the different forms of malnutrition. Describe protein–calorie malnutrition with suitable examples.
3. Answer the following:
   a). What is hominization process? Discuss the major trends in human evolution with the help of suitable examples and illustrations.
   b). How did Clifford Geertz look at religion. Differentiate between anthropological and psychological approaches to the study of religion.
   c). What is mixed-longitudinal method of studying human growth. Discuss its merits and demerits.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the role of marriage regulations in traditional societies in India for strengthening social solidarity.
   b). Discuss various methods of personal identification based on skeletal remains.
   c). Identify the major Mesolithic sites and describe the typo-technological features with special reference to India.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Polygenic Inheritance
   b). Prehistoric significance of Rakhigarhi
   c). Glottochronology
   d). Menopausal symptoms
   e). William Ogburn and Cultural lag
6. Answer the following:
   a). Critically discuss the controversies related to fieldwork of Bronislaw-Malinowski and Margaret Mead.
   b). Discuss the impact of globalization on the economic systems of indigenous communities.
   c). Describe the practical applications of DNA technology in the current scenario.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Describe various methods of qualitative data analysis. Highlight some popular computer softwares used in qualitative analysis.
   b). What assumptions must be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium. Explain the importance of genetic equilibrium.
   c). Discuss political and methodological aspects of national character studies. Elucidate the contemporary relevance of such studies.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Critically examine Arjun Appadurai's conceptualization of the global cultural economy.
   b). Describe the causes of structural abnormalities of chromosomes with suitable examples. 15
   c). Critically discuss A.L. Kroeber's contribution to kinship studies.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Material culture and archaeology
   b). Interface between Purushartha and Ashrama
   c). Jajmani system : continuity and change
   d). Prehistoric rock arts from Uttarakhand
   e). Religious pluralism and social solidarity
2. Answer the following:
   a). "Tribes are backward Hindus." Critically comment with reference to the contributions of G.S. Ghurye.
   b). "Indus Valley was the first settlement of the big civilization." Comment critically.
   c). Discuss the basic tenets of Jainism and its impact on Indian society.
3. Answer the following:
   a). "Sanskritization is a culture-bound concept." Critically comment to assess the strength and limitation of this concept in developing a theoretical framework to study social change.
   b). Was Mesolithic culture the first step towards a sedentary way of life? Illustrate your answer by citing suitable examples.
   c). Critically examine the impact of modern democratic institutions on contemporary tribal societies. Illustrate with suitable ethnographic examples.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Elucidate the problems faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups and the major challenges in the formulation of special programmes for their development.
   b). Critically compare Risley's and Sarkar's approaches to the classification of peoples of India.
   c). Is caste mobility a recent phenomenon? Discuss in the light of Indological and Empirical context.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each :
   a). Scheduled areas 10
   b). Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus debate 10
   c). Village as little republic 10
   d). Dravidian language and their subgroups 10
   e). Karma and Rebirth 10
6. Answer the following:
   a). Is annihilation of caste possible? Discuss the future of caste system in the light of various proactive measures taken by the Indian State.
   b). Distinguishing between ethnic identity and ethnicity, discuss the factors responsible for ethnic conflict in tribal areas.
   c). "Siwalik deposits show a variety of Neogene fossil primates." Critically examine.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Elucidate the shifting terrains of India's tribal policies in colonial and post-colonial periods.
   b). Critically examine how the displacement of tribal communities due to hydroelectric river dam projects has affected the women in local context. Illustrate with suitable ethnographic examples.
   c). Elucidate the role of anthropology in nation building. Illustrate with suitable examples.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the distribution of tribes in different geographical regions of India. Identify the distinct institutional features of tribal societies of these regions.
   b). Critically evaluate the contributions of S.C. Roy to Indian anthropology.
   c). How are Other Backward Classes identified. Enumerating the important features elucidate the recent changes in their social and economic life.

