69th Mahaparinirvan Diwas of Dr. Ambedkar

For Prelims: Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Indian Constitution, Lord Buddha, Social Equality, Affirmative Action, Poona Pact, Finance Commission of India , Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, Damodar Valley Project, Hirakud Dam, Employment Exchanges, Drafting Committee, Equality Before Law, Supreme Court, Directive Principles. 

For Mains: Welfare State, Caste-Based Discrimination, Dr. Ambedkar’s contributions to social justice, Constitution-making, and nation-building efforts. 

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

Recently, 69^th Mahaparinirvan Diwas was observed on December 6 to commemorate the death anniversary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution and a stalwart for social justice.  

• Mahaparinirvan Diwas of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, honors his legacy, emphasizing his transformative impact on social reform, justice, and equality. 
• The term "Mahaparinirvan" stems from Buddhist philosophy, symbolizing liberation from the cycle of birth and death, marking the most sacred day in the Buddhist calendar. 

What was Dr. Ambedkar's Advocacy for Social Justice? 

• Champion of the Oppressed: Dr. Ambedkar emerged as a beacon of hope for Dalits, women, and laborers, dedicating his life to eradicating caste-based discrimination and ensuring social equality.  
  • His advocacy extended to dismantling systemic barriers and empowering the marginalized. 
• Empowerment Initiatives: Dr. Ambedkar advocated for affirmative action to uplift marginalized groups through policies like reservations in education, employment, and politics to address historical injustices faced by marginalized groups. 
  • Reservation, under Articles 15(4), 16(4), and 334, ensures representation for marginalized groups in education, public employment, legislative bodies and elections. 
  • Founded the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (1923) to promote education, improve socio-economic conditions, and empower outcast communities. 
• Voice for the Downtrodden: Established the newspaper Mooknayaka (Leader of the Silent) to provide a platform for the oppressed and challenge societal inequalities. 
• Pioneering Movements: Spearheaded landmark movements, including the Mahad Satyagraha (1927), advocating for equal access to public water resources. 
  • Led the Kalaram Temple entry movement 1930 (Nashik Satyagraha) to break caste-based restrictions in places of worship, symbolising a broader fight against untouchability. 
• Poona Pact (1932): Played a pivotal role in negotiating the Poona Pact, which replaced separate electorates for Dalits with reserved seats, paving the way for their political representation. 

What was the Contribution of Dr. Ambedkar in Constitution Making? 

• Chairman of the Drafting Committee: As the Chairman of the Drafting Committee appointed in 1947, Dr. Ambedkar oversaw the meticulous process of crafting the world’s largest written Constitution.  
  • Despite diverse opinions and challenges, he ensured that the Constitution was adopted in 1949 with provisions to protect the rights of all citizens. 
• Fundamental Rights: Dr. Ambedkar played a key role in drafting Part III of the Constitution, which guarantees fundamental rights such as equality before law, protection against discrimination (Articles 15, 17), and safeguards for minorities.  
  • Provisions for reservations in education and employment (Articles 15[4], 16[4]) aim to uplift marginalized communities and ensure equality, forming the backbone of India’s commitment to social justice and individual liberty. 
• Article 32: Termed as the "soul of the Constitution", Article 32 empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court/ High Court for enforcement of fundamental rights.  
  • He emphasized its centrality in protecting constitutional guarantees. 
• Parliamentary Democracy: Advocated for the parliamentary form of government, which he believed fostered accountability, transparency, and social democracy.  
  • This system was designed to uphold egalitarian principles and address the nation’s diverse needs. 
• Federal Structure: Conceptualized a dual polity, balancing powers between the central and state governments.  
  • This framework was designed to adapt to the unique socio-political dynamics of India, ensuring both unity and flexibility. 
• Directive Principles of State Policy: Envisioned the Directive Principles as a guide for creating a welfare state, promoting goals like social security, gender equality, and better living standards. 
  • Although non-justiciable, these principles remain integral to policymaking in India. 

What were the Contributions of Dr Ambedkar in Nation Building? 

• Economic Framework: Dr. Ambedkar’s academic contributions laid the foundation for several economic institutions.  
  • His doctoral thesis influenced the creation of the Finance Commission of India and the policy framework for the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934. 
• Infrastructure Vision: Envisioned and promoted large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Damodar Valley Project, Hirakud Dam, and Sone River Project, ensuring sustainable resource management and national development. 
  • Conceptualized the National Power Grid System, demonstrating foresight in energy security and industrial growth. 
• Employment Reforms: Founded Employment Exchanges to streamline job placement systems, providing systematic employment opportunities across the country. 
• Social and Economic Justice: Advocated for bridging economic disparities through inclusive policies and championed the integration of social justice into governance structures to empower marginalized communities. 

Government's Tributes to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 

• Bharat Ratna Award: Dr. Ambedkar was posthumously awarded India’s highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990. 
• Ambedkar Circuit: Five places associated with Ambedkar’s life were developed as pilgrimage centers (Panchteerth Development): 
  • Birthplace in Mhow 
  • Memorial in London (Shiksha Bhoomi) 
  • Deeksha Bhoomi in Nagpur 
  • Chaitya Bhoomi in Mumbai 
  • Mahaparinirvan Bhoomi in Delhi 
• BHIM App: A digital payment app was launched in his honor to promote digital transactions, symbolizing financial inclusion and empowerment. 
• Dr. Ambedkar Centres of Excellence (DACE): Launched in 31 Central Universities, these centers provide free coaching to Scheduled Caste students for Civil Services Examinations. 
• Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission (ASIIM): Supports Scheduled Caste youth with startup ideas by funding. 
• Commemorative Stamps and Coins: Coins of Rs 10 and Rs 125 denominations and a commemorative postal stamp were issued to honor Dr. Ambedkar’s legacy. 
• Monuments of National Importance: Sites like the Sankalp Bhumi Banyan tree campus (Vadodara) and Ambedkar’s school in Satara were proposed as national monuments. 
• Constitution Day Celebrations: Since 2015, November 26 is observed as Constitution Day, commemorating Ambedkar’s role as the architect of the Indian Constitution.  

Drishti Mains Question: 

How did Dr. Ambedkar contribute to nation-building through economic development, infrastructure, social justice, and his role in shaping the Indian Constitution?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims: 

Q. Which of the following parties were established by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar? (2012)

1. The Peasants and Workers Party of India
2. All India Scheduled Castes Federation
3. The Independent Labour Party

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)

---

Mains: 

Q. Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate. (2015)

80-Pillar Assembly Hall of Kumhrar and Mauryan Architecture

For Prelims: Archaeological Survey of India, Mauryan empire, Emperor Ashoka, Buddhism,  Central Ground Water Board, Sanchi Stupa, Ajivika Sect 

For Mains: Mauryan Empire and its Significance in Ancient India, Mauryan Architecture 

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has initiated efforts to uncover the remnants of an 80-pillar assembly hall at the Mauryan archaeological site of Kumhrar, Patna.  

• The initiative promises to rekindle global interest in the Mauryan empire and its contributions to art and architecture. 

What are the Key Facts About the 80-Pillar Assembly Hall of Kumhrar? 

• Historical Importance: 80-Pillar Assembly Hall of Kumhrar, is linked to the Mauryan empire (321–185 BCE), one of ancient India’s greatest dynasties. 
  • Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BCE) is believed to have convened the 3rd Buddhist Council in this hall, aiming to unify the fragmented Buddhist sangha and propagate Dhamma (Buddhist teachings).  
    • This event was pivotal in shaping Buddhism as a global religion. 
  • The site reaffirms Pataliputra(Mauryan capital) role as a political and cultural hub of the Mauryan empire. 
• Architectural Significance: The hall  featured 80 sandstone pillars supporting a wooden roof and floor. 
  • Materials like sandstone and wood were transported via the Sone-Ganga river route, showcasing advanced planning and resource management during the Mauryan period. 
• Archaeological Discoveries:  
  • First Excavation (1912–1915): Discovered one intact pillar, 80 pits marking the placement of other pillars, and stone fragments. 
    • Evidence of thick ash layers suggested destruction by fire, potentially during the Indo-Greek invasion or later Huna invasions 
  • Second Excavation (1961–1965): unearthed four additional pillars. 
• Preservation Challenges: Rising water levels led to partial submergence of the site, prompting the ASI to cover it with soil in 2004-2005 as a conservation measure. 
• Reopening of the Assembly Hall: The ASI is uncovering the site due to a receded water table in Patna and rising interest in Mauryan heritage.  
  • Initially, 6–7 pillars will be exposed to study humidity and groundwater impacts, with support from the Central Ground Water Board.  
  • An expert committee will later decide on fully reopening the 80 pillars, balancing preservation with public access. 