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Debate between formalist and substantivist approaches
   b). Mesolithic rock art in Indian subcontinent
   c). Radcliffe-Brown's ideas on status, role and institution
   d). Pedigree analysis in genetic counselling
   e). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
2. Answer the following:
   a). "Anthropology is the systematic, objective and holistic study of human kind in all times and places". Elaborate the argument.
   b). Discuss different forms of primate social organisation.
   c). Discuss with suitable examples the typo-technological problems in Indian palaeolithic industry with reference to environmental hypotheses.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss how the rules of descent contradict the principles of residence in matrilineal society, mentioning suitable examples?
   b). Enumerate the evidence of animal domestication in Indian microlithic industry.
   c). Should we still distinguish between 'classic' and 'progressive Neanderthals ? Discuss the controversy surrounding Neanderthal's position in human evolution.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Why Heath and Carter used anthropometric measurements instead of photographs of an individual to assess the somatotype ? Elaborate their method.
   b). Discuss the historical and cultural contexts that led to superseding ethnocentrism with cultural relativism in anthropology.
   c). Critically examine various anthropological interpretations about the Kula Ring.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Balanced and transient genetic polymorphism.
   b). Genetic imprinting in human diseases.
   c). Stages of human pre-natal development.
   d). Shaman, sorcerer and medicine man.
   e). Household and domestic group.
6. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the mechanism of social control in different kinds of political systems.
   b). What is meant by health? Is the burden of life style diseases on the rise? Justify your answer with suitable examples.
   c). Critically evaluate the reasons of reduction in age at menarche in human females over the successive generations.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the role of evolutionary forces in creating human diversity.
   b). Write the historical development of field work tradition in anthropology till recent times.
   c). Discuss the approaches of Leslie White, Julian Steward and Marshall Sahlins in the light of cultural evolution.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the contemporary population problems in the light of various socio-cultural demographic theories.
   b). What do you understand by blood group systems? How is HLA system different from those based on red cell antigens?
   c). Discuss how anthropological knowledge of the human body may be used in designing equipments and articles of human use.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Pit-dwellers of Kashmir
   b). Varna and Buddhism
   c). Dharma versus Religion
   d). Safeguards for linguistic minorities in India
   e). Westernisation and Modernisation
2. Answer the following:
   a). Illustrate the contribution of Irawati Karve to Indian Anthropology. Make a special mention of her literary contribution.
   b). What are the arguments for excluding Narmada Man from Homo erectus category?
   c). Critically describe Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's argument on the origin of Indian caste system.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Make a critical appraisal of Megalithic tradition in India with special reference to North-East India.
   b). Assess the contributions of S. C. Dube in Indian village studies.
   c). Describe the methods adopted by Sir Herbert Hope Risley in classifying Indian populations. What are the criticisms against Risley's classification?
4. Answer the following:
   a). "Globalisation, on one hand has provided opportunities and on the other hand thrown challenges to Indian villages." Elucidate.
   b). Describe briefly the proto-history of Gujarat. Discuss the significance of Gujarat proto-history in international trade.
   c). Critically examine Indigenisation of Christianity' in India.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each :
   a). Regionalism as an opportunity and threat to national integration
   b). Issues of tribal agricultural labourers.
   c). Major problems of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups.
   d). Role of the Governor in the Fifth Schedule areas.
   e). Austroasiatic languages
6. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the objectives of Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs). How far have these objectives been achieved?
   b). Compare the functioning of traditional Tribal Council' with that of 'Gram Sabha' under PESA.
   c). Explain how British policies impacted the major resources of the tribals.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the views of G. S. Ghurye and Verrier Elwin on the approach towards tribal populations. What are the policies of the Government of India towards Indian tribal populations?
   b). Discuss the issues and solutions related to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe populations in India.
   c). Explain the social and religious consequences of contact between tribal and non-tribal populations.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Compare the nature of tribal movements between North-East and Central India. Briefly mention the current status of existing tribal movements in these areas.
   b). Briefly describe the anthropological perspective on development. How have anthropologists contributed in India's rural development?
   c). How can a balance be struck between livelihood concern and environmental dégradation in the context of shifting cultivation?