What are the Key Highlights of the Mauryan Art and Architecture? 

• Architectural Types: Mauryan architecture is categorized into Court Art (designed for political and religious purposes) and Popular Art (widely accessible and influenced by local traditions). 

• Mauryan Court Art: 
  • Palace: Greek historian Megasthenes praised the palaces of the Mauryan Empire as remarkable creations, with Chinese traveler Fa Hien calling them god-gifted monuments.  
    • The palace of Chandragupta Maurya was influenced by Achaemenid palaces at Persepolis(capital of the Achaemenid Empire).  
    • Wood was the primary material used in construction.  
    • Examples: Ashoka's palace at Kumrahar, and Chandragupta's palace. 
  • Pillars: Mauryan pillars are tall, free-standing, monolithic, and made of sandstone quarried at Chunar.  
    • They feature a lustrous polish and were influenced by Achaemenian pillars.  
      • While Mauryan pillars are rock-cut, showcasing the carver's skills, Achaemenian pillars were constructed in pieces. 
    • Ashoka's pillars, found across north India, often feature capitals with animal figures like lions and bulls, symbolizing the state.  
      • They were erected to disseminate Buddhist teachings and court orders, with inscriptions in Pali, Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic. 
    • The structure of Mauryan pillars consists of four parts: a monolithic shaft, a lotus- or bell-shaped capital, an abacus, and a capital figure.  
      • Similarities with Achaemenian pillars include polished stones and motifs like the lotus, as well as the practice of inscribing proclamations.  
  • Stupa: Typically, stupas feature a cylindrical drum, a hemispherical mound (anda), a harmika (square railing), and a chhatra (Central pillar supporting a triple umbrella form) representing Buddhist principles. 
    • The stupa's core was unburnt brick, while the outer surface used burnt bricks, covered with plaster, and decorated with wooden sculptures. 
    • Sanchi Stupa (Madhya Pradesh), most famous Ashokan stupa. Piprahwa Stupa (Uttar Pradesh) oldest.  
      • Other stupas post-Buddha's death: Rajagriha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Allakappa, Ramagrama, Vethapida, Pava, Kushinagar, Pippalivana. 
• Mauryan Popular Art: 
  • Cave Architecture: During the Mauryan period, caves were used as viharas by Jain and Buddhist monks. They were characterized by highly polished interiors and decorative gateways. 
    • Example: Barabar Caves (4 caves) in Bihar, created by Ashoka for the Ajivika Sect( founded by Goshala Maskariputra, emphasized that the universe was governed by niyati (destiny)). 
  • Sculptures: Yaksha and Yakshi sculptures were worshipped across Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. 
    • Examples: Lohanipur Yaksha( torso of the nude male figure), and Didargunj Yakshi, Patna 
  • Pottery: Known as Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), Mauryan pottery had black paint and a lustrous finish, often used for luxury items. 

Mauryan Dynasty 

• Chandragupta Maurya (321–297 BCE): The founder of the Mauryan Empire, overthrew the Nanda dynasty and expanded the empire by annexing regions such as the Hindu Kush.  
  • In 305–303 BCE, he formed a treaty with Seleucus Nicator, gaining additional territories. Later in life, Chandragupta became a disciple of Jainism. 
  • Chanakya, the prime minister under the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (322 BCE - 297 BCE) and his successor Bindusar. Chanakya played a significant role in the empire’s success. 
• Bindusara (298-272 BCE): Expanded the empire to the Deccan, known as "Amitraghata" (slayer of enemies). Adopted the Ajivika sect. Deimachus was a Greek ambassador at his court. 
• Ashoka (272-232 BCE): After the Kalinga War, which led to massive casualties, he embraced Buddhism and promoted peace through his Dhamma (moral laws). Organized the 3rd Buddhist Council and spread Buddhism globally. 
• Dasharatha (232–224 BCE): Last Mauryan ruler to issue imperial inscriptions. Faced territorial losses. 
• Samprati (224–215 BCE): Re-established Mauryan control over disintegrated territories and promoted Jainism. 
• Shalishuka (215–202 BCE): Known as a quarrelsome ruler with a negative reputation. 
• Devavarman (202–195 BCE): Brief reign, mentioned in the Puranas. 
• Shatadhanvan (195–187 BCE): Lost territories due to external invasions. 
• Brihadratha (187–185 BCE): The last Mauryan emperor, assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga, marking the end of the Mauryan dynasty. 

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) 

• The ASI, under the Union Ministry of Culture, protects and maintains monuments and archaeological sites of national importance under the relevant provisions of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904 and The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act). 
  • ASI conducts surveys, excavations, and conservation of archaeological sites and protected monuments. 
  • ASI was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI.  He is considered as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the contributions of Mauryan architecture to India’s cultural heritage.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription?

“Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very severely.” (2020) 

(a) Ashoka 

(b) Samudragupta 

(c) Harshavardhana 

(d) Krishanadeva Raya 

Ans: (a) 

Q: In which of the following relief sculpture inscriptions is ‘Ranyo Ashoka’ (King Ashoka) mentioned along with the stone portrait of Ashoka? (2019) 

(a) Kanganahalli 

(b) Sanchi 

(c) Shahbazagrhi 

(d) Sohgaura 

Ans: (a) 

Q: Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka? (2016) 

(a) Georg Buhler 

(b) James Prinsep 

(c) Max Muller 

(d) William Jones 

Ans: (b)

DRI Report on Smuggling

For Prelims: Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), Counterfeit currency trafficking 

For Mains: Highlights of the DRI Report on Smuggling, Implications of Rising Smuggling Trends on India's Economy. 

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The  Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) recently released a report highlighting a significant increase in drug seizures, contraband cigarettes, and illicit currency in India. 

• The report underscores the evolving landscape of smuggling in India, with Dubai emerging as a major transit hub for cigarette smuggling. 

What are the Key Highlights of the DRI Report on Smuggling? 

• Spike in Drug Seizures: The DRI reported a significant increase in drug seizures in FY24, with cocaine seizures more than doubling from the previous year and cocaine smuggling rising by 9%.  
  • Methamphetamine seizures have also increased, particularly in northeastern states like Assam and Mizoram, 
• Contraband Cigarettes: The first half of FY25 saw a 19% rise in contraband cigarette seizures, primarily smuggled through free trade warehousing zones in Dubai. 
• Illicit Currency Seizures: DRI officials seized Rs 13.8 crore in foreign currency during the first half of FY25, surpassing the total of Rs 12.4 crore seized in all of FY24.  
• Gold Seizures Decline: Gold seizures fell by 9% in FY24. 
  • Land routes from Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Nepal accounted for 55% of gold seizures. 
• Wildlife Smuggling Operations: DRI seized 53.5 kg of elephant tusks and various other wildlife items, highlighting ongoing issues with wildlife trafficking. 

What are Some Key Facts About DRI? 

• About:  
  • The DRI, apex anti-smuggling agency of India, was established on 4th December 1957, and has evolved from the Central Revenue Intelligence Board formed in 1953.  
  • The DRI, under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs, Ministry of Finance, investigates and enforces Customs and indirect tax laws. 
  • The Directorate General of GST Intelligence (formerly the Directorate General of Anti-Evasion/Central Excise Intelligence) and the Narcotics Control Bureau were created from the DRI before becoming specialized agencies. 
• Operations:  
  • The DRI's cross-border operations target small arms trafficking, money laundering, terrorism financing, and illegal wildlife trade.  
    • Its role has expanded to include commercial fraud, money laundering, and counterfeit currency trafficking. 
    • In the fiscal year 2023-24, DRI recorded seizures valued at approximately Rs 3,573 crore. 
• Since 2013, the DRI's annual regional Customs enforcement meeting on Foundation Day has fostered international cooperation among global Customs enforcement heads and organisations. 

What are the Challenges in Controlling Smuggling? 