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Animism and Deep Ecology
   b). Marriage Regulations and Alliance Theory
   c). Historical Particularism and Franz Boas
   d). “The bio-cultural approach is the hallmark of Biological Anthropology.” Explain.
   e). Thermoluminescence (TL) dating
2. Answer the following:
   a). What are the physical and cultural characteristics of Homo erectus? Discuss its phylogenetic status.
   b). Elucidate the concept of "thick description" of Clifford Geertz with a suitable example.
   c). Describe the features of early farming cultures and Neolithic of the Near East.
3. Answer the following:
   a). How do political organisations of simple societies establish power, authority and legitimacy?
   b). Explain the genetic mechanisms of micro and macro evolution.
   c). Discuss the salient features of different traditions of European Mesolithic.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Elaborate the scope of anthropology and elucidate its uniqueness in the field of other social sciences.
   b). Mention the major branches of linguistic anthropology and discuss language use in social and cultural settings.
   c). “Chromosomal aberrations can play havoc with the human body and mind.” Explain with suitable examples.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Human adolescent growth spurt
   b). The losses and gains of erect posture
   c). Is race a valid and biologically meaningful concept?
   d). Descent Groups
   e). Modes of Subsistence
6. Answer the following:
   a). What is acclimatization? Discuss adaptive responses to high altitude and cold climate.
   b). How are the cases of disputed paternity solved? Discuss the recent techniques.
   c). Critically evaluate Lewis Morgan's classification of family.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Critically evaluate different types of social stratifications with suitable examples.
   b). Discuss the bio-social determinants of fertility and fecundity.
   c). What is Anthropometry? Discuss its role in assessing the nutritional status and sports capability of a person.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss various tools of data collection in conducting anthropological research.
   b). Discuss the physiological and evolutionary theories of aging.
   c). Explain the structural analysis of kinship as proposed by Levi-Strauss.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a).Purushartha and righteous living today
   b). Relevance of tribe-caste continuum
   c). Harappan seals
   d). Caste and social capital
   e). Factionalism and politics in rural India
2. Answer the following:
   a). Critically discuss the origin of Indus Valley Civilization. Mention the evidences of its endogenous origin from the pre-Harappan sites.
   b). Give the distribution and characteristic features of Upper Paleolithic culture in India.
   c). Discuss the morphological features and phylogenetic position Ramapithecus.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the impact of the concept of nature-man-spirit complex on sustainable use of natural resources with suitable examples.
   b). Examine the contributions of S. C. Roy in highlighting the role of customary laws in tribal life.
   c). Critically assess the impact of Christianity on tribal culture and identity.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the contributions of N. K. Bose in understanding tribal communities and their place in Indian civilization.
   b). Discuss the role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in transforming traditional power hierarchy in rural India.
   c). Elucidate the problems and challenges in educational attainment of the Scheduled Tribes.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Urbanization and tribal institutions
   b). Ethnic media and social awareness
   c). Cultural diversity and multiculturalism
   d). Concept of tribe and Indian census
   e). Politics of recognition and deprivation
6. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the impact of the Forest Rights Act (2006) on the livelihood and culture of tribal people in India.
   b). Examine the factors responsible for malnutrition in tribal India and suggest interventions required to overcome the problem.
   c). Delineate the factors influencing fertility in Indian population.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the impact of successive Land Acquisition Acts on tribal social organization.
   b). Discuss the problems involved in rehabilitation and resettlement of tribals displaced due to development projects in India.
   c). Discuss the interventions made by the Non-Governmental Organizations for empowering tribal women.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Examine how structural transformation in economy is affecting traditional social relationships in agrarian society.
   b). Delineate the constitutional safeguard for religious minorities in India.
   c). Identify the causes of tribal unrest with special reference to North-East India.

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Natufian culture
   b). Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
   c). Human rights and Cultural relativism
   d). Victor Turner and Liminality
   e). Jane Goodall's contributions in studying primate behaviour
2. Answer the following :
   a). Critically evaluate the contesting theories of the emergence and dispersal of modern Homo Sapiens.
   b). Discuss Erving Goffman's concept of total institutions and its relevance in contemporary society.
   c). Differentiate between Lower Palaeolithic culture Palaeolithic culture with suitable examples.
3. Answer the following :
   a). Explain the impact of feminist movement on universality of marriage and family structure.
   b). Critically examine the demographic and epidemiological consequences with rise in food production and sedentism.
   c). Elucidate how Darwin and Post-Darwin theories of evolution resulted in the development of Synthetic theory of evolution.
4. Answer the following :
   a). Discuss various anthropological approaches to the study of personality and culture.
   b). Illustrate with examples the various types of locomotion patterns among the non- human primates.
   c). How is the construct of power linked to the notion of conspicuous consumption and its impact on distributive justice?