• Corruption and Collusion: Smugglers often exploit corruption and collusive practices to facilitate their operations, undermining legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. 
  • Despite amendments to the Wildlife Protection Act empowering customs officers to seize illegally traded wildlife, wildlife trafficking continues to be a persistent issue. 
• Misuse of Trade Agreements: The exploitation of free trade agreements allows smugglers to misdeclare goods, complicating enforcement and enabling the influx of illicit products into the market.  
  • This misuse poses a threat to domestic industries and the economy.  
• Lack of Comprehensive Data: Inadequate data collection on smuggling activities limits the ability of authorities to respond effectively.  
  • For instance, while the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) provides some statistics, comprehensive data on all smuggling incidents is lacking, hindering strategic planning and resource allocation.  
• Increased Use of Technology by Smugglers: The rise of cyber-enabled drug trafficking through the dark web and cryptocurrencies presents new challenges for enforcement agencies.  
  • The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) has reported a growing number of cases involving these technologies, complicating traditional smuggling detection methods.  
• Geographical Challenges: India's extensive borders with multiple countries make it difficult to monitor and control smuggling activities effectively.  
  • The diverse terrain and varying levels of enforcement across states further complicate efforts to combat smuggling comprehensively. Source: PIB 
• Changing Smuggling Tactics: Smuggling syndicates have evolved their methods, employing "mules" and using international departure gates to facilitate gold smuggling, reflecting a shift towards more sophisticated techniques 

What are the Actionable Strategies to Address Smuggling Challenges? 

• Strengthening Law Enforcement: Enhancing collaboration between various law enforcement agencies at national and international levels can improve the effectiveness of anti-smuggling operations.  
  • The Ministry of Home Affairs has initiated capacity-building programs for law enforcement to combat trafficking and smuggling more effectively. 
  • The US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) works closely with the Canadian Police to combat smuggling across borders,  
• Regulatory Frameworks: Implementing stricter regulations on free trade zones and improving monitoring systems can help curb contraband activities.  
  • Regular audits and inspections should be conducted to ensure compliance with trade laws. 
  • The European Union (EU) has stringent regulations governing free trade zones to prevent misuse for smuggling activities. 
• Investment in Technology: Utilising advanced technologies such as data analytics, drones, and surveillance systems can enhance detection capabilities at borders and ports.  
  • Australia has invested in advanced surveillance technologies, such as drones and automated detection systems, to effectively monitor borders and ports. 
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the dangers of drug abuse and the impact of smuggling on society can foster community involvement in reporting suspicious activities. 
  • Example: In the UK, campaigns like "Crimestoppers" urge citizens to report suspicious drug trafficking and smuggling activities. 

Drishti Mains Question

Analyze the implications of rising smuggling trends on India's economy and security. Discuss actionable strategies that can be implemented to combat these challenges effectively.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains 

Q: Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2018)

Akal Takht

For Prelims: Akal Takht, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Guru Hargobind, Guru Gobind Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Guru Granth Sahib 

For Mains: Governance and Autonomy of Religious Institutions, Interplay between Religion and Politics in India, Sikhism 

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Akal Takht, the supreme temporal and spiritual authority of the Sikh community, governed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), has imposed religious punishment (Tankha) on Sukhbir Singh Badal, President of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD). 

• This action comes as punishment for the alleged misgovernance during the SAD’s tenure in Punjab (2007–2017).  
• This has sparked discussions about the Akal Takht’s authority and its relationship with the SAD and the SGPC. 

What is the Akal Takht? 

• Historical Significance: Akal Takht was established in 1606 by Guru Hargobind, the 6^th Sikh Guru, in response to the execution of his father, Guru Arjan Dev(5^th Guru of the Sikhs), by the Mughals. 
  • Takht is a Persian word for “imperial throne”. Akal Takht is located in the Golden Temple complex, facing the Harmandir Sahib. 
  • Created as a response to Mughal oppression, the Akal Takht became a symbol of Sikh sovereignty and resistance, serving as a platform for governance and justice. 
• Symbolism: The Guru requested two swords, symbolizing miri (temporal power) and piri (spirituality), with the miri sword shorter, signifying the primacy of spiritual authority. 
  • Akal Takht features a high throne, three times taller than the maximum height allowed by Mughal sovereignty. 
    • Its altitude surpasses that of the Mughal throne balcony in Delhi's Red Fort, symbolizing defiance against Mughal rule and asserting Sikh sovereignty. 
• Spiritual and Temporal Authority: The Akal Takht is one of the five Takhts (seats of power) in Sikhism but holds the highest position due to its dual authority(spiritual guidance with temporal governance). 
  • The tradition of issuing Hukamnamas (edicts) began here, symbolizing its supreme role in guiding the Sikh community. 
• Role After the 10^th Guru: The Akal Takht became a crucial center for Sikhs after the passing of Guru Gobind Singh(10^th and last Guru). 
  • During turbulent times, such as the persecution of Sikhs in the 18th century, the Akal Takht became a rallying point for Sarbat Khalsa (general assembly of Sikhs) to deliberate on critical issues. 
    • Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who ruled Punjab for almost four decades (1801-39), convened one of the last Sarbat Khalsas in 1805. 
• Role of the Akal Takht Jathedar: The Jathedar (head) of the Akal Takht is empowered to summon Sikhs for moral and spiritual accountability and prescribe punishment(Tankha) to instill humility and discipline, this authority only applies to those who identify as a Sikh. 
  • A Jathedar must be baptized, knowledgeable in Sikh scriptures, and maintain moral integrity. Initially appointed by Sarbat Khalsa, the Jathedar's appointment shifted to the Darbar Sahib committee under British influence. Post-1925, the SGPC began appointing the Jathedar. 

Other 4 Sikh Takhts 

• Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib: Located in the Siwalik foothills, Himachal Pradesh, it is a historical site linked to Guru Gobind Singh and the foundation of the Khalsa. 
• Takhat Sri Harimandir Ji Patna Sahib: Located in Patna, Bihar, it is the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh. 
• Takhat Sachkhand Shri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib: Located in Nanded, Maharashtra, it is the site of Guru Gobind Singh’s cremation in 1708. 
• Takhat Sri Damdama Sahib: Located in Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, it was recognized as the place where Guru Gobind Singh finalized the Sikh scriptures(Guru Granth Sahib).

What is the Relationship Between the Akal Takht, SGPC, and SAD? 

• SGPC’s Role in Sikh Governance: Formed in 1920, the SGPC was tasked with managing Sikh gurdwaras and upholding religious principles. Under the Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925, it gained legal authority to appoint the Jathedar of the Akal Takht. 
  • The SGPC controls the finances and administration of major Sikh shrines in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh. 
• SAD: The SAD, established alongside the SGPC, initially functioned as its political wing to mobilize Sikhs during the Gurdwara Reform Movement. 
• Intertwined Relationship: Control over the SGPC allows the SAD to influence appointments and decisions at the Akal Takht. 
  • Critics argue that this relationship undermines the independence of the Akal Takht’s moral authority, making it susceptible to political interference. 

Gurudwara Reform Movement 

• The Gurudwara Reform Movement, or Akali Movement, began in 1920 in Amritsar, Punjab, led by Sikhs protesting against British control and corrupt mahants (priests) running Gurudwaras.  
  • The movement sought to reclaim Gurudwaras from British-backed mahants, leading to the formation of the SGPC in November 1920. 
• The Akali Movement was part of a larger wave of religious reforms in colonial India. 
• It led to the Sikh Gurudwara Act of 1925, which granted the Sikh community legal control over their Gurdwaras, ending the hereditary control by mahants. 

What Challenges Facing the Akal Takht and the SGPC? 

• Erosion of Autonomy: Allegations of political interference in the Akal Takht’s decisions have weakened its moral standing within the Sikh community.  
  • The delayed SGPC elections have fostered perceptions of nepotism and lack of transparency. 
• Fragmentation of Sikh Leadership: Disputes within the SGPC and between different factions of the Sikh community undermine the effectiveness and unity of these institutions. 
  • Calls for reform and democratization within the SGPC and the Akal Takht are gaining momentum, particularly from the Sikh diaspora. 
• Relevance in a Changing World: The Akal Takht faces the challenge of asserting its authority within a globalized Sikh community. This includes addressing social issues such as increasing drug addiction, and rising economic disparities, while upholding its core principles of justice, humility, and unity. 

Way Forward 

• Independent Appointment of Jathedar: Transitioning from SGPC-controlled appointments to a broader, community-driven process involving global Sikh representation. 
  • Reinstating the practice of Sarbat Khalsa assemblies to ensure collective decision-making and minimize unilateral actions by political entities. 
• Democratic SGPC Elections: Ensuring timely and transparent elections to prevent long-term monopolization of power by any political party. 
• Separation of Powers: Establishing clear boundaries between the SGPC’s administrative functions and the Akal Takht’s spiritual and temporal authority. 
• Engagement with the Sikh Diaspora: Leveraging the resources and perspectives of the global Sikh community to enhance the inclusivity and effectiveness of Sikh governance. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Examine the significance of the Akal Takht in Sikh governance and its role in shaping the community and suggest measures to ensure its relevance in modern times.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013) 

1. Dadu Dayal 
2. Guru Nanak 
3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?  

(a) 1 and 3  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3  

(d) 1 and 2 

Ans: (b)

Decline in 10-Year Bond Yield

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Recently, Indian government bond yields witnessed a significant decline, with the 10-year benchmark yield dropping to its lowest level since 2021.  