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Racism and Eugenics
   b). Genetic drift
   c). Experiential Ethnography
   d). Ethics and Genetic engineering
   e). Senescence
6. Answer the following:
   a). Secular trend in human growth can be positive, negative or neutral. Illustrate with examples.
   b). Describe the impact of infectious diseases on indigenous populations.
   c). How may numerical aberrations in sex chromosomes lead to genetic disorders?
7. Answer the following:
   a). Explain how variations in language usage is related to social inequality.
   b). Describe the biocultural responses to extreme climatic events.
   c). How do marriage rules impact the gene pool of populations?
8. Answer the following:
   a). How can synergising the core branches of anthropology reinvigorate the holistic spirit of the discipline?
   b). What are the applications of human genomic research in human welfare?
   c). How have interpretation and presentation of data changed from classical to contemporary writings in anthropological texts?

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote to Indian Archaeology
   b). Debates on 'Aryan' invasion
   c). Contribution of K. S. Singh to Indian Anthropology
   d). Dravidian languages
   e). ‘Khap’ Panchayat
2. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the impact of Islam on Indian Society.
   b). Discuss the contribution of V. N. Misra to Archaeological Anthropology in India.
   c). Elucidate the linguistic classification of Indian tribes.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the characteristics of caste system in India.
   b). Discuss the importance of Ethnoarchaeology in reconstructing the Past citing Indian examples.
   c). Explain the impact of Hinduism on Tribal people of India.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the reasons of caste violence in India with suitable examples. 20
   b). Discuss the impact of Globalization on Indian villages..
   c). Describe the provisions under 6th Schedule of Indian constitution.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Concept of Sanskritisation
   b). 'Narmada' Man
   c). Concept of 'Dominant' caste
   d). Linguistic minorities in India
   e). Concept of Ethnicity
6. Answer the following:
   a). What are the Social and Political problems of religious minorities in India?
   b). Describe the functions of Tribal Research Institutes in India.
   c). Discuss the effect of job reservation in alleviating unemployment among the tribal people of India.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the impact of development-induced displacement among the tribal people in India with suitable examples.
   b). Discuss the characteristic features of 'Neolithic culture' in India.
   c). Critically evaluate the state of implementation of the constitutional safeguards for the scheduled castes.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the regionalism and demand for autonomy in India from Anthropological perspective with respect to Kashmir/Nagaland/Bodoland/Gorkhaland agitation.
   b). Elucidate the problems of land alienation among the tribals of India.
   c). Describe the different settlement patterns in rural India.

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). The relationship between Linguistics and Social-Cultural Anthropology
   b). Cultural Relativism
   c). Pastoralism in India
   d). Cultural Materialism
   e). Relative Dating Methods
2. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the evolutionary significance of bipedalism and erect posture.
   b). How did Radcliffe-Brown and Levi-Strauss study kinship in terms of social structure?
   c). Elucidate Mesolithic culture and associated rock art with examples from India.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss social stratification according to any three major approaches.
   b). "Europeans are closer to Neanderthals." Critically discuss in view of the African origin of humankind.
   c). Discuss briefly the major traditions in the Upper Palaeolithic culture of Europe.
4. Answer the following:
   a). With reference to the somatoscopic and morphometric characteristics commonly used for racial classification, make critical comments as to whether 'Race' is a valid concept.
   b). Critically explain the anthropological approaches to religion.
   c). Differentiate between transient and balanced genetic polymorphism. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples from human populations

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Adaptive primate radiation.
   b). Implications of mutation in evolution
   c). Olduvai Gorge
   d). Anthropological inputs in facial reconstruction
   e). Genetico-environmental factors affecting human growth
6. Answer the following:
   a). Examine critically the contributions of Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz in anthropology.
   b). "Human adaptations are always bio-cultural in nature." Discuss with reference to human adaptation to high-altitude climate.
   c). Discuss the methods of studying human growth with their merits and demerits.
7. Answer the following:
   a).Discuss how indigenous people encounter globalization. b). "Applied human genetics has come to touch every sphere of human life." Discuss in light of recent advances in molecular anthropology.
   c). Evaluate participant observation in producing anthropological knowledge.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss with examples the Megalithic culture of India in the archaeological context.
   b). Discuss the bio-cultural factors influencing fertility in light of the relationship between fecundity and fertility. 
   c). Discuss phenomenology as a research method in anthropological studies.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Phylogenetic position and morphological features of Ramapithecus.
   (i) Ethno-archaeological analysis of hunting activities of contemporary tribal cornrnunities.
   (ii) Distribution of Tibeto-Burman group of languages in India.
   (iii) Use of doctrine of Karma and rebirth in justifying the Varna system.
   (iv) The Jajmani system and contemporary market economy.
2. Answer the following:
   a). Describe the Palaeolithic culture with special reference to Soanian tradition. Indicate the problems of describing the Indian Palaeolithic.
   b). What has been the contribution of tribal people to the Indian Independence movement?
   c). Describe the impact of Buddhism on the tribal populations of India.
3. Answer the following:
   a). What kind of society may be reconstructed from the archaeological evidences of Harappan culture?
   b). Discuss the impact of media on the social life of Indian villages.
   c). Critically assess the existing plans and programmes meant for tribal welfare.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Give an account of the contributions of Iravati Karve and B. S. Guha to the analysis of race and caste in India. b). What has been the impact of development projects on the environment and livelihood of forest-dwelling tribes ?
   c). Identify some special programmes for particularly vulnerable Tribal Groups (erstwhile PTGs).

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Ethnicity and regionalism.
   b). Panchayati Raj as a facilitator of social inclusion in rural society.
   c). Anthropological understanding of communalism.
   d). Issues relating to tribal education.
   e). Distribution of Neolithic sites in India.
6. Answer the following:
   a). Identify the theoretical concepts that have emerged out of village studies in India.
   b). Critically discuss the role of NGOs in tribal development.
   c). Describe the impact of industrialization on the economic and social aspects of India's villages.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss how the elements of Little and Great Traditions combine in the emergence of social/political/religious movements, giving any one example to illustrate the issue.
   b). Write about the role of colonial administration in the development of Anthropology in India.
   c). What are the salient issues faced by pastoral communities in India? Discuss with suitable examples.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss with appropriate examples how tribal unrest may be understood as emerging out of an incompatibility between tribes and the nation-state.
   b). What has been the impact of non-Hindu religions on the emancipation of Schedule Castes in India?
   c). What are the constitutional safeguards to protect the interests of the Indian tribes?

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). The Relevance of Anthropology
   b). Difference between Science and Magic
   c). Town Planning of Harappan Culture
   d). Kinship Terminology
   e). Ways of Acquiring Mate in Tribal Society
2. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the biological changes that made human beings capable of making culture.
   b). How does customary law function in the tribal society? Discuss its different sources.
   c). What do you understand by the National Character Study? Illustrate the concept.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Define ethnography and present a brief history of ethnographic studies.
   b). Give an account of the consequences of food production of Neolithic culture.
   c). Critically examine that the structure and content of language are influenced by culture.
4. Answer the following:
   a). How is case study method helpful in understanding a phenomena? Explain with suitable example.
   b). Describe the culture related to Homo erectus.
   c). Write the characteristics of hunting and gathering economy.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Gordon Childe's Theory of Cultural Evolution
   b). Advanced Molecular Anthropology Techniques
   c). Categorize Gence that influence Human Survival.
   d). Race is a Myth. Justify its Present Day Relevance.
   e). Issues of Elderly and Senescence in Developing and Developed Countries
6. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the mechanisms of human variation in gene frequencies.
   b). Do Allen's rule and Bergmann's rule hold for human populations ? Explain with examples.
   c). Explain the impact of discovery of iron technology on contemporary society.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Describe the mechanisms for structural anomalies of autosomes with diagrams.
   b). Describe the principles of radiocarbon dating. Mention its limitations.
   c). Narrate evolution of disease and major causes of ill health in human populations.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Distinguish between adaptation, adaptability and acclimatization with examples.
   b). Define fecundity and explain major factors affecting fecundity in Indian populations.
   c). Give an account of the field methods used in the study of Archaeological Anthropology.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Distinctive cultural features of tribes of Andaman Islands
   b). Philosophy behind Purusharthas
   c). Endangered Languages
   d). OBCs among non-Hindu communities
   e). Ethnoarchaeology as a research strategy
2. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the contribution of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
   b). Describe the salient features of Sivapithecus.
   c). Discuss the impact of market economy on rural villages.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Examine the regional variations of mesolithic cultures of India.
   b). Based on historical and contemporary evidences discuss the future of caste system in India.
   c). Examine the colonial administrators' view that Indian villages can be considered as ''little republics'.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Explain the impact of Buddhism and Jainism on Indian society.
   b). What are the various factors influencing population growth in India? Discuss.
   c). Discuss the view that caste is not social stratification, but a system of hierarchy.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Youth dormitory as an institution
   b). Tribe and scheduled tribe
   c). Agrarian social structure
   d). The impact of Panchayati Raj institutions in rural areas
   e). Modernization
6. Answer the following:
   a). Compare and contrast the economic typology of tribes given by different anthropologists.
   b). Discuss the contribution of S. C. Roy in the study of tribal cultures in India.
   c). Examine the advancement made in the land acquisition and rehabilitation Act of 2013 over the land acquisition Act of 1894.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Critically examine the contributions of Makhan Jha and B. N. Saraswati to the study of sacred complexes in India.
   b). Discuss the various factors resulting in tribal unrest in various parts of India.
   c). Discuss the salient features of PESA Act of 1996 and attempt a comparison with the features of the VI Schedule.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Examine the strengths and weaknesses of anthropology in the context of its role in tribal and rural development.
   b). Explain the significance of tribe-caste continuum in the present context.
   c). Discuss the significance and implementation of ‘Recognition of Forest Right’s Act 2006‘.

Paper-1




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Bilineal and bilateral descents
   b). Difference between religion and magic
   c). Basic tenets of structural functionalism
   d). Non-verbal communication
   e). Questionnaire
2. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the development of the concept of culture in Anthropology.
   b). Elucidate the determinants of Kinship terminology.
   c). Discuss the different forms of preferential marriage with suitable examples from tribal societies in India.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the different traditional forms of religion in tribal societies.
   b). Mention the characteristic features of band with suitable examples.
   c). With the help of appropriate examples, explain the various forms of exchange system.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Explain Ruth Benedict's patterns of culture.
   b). Elucidate the basic characteristics of anthropological fieldwork methods
   c). Critically examine the Stewardian view of neo-evolutionism.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Hardy-Weinberg law
   b). Salient features of Mesolithic culture
   c). Concept of race
   d). Age at menarche
   e). Anthropology and designing of equipments
6. Answer the following:
   a). Define Anthropology. Describe the major branches of Anthropology elaborating on any one branch.
   b). Bring out the comparative anatomical features of man and apes. Discuss their evolutionary significance.
   c). What are dating methods? Discuss one absolute method and one relative method in detail.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Briefly describe the various methods used in the genetic study of man.
   b). Discuss the responses and acclimatization to high altitude stresses.
   c). Describe the biological and socio-ecological factors affecting fertility and mortality.
8. Answer the following:
   a). What are the methods of personal identification? Critically examine how personal identification helps in criminal investigations.
   b). Describe the various methods of studying growth highlighting their merits and demerits.
   c). Discuss Sheldon's method of somatotyping.

Paper-2




SECTION ‘A’

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Neolithic cultures of South India.
   b). Austro-asiatic linguistic groups in India.
   c). Varmashram and the concept of Rina. 
   d). Ethno-archaeology.
   e). Nature-man-spirit complex.
2. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the contribution of Nirmal Kumar Bose to the understanding of Indian society.
   b). Describe the salient features of chalcolithic cultures of the Deccan.
   c). Critically discuss the constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Castes.
3. Answer the following:
   a). Discuss the impact of market economy on the Jajmani system.
   b). Describe the salient features of Ramapithecus.
   c). Discuss the social, political and economic status of Muslims in India.
4. Answer the following:
   a). Explain how Buddhism influenced the economic and cultural transformations of Indian society.
   b). Describe various aspects of trade and religion of Harappan civilization.
   c). Discuss the impact of media as an instrument of social change.

SECTION ‘B’

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:
   a). Indebtedness among tribal communities.
   b). Ethnicity and regionalism.
   c). Other Backward Class.
   d). Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (earlier known as PTG).
   e). Impact of Christianity on Indian tribes.
6. Answer the following:
   a). Describe the impact of displacement on the health and nutritional status of tribal communities.
   b). Discuss the emergence, salient features and limitations of Tribal sub-plan.
   c). Give a critical evaluation of any one anthropological village study in India.
7. Answer the following:
   a). Critically evaluate the term 'tribe' (as used in India) as compared to the term 'indigenous' in some other countries.
   b). Discuss the impact of Panchayati Raj institution on the empowerment of rural women in India.
   c). Give a critical appraisal of any one tribal development programme during XIIth Five-Year plan. Give your suggestions for any improvement in the programme.
8. Answer the following:
   a). Give your assessment of the reasons for the imbalance in the sex-ratio in India.
   b). Discuss the relevance of art and craft traditions in the understanding of Indian archaeology.
   c). Discuss the contribution of anthropology in understanding the loss of livelihood of tribal communities due to economic and ecological factors.



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