• This shift is attributed to rising optimism about the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) potentially easing interest rates in its upcoming monetary policy review. 

What Factors Have Contributed to the Decline in the Bond Yields? 

• Economic Growth Slowdown: India's GDP growth slowed to 5.4% in the September 2024 quarter, marking the lowest growth in 7 quarters.  
  • The economic slowdown has raised concerns, driving expectations of RBI monetary easing, through rate cuts or liquidity measures leading to increased demand for bonds and a consequent decline in yields. 
• Measures Taken by RBI: Anticipations of liquidity infusion through Open Market Operations (OMO) or a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) of around 50 basis points by the RBI could release approximately Rs 1.1 lakh crore into the banking system.  
  • This move would likely reduce shorter-term bond yields and boost liquidity. 
• Foreign Investments: Increased foreign investments in Indian bonds, including Rs 7,700 crore in net purchases in a short period and Rs 20,200 crore by foreign lenders, have boosted demand, contributing to declining yields and signaling investor confidence in the economy. 

What is Bonds and Bond Yield? 

• Bonds: A bond is an instrument to borrow money. It is like an IOU (I owe you). 
  • A bond could be floated/issued by a country's government or by a company to raise funds. 
  • Since Government Bonds (referred to as G-secs in India, Treasury in the US, and Gilts in the UK) come with the sovereign’s guarantee, they are considered one of the safest investments. 
• Bond Yield: 
  • Bond yield represents the return an investor can expect from a bond, expressed as a percentage.  
  • However, this return is not fixed and varies with changes in the bond's market price. It is inversely related to bond prices i.e. when bond prices rise, yields fall, and vice versa. 
  • Every bond has: 
    • Face Value: The nominal value of the bond, typically repaid at maturity. 
    • Coupon Payment: The fixed annual payment made to the bondholder. 
    • Coupon Rate: The annual interest rate expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value. 
  • For example, a 10-year government security (G-sec) with a face value of Rs. 100, a coupon payment of Rs. 5, and a coupon rate of 5% offers a 5% yield. The investor receives Rs. 5 annually for 10 years and the Rs. 100 face value at maturity, representing the return for lending Rs. 100 today. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q.1 In the context of the Indian economy, non-financial debt includes which of the following? (2020) 

1. Housing loans owed by households 
2. Amounts outstanding on credit cards 
3. Treasury bills 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d) 

Q.2 Consider the following statements: (2018) 

1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities. 
2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments. 
3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q.3 In the context of Indian economy, ‘Open Market Operations’ refers to (2013) 

(a) borrowing by scheduled banks from the RBI 
(b) lending by commercial banks to industry and trade 
(c) purchase and sale of government securities by the RBI 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c)

Lake-Effect Snow

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

Recently, parts of upstate New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan, situated along the Great Lakes of North America, witnessed "lake-effect snow."  

• A heavy snowstorm caused by this phenomenon near Lake Erie in New York has transformed homes into ice-covered igloos. 

What is Lake-Effect Snow? 

• Definition: Lake-effect snow is a localized weather phenomenon characterized by heavy snowfall that occurs near large bodies of water, such as the Great Lakes in North America.  
  • It typically happens during colder months when cold air passes over relatively warmer lake surfaces, resulting in intense and narrow bands of snowfall. 
• Mechanism of Formation: 
  • Cold Air Movement: Cold air often from Canada, flows over the unfrozen, warmer waters of the Great Lakes in North America.  
  • The lakes transfer heat and moisture to the cold air at the surface. 
  • Cloud Formation: The warm, moist air rises, cools rapidly in the colder atmosphere above, and condenses to form clouds. 
  • Snowfall: These clouds develop into narrow bands that produce intense snowfall, often at rates of 2–3 inches or more per hour. 

 

Great Lakes of North America 

• The Great Lakes, consisting of Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario (from west to east), are among the most significant freshwater ecosystems in the world. 
• Geography and Scope: The Great Lakes basin encompasses large parts of two nations, the United States and Canada. Except for Lake Michigan, the Great Lakes form a natural border between Canada and the United States. 
  • The lakes connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River, and to the Mississippi River basin through the Illinois Waterway.  
• Global Significance: The American Great Lakes account for 21% of the Earth's surface freshwater.

SHe-Box Portal

Source: PIB 

Recently, the SHe-Box portal has been launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to enhance the implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013.  

• The portal is designed to mask the details of the complainant, ensuring confidentiality, with only the Chairperson of the Internal Committee (IC) or Local Committee (LC) having access to this information.  
• Complaints can be filed by the aggrieved woman or a representative on her behalf. The process requires basic details such as work status, name, phone number, and email.
  • If the workplace's IC or LC is registered on the portal, complaints are automatically forwarded for action. 
• The portal includes a monitoring dashboard for nodal officers at various administrative levels to track the number of complaints filed, resolved, and pending.  
  • Time prescribed under the Act for inquiry is 90 days. 

Read More: Government Constitutes Panel on Sexual Harassment

Groundwater Subsidence in California

Source: Nature

Recently, a study reveals that California’s San Joaquin Valley has been sinking at a record pace due to overpumping groundwater, with some areas experiencing declines of over one foot per year since 2006. 

• The Valley has a history of subsidence, with significant land sinking occurring from 1925 to 1970 due to aggressive groundwater pumping. 
• Researchers employed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to accurately measure land elevation changes.  
  • This technology allows for frequent monitoring of subsidence across large areas, providing valuable data for addressing the issue. 
• Land Subsidence: 
  • According to the NOAA, land subsidence is sinking off the ground because of underground material movement. 
  • Overexploitation of underground resources, such as water, petroleum and minerals, decreases pore pressure and increases effective stress, causing ground subsidence. 
  • Flood-managed aquifer recharge strategies can mitigate subsidence by recharging aquifers. 
• Land Subsidence in India: Joshimath sinking 

Read more: Land Subsidence in Chenab Valley

ICMR’s 'First in the World Challenge' for Innovation

Source: TH 

Recently, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has announced the “First in the World Challenge” aimed at encouraging innovative solutions to pressing health issues. 

• This initiative seeks to foster novel, out-of-the-box ideas and promote the discovery and development of breakthrough health technologies, including vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics. 
• Proposals must present bold, impactful global health research concepts, not ‘incremental innovations’ or ‘process innovation’. The high risk, high reward challenge aims for revolutionary biomedical breakthroughs, despite potential failures. 
  • Proposals can be submitted by individuals or teams from single or multiple institutes, evaluated by a selection committee of experts. 
• In a recent advancement, ICMR has formalised agreements under its ‘Network for Phase 1 Clinical Trials’, which includes collaborations for developing treatments for various diseases such as multiple myeloma and Zika virus. 
  • This initiative aims to position India as a leader in the clinical development of pharmaceutical agents and innovative health solutions. 
• ICMR is the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. 
  • It comes under the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW). 

Read more: Sansad TV Vishesh: CAR T-Cell Therapy  
 

India Dominates Admissions in the US

Source: BS 

Indian students, for the first time in 15 years, make up 29.4% of international students in the US, surpassing all other countries. 

• India has overtaken China, which now has 277,398 students, as the leading country of origin for international students in the US. 
  • This academic year (2023-24) saw 331,602 Indian students enrolled, marking a 23% increase from the previous year. 
• Indian students lead in graduate enrollments (master's and PhD levels) for the second consecutive year, with a 19% increase to reach 196,567 students.  
  • Undergraduate enrollment also grew by 13%, totaling 36,053, while non-degree student numbers fell by 28% to 1,426. 
• The total number of international students in the US reached 1,126,690 for the 2023-24 academic year, reflecting a 7% increase from the previous year.  
• The primary funding sources for international students include personal and family funds (54.5%), current employment (21.8%), and US college or university funding (19.0%).  
• Initiative Taken by Indian Government: 
  • Education Services & Internationalization of Higher Education (ES-IHE)-Champion Services Sector Scheme (CSSS). 
  • Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC) 
  • Study in India  
  • UGC guidelines for campuses of foreign universities in India.

Read more: Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC)