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  • 03 Dec 2024
  • 65 min read
Indian Economy

Rise and Challenges of India's Gig Economy

For Prelims: Gig economy, Compounded Annual Growth Rate, Gig Workers, Artificial Intelligence, e-Shram Portal, Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana 

For Mains: Labor Market Dynamics, Social Security and Labor Welfare, Gig economy’s contribution to India 

Source: BS 

Why in News?

According to a white paper by the Forum for Progressive Gig Workers, the gig economy in India is projected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR)  of 17%, reaching USD 455 billion by 2024, driving significant economic growth and employment opportunities. 

What is the Gig Economy?  

  • About: The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term, and  flexible jobs often facilitated through digital platforms.  
    • It involves individuals or companies offering services on a temporary or task-by-task basis, rather than through traditional full-time employment contracts.  
    • In the gig economy, gig Workers (also known as independent contractors or freelancers) are paid for each task or gig they complete. 
    • Popular gig economy activities include freelance work,  food delivery services, and freelance digital work. 
  • Key Features: The gig economy offers flexibility, allowing workers to choose their schedules and work location.  
    • Digital platforms connect service providers with consumers for short-term, task-based jobs.  
  • Perspectives on Gig Economy : 
    • For Gig Workers: Gig work offers diverse opportunities, and the ability to balance personal and professional lives, especially benefiting women in the labor market. 
      • It allows for skill enhancement, with workers able to take on various tasks that broaden their expertise and increase income potential. 
    • For Businesses: Companies benefit from cost-effective labor, with the ability to scale the workforce as needed based on demand. 
      • Gig work enables businesses to select workers with specific skill sets for short-term projects, optimizing productivity without long-term commitments. 

Pros_and_Cons_Gig_Economy

What is the Status of the Gig Economy in India? 

  • Market Size: The gig economy in India is rapidly expanding. In 2020-21, there were about 7.7 million gig workers, projected to grow to 23.5 million by 2029-30.  
    • This sector includes a mix of low, medium, and high-skilled jobs, with a significant portion in medium-skilled roles. 
    • Key sectors driving the growth of the gig economy include e-commerce, transportation, and delivery services, all benefiting from the increasing demand for flexible work arrangements. 
  • Driving Factors:  
    • Digital Penetration: India has over 936 million internet subscribers in India, with rapid growth in rural areas. This widespread internet access provides a strong foundation for the gig economy. 
      • Around 650 million smartphone users, with decreasing smartphone prices making it accessible to lower-income groups and expanding internet usage. 
    • Startup and E-commerce Growth: The rise of startups and e-commerce requires flexible workers for content creation, marketing, logistics, and delivery, fueling gig economy growth. 
    • Consumer Demand for Convenience: Increased demand for quick services like food delivery and e-commerce in urban areas creates opportunities for gig workers in delivery and customer service roles. 
    • Low-Cost Labor: A large pool of semi-skilled and unskilled labor willing to take gig work, driven by a lack of formal employment opportunities, allows platforms to offer low wages and poor working conditions. 
      • High unemployment, underemployment, income disparities, rising living costs, and limited social security drive people towards gig work as a survival and growth strategy. 
    • Changing Work Preferences: Younger generations prefer work-life balance and flexibility, opting for gig work that allows project selection, flexible hours, and remote work. 

What Role Does the Gig Economy Play in Employment Generation in India? 

  • By 2030, the Gig Economy is expected to contribute 1.25% to India's GDP and generate around 90 million jobs in the long term. 
    • By 2030, gig workers are expected to make up 4.1% of the total workforce, becoming a crucial segment of India’s labor market. 
  • The gig economy offers alternate revenue streams for workers, especially in Tier-II and Tier-III cities, where growth is accelerating. 
  • Women stand to benefit from increased earnings opportunities, providing them with greater financial independence and workforce integration. 
  • Initially Gig Economy was dominated by high-income earners and consultants, gig work has become increasingly popular among entry-level workers and freshers seeking flexible work options and skill development. 
  • The gig economy is poised to be a major driver of job creation and economic growth, particularly through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI),  predictive analytics, and digital innovation. 

Gig_Worker_Segments_India

What are the Challenges Faced by Gig Workers in India? 

  • Job Insecurity: Lack of work stability is a major concern, with 20% of dissatisfied gig workers identifying it as the top issue. This is particularly prominent among unskilled workers, with over 30% citing it as their most critical job driver. Workers like security guards face financial instability due to irregular income. 
  • Income Volatility: Earnings are unpredictable, dependent on demand, competition, and seasonal trends, making financial planning difficult and limiting access to loans or credit. 
  • Regulatory Gaps: Absence of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework, leaving gig workers vulnerable to exploitation without protection for fair wages, rights, or working conditions. 
    • Gig workers often find themselves in a grey zone between organized and unorganized labor, limiting access to benefits like healthcare, pensions, and insurance. 
  • Timely Payments: Over 25% of gig workers face dissatisfaction due to delayed payments, stressing the need for timely, transparent, and shorter payment cycles to avoid financial strain. 
  • Learning and Personality Development: Gig workers, especially Ambitious Hustlers and Earn to Burn, report a lack of skill-building opportunities, expressing a desire for jobs that help advance their careers. 

India’s Initiatives Related to Gig Workers in India 

Way Forward 

  • Legal reforms: India could draw inspiration from countries like California, and the Netherlands, which have reclassified gig workers as employees to ensure they receive protections like minimum wages, regulated working hours, and access to healthcare. 
  • Portable Benefits System: A portable benefits system, where workers can access health insurance, retirement plans, and unemployment benefits regardless of their employer, would significantly improve the well-being of gig workers. 
    • Companies like Amazon, Flipkart, Zomato, and Swiggy are improving worker conditions with safety gear, resting areas, and water access. Continued focus on welfare will ensure a sustainable gig economy. 
  • Technology-driven solutions: A robust feedback mechanism should be implemented to enable gig workers to report issues related to exploitation or discrimination by platforms to create a fairer environment. 
  • Skill Development and Upskilling: Promote skill-building initiatives and collaborations with vocational institutes to equip gig workers with the necessary skills to transition into higher-paying roles and entrepreneurial ventures. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Assess the role of the gig economy in addressing unemployment in India. How can government policies be improved to enhance the welfare of gig workers?

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (2021)

Science & Technology

Global Cooperation in Space Debris Management

For Prelims: Space Debris, Indian Space Research Organization, Kessler Syndrome, Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. 

For Mains: Challenges in Managing Space Debris and Way Forward. 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

Recently, the issue of increasing satellites and space debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) has gained international attention, with experts warning that without global cooperation, this vital region of space may become unusable.  

Earth_Orbits

What is Lower Earth Orbit (LEO)? 

  • About:  
  • Orbital Mechanics of LEO: 
    • For a satellite to remain in LEO, it must travel at a speed of approximately 7.8 kilometers per second.  
      • At this speed, the centrifugal force generated by the satellite's motion balances the gravitational pull of the Earth, enabling the satellite to maintain its orbit.  
      • As a result, satellites in LEO take around 90 minutes to complete one full orbit around Earth. 
    • Unlike suborbital objects, which return to Earth, or objects exceeding escape velocity (25,000 mph), LEO objects remain in orbit indefinitely unless influenced by external forces like atmospheric drag or orbital decay. 
  • Importance of LEO: 
    • Satellite Applications: LEO is preferred for Earth observation satellites, as they provide high-resolution images and data due to their proximity to the Earth's surface.  
      • Many communication satellites and scientific missions also utilise LEO for better transmission speeds and reduced latency.  
      • LEO satellites are also crucial for Global Positioning Systems (GPS). 
    • International Space Station (ISS): The ISS orbits in LEO, making it accessible for human space exploration and scientific research.  
      • Its location allows for regular resupply missions and ease of crew transport. 
    • Cost-Effectiveness and Accessibility: Satellites in LEO are easier and cheaper to launch compared to those in higher orbits, such as Geostationary Orbit (GEO).  
      • The lower altitudes mean reduced energy requirements for reaching orbit. 

What are the Challenges Associated with LEO? 

  • LEO Congestion & Space Debris: The increasing number of satellites in LEO has led to concerns about space debris.  
    • Decommissioned satellites, broken parts, and spent rocket stages accumulate in this orbit, posing collision risks to active satellites and spacecraft. 
    • Over 14,000 satellites, including 3,500 inactive ones, are in LEO, alongside roughly 120 million debris fragments. 
    • Recent incidents, like the explosion of a Chinese rocket and a defunct Russian satellite, have increased space debris, threatening satellites and astronauts aboard the ISS. 

 Rise_in_Space_Debris

  • Collision Risk: 
    • Increased congestion in LEO poses risks of USD 556 million in damages in between 2024-29, with a 3.13% collision probability. 
      • There has also been a 17% increase in close encounters per satellite in the past year. 
  • Orbital Saturation:  
    • The rapid growth in satellite constellations, driven by companies like SpaceX’s Starlink (6,764 satellites) has intensified competition for orbital space, making effective regulation and international collaboration crucial. 
  • Management Challenges: 
    • Commercial Interests: Private companies, like SpaceX’s Starlink, often guard proprietary satellite data, hindering transparency and data sharing. This limits the ability to track satellites and space debris effectively. 
    • Lack of Standardization: Current collision avoidance methods are informal, relying on inconsistent data formats and protocols.  
      • This fragmented approach results in accountability issues and complicates the development of universal standards for satellite operations. 
  • Strategic Concerns: 
    • Geopolitical Tensions: Countries are often reluctant to share satellite data due to national security concerns, especially regarding dual-use satellites with both civilian and military functions.  
      • This reluctance complicates international cooperation and the creation of a centralized space traffic management system. 
    • Weaponisation of LEO:  Anti-satellite (ASAT) missile tests by nations like China, USA, India (2019, Mission Shakti), and Russia (2021, destruction of Cosmos 1408) have significantly increased space debris, posing long-term risks to LEO operations. 
      • China’s SC-19 test generated over 3,000 trackable fragments. 

Space Debris: Space debris refers to fragmented natural objects in Earth's orbit that no longer serve any functional purpose.  

  • This includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments resulting from collisions or other incidents.

What are the Threats Posed by Space Debris? 

  • Hazard to Operational Satellites: Space debris is a significant risk for operational satellites, as collisions can render them nonfunctional, disrupting vital services. 
  • Reduction of Orbital Slots: The accumulation of debris in specific orbital regions limits the availability of prime orbital slots for future space missions. 
  • Challenges in Space Situational Awareness: The rising volume of space debris complicates efforts to track and predict the movements of objects in space, making it harder for satellite operators and space agencies to maintain situational awareness. 
  • Kessler Syndrome: The growing number of objects and debris in space can lead to the Kessler Syndrome, a scenario where the density of debris in orbit increases, leading to a higher likelihood of collisions and further debris generation. 
    • For example, in 2009, a defunct Russian satellite collided with an American weather satellite, producing thousands of debris fragments. 
    • Kessler Syndrome counters the Big Sky Theory (1978) proposed by NASA which suggested that space debris would not pose a long-term issue due to space's vastness. 

What are the Initiatives to Address Space Debris Challenges? 

  • India's Initiatives: 
    • ISRO's System for Safe and Sustainable Operations Management (IS 4 OM): It was established in 2022 to continuously monitor objects that pose collision risks. 
      • It predicts space debris evolution, and develops strategies to mitigate associated threats. 
    • Collision Avoidance Maneuvers: In 2022, ISRO successfully carried out 21 collision avoidance maneuvers to prevent potential impacts between Indian operational space assets and other space objects. 
    • Centre for Space Debris Research: It was established by ISRO as a dedicated center to monitor and develop mitigation strategies for space debris. 
    • Project NETRA: Project NETRA  is an early-warning system to detect space debris and other hazards. It aims to protect Indian satellites from collisions. 
  • Global Initiatives: 
    • Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) was established in 1993 as an international forum that coordinates efforts among spacefaring nations to address the growing issue of space debris. 
    • United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS): COPUOS develops guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, including measures for space debris mitigation. 
    • European Space Agency's Clean Space Initiative: The Clean Space initiative by ESA aims to reduce space debris and promote sustainable space activities by encouraging the development of technologies to avoid generating debris and by removing existing debris. 

UN’s Five Treaties on Space Activities 

Way Forward 

  • Improved Monitoring: Upgrading tracking technologies and improving orbit models are vital for accurate debris detection and management. 
  • Enhanced Coordination: As space traffic grows, international collaboration and the creation of automated systems or "rights of way" in space can help reduce congestion and prevent collisions. 
  • Reducing Debris Generation: Using reusable rockets instead of single-use launch vehicles and enforcing international regulations can limit new debris production. 
    • India recently launched its first reusable hybrid rocket, RHUMI-1 developed by the Tamil Nadu-based start-up Space Zone India. 
  • Active Debris Removal: Technologies like harpoons, magnets, and lasers are being explored to capture and remove defunct space objects. 
    • For example, ISRO successfully deorbited Megha Tropiques-1 in 2023. 
      • Harpoons are specialised devices used to "hook" onto space debris for capture and deorbiting. 
      • Spacecraft equipped with strong magnets to attract and move debris with magnetic components. 
      • Directed laser beams provide small thrust to alter the trajectory of space debris, enabling controlled movement. 
  • Graveyard Orbit: Satellites nearing the end of their lifespan in Geostationary Orbit (GSO) should be moved to a graveyard orbit beyond 36,000 km using the last of their fuel to reduce space debris. 
  • International Guidelines Compliance: Strict adherence to guidelines, such as those from the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IADC), is essential for managing space debris and ensuring sustainable space activities.

Drishti Mains Question:

What is space debris and challenges posed by it. What are the ways to mitigate these challenges? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat. (2014)

Biodiversity & Environment

Global Plastic Treaty

For Prelims: UN Environment Assembly, European Union, Extended Producer Responsibility, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Fossil fuels, Polymers, UN Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee 

For Mains: Plastic Pollution and Waste Management, UN Global Plastic Treaty, International Relations and Environmental Diplomacy,Environmental Policy and Governance

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Global plastic treaty talks failed to reach a consensus at the 5th meeting of the United Nations(UN) Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5) in Busan, South Korea.  

Why did the Global Plastic Treaty Talks Failed to Reach a Consensus? 

  • Limits on Plastic Production: A central issue of contention was whether countries should agree to targets for reducing the production of virgin plastic polymers (made from raw materials derived from petroleum).  
    • A group of 66 countries, led by Norway and Rwanda, along with the European Union, argue for capping plastic production to control the environmental impact of plastics. 
    • Nations like Saudi Arabia and India, which rely heavily on petrochemicals and plastic production for their economies, opposed any measures that would limit production. 
  • Development Concerns: India argued that regulating plastic production would infringe upon its right to development, especially given the country's role in the global plastic polymer market.  
    • India’s position was that any treaty should not undermine national growth aspirations. 
  • Unacceptable Targets: The draft treaty proposed year-wise targets to phase out single-use plastics and restrict hazardous chemicals like Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) , and Di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) by 2040. 
    • These measures, while aimed at reducing plastic pollution, were rejected by some countries due to their perceived negative economic impacts. 
    • While India has taken steps to curb plastic waste, including banning short-lived plastics and implementing an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regime, it opposed the proposed targets, asserting that such regulations could harm the country's development. 
  • Disagreements on Treaty's Scope: While many nations wanted the treaty to address the full lifecycle of plastics (including production, consumption, waste management, and its impact), some delegations felt the focus should be on plastic waste alone.  
    • This created tension between those seeking comprehensive solutions and those prioritizing immediate waste management.  
    • Kuwait criticized expanding the mandate beyond plastic pollution, claiming it was a pretext for trade restrictions and economic agendas. 
  • UN Environment Programme: Highlighted the urgency of action, warning against prolonged negotiations as oceans and ecosystems suffer from plastic waste accumulation. 

UN Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee 

  • About: The UN INC is a key body established by the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) to develop a legally binding international instrument to address plastic pollution, including its impact on marine environments.  
    • UN Member States adopt Resolution 5/14 in 2022 to work toward a legally binding global plastics treaty. 
  • INC Sessions: The process of negotiation, aimed at finalizing the global plastics treaty by the end of 2024, involves a series of sessions held globally, starting from INC-1 in Uruguay (November 2022), continuing through INC-2 in France (June 2023), and INC-3 in Kenya (November 2023), INC-4 in Canada (April 2024), and INC-5 in South Korea (December 2024). 

Why Does the World Need a Global Plastic Treaty? 

  • Explosive Growth: The global production of plastic has doubled from 234 million tonnes (mt) in 2000 to 460 mt in 2019.  
    • Projections suggest that plastic production will reach 700 mt by 2040, according to the  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 
    • Asia is the largest producer of plastic, accounting for nearly half of global production. North America and Europe follow, with 19% and 15%, respectively. 

Plastic_Polluters

  • Impact of Plastic:  
    • Environment: Plastic can take anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose, leading to a massive accumulation of plastic waste in landfills and natural habitats. 
      • Despite the growing volume of plastic waste, only about 9% of plastic waste is recycled, as per a 2023 study by The Lancet. This inefficiency exacerbates the pollution crisis. 
      • Around 8 million tonnes of plastic end up in the oceans annually, harming marine life and ecosystems. By 2050, plastic could outweigh fish in the oceans if current trends continue. 
    • Human Health: Chemicals in plastics, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can disrupt the endocrine system, which regulates hormones in the body.  
      • These chemicals remain in the final product and can leach out, contributing to various health issues, including cancer, diabetes, reproductive issues, and neurodevelopmental impairments. 
    • Wildlife: Plastic pollution has devastating effects on marine and terrestrial species, with animals ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic waste. 
    • Climate Change: Plastic production contributes 3.6% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with 90% of those emissions coming from fossil fuels used to create plastic. 
      • If current trends continue, greenhouse gas emissions from plastics could rise by 37% from 2020 levels to 3.35 gigatonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) by 2050. 
  • Importance of Global Plastic Treaty:  A global treaty is needed to regulate plastic throughout its lifecycle, from production to disposal.  
    • To tackle the plastic pollution crisis, nations must commit to legally binding agreements that curb production, improve recycling, and prevent plastic waste from entering ecosystems. 

What Challenges Hinder a Global Treaty on Plastic Pollution? 

  • Divergent National Interests: Developed nations push for lifecycle approaches to manage plastic production and consumption. 
    • Developing and petrochemical-centric nations view such measures as restrictive and detrimental to economic growth. 
  • Trade Implications: Plastic is a globally traded commodity, and any restrictions can have significant trade implications, making consensus difficult. 
  • Funding and Resources: Low- and middle-income countries often lack the resources to implement comprehensive plastic pollution measures, leading to disagreements over financial support and responsibility. 
  • Political Will and Leadership: Despite the shared understanding of the crisis, the political will to implement transformative measures was lacking. Balancing immediate economic interests with long-term environmental sustainability can be challenging for policymakers. 

What are Plastics? 

  • About: Plastics are materials, either synthetic or natural, that can be shaped when soft and then hardened to retain their form.  
    • Plastics are polymers made up of repeating units called monomers. A polymer is a large molecule formed by chemically linking many smaller monomers together. 
  • Types of Plastic: 

  • India and Plastics Problem: India is presently the biggest contributor to plastic pollution in the world, and releases 9.3 million tonnes of plastic waste every year which is almost 20% of the global generation of plastic waste. 
    • A large portion of India’s plastic waste, approximately 3.5 million tonnes, is released into the environment due to poor waste management practices.  
    • As India's urban areas expand, the demand for plastic products, especially packaging, rises, leading to increased plastic waste and challenges in waste management. 
      • India’s infrastructure for managing plastic waste is underdeveloped. There are more uncontrolled dumping sites than sanitary landfills. 
    • Open burning is a common waste disposal practice in India, leading to the release of toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This contributes to both air pollution and public health problems. 
    • India stands to lose an estimated USD 133 billion in material value from plastic packaging waste by 2030, with a significant portion of that loss attributed to uncollected plastic waste.  
    • The EPR system in India faces implementation challenges, with inconsistent enforcement of plastic waste management laws. 
    • The growth of e-commerce has increased plastic packaging waste, much of which is non-recyclable and contributes to environmental pollution. 

India’s Initiatives to Curb Plastics:

Way Forward 

  • Building Consensus: Emphasize mutual benefits, including the economic advantages of reducing plastic pollution, to reconcile differences. 
    • Highlight India’s measures, like sustainable packaging, as models for balancing development and environmental protection. 
  • Financial and Technical Support: Create frameworks to assist developing nations in transitioning to sustainable plastic production. Expand funding and technology-sharing mechanisms to enhance compliance. 
  • Enhancing Ambition Through Incremental Targets: Introduce phased commitments with flexibility for countries at different levels of development. Prioritize global bans on harmful single-use plastics and chemicals, ensuring uniformity. 
  • Leveraging Public and Global Advocacy: Utilize international pressure and public awareness campaigns to bolster support for a high-ambition treaty. Engage civil society and environmental organizations to monitor and critique negotiation outcomes.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Evaluate the implications of the UN's plastic treaty negotiations and the challenges in balancing development with environmental sustainability. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q.1 In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)  

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998  
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999  
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011  
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011  

Ans: (c)  

Q.2 How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? (2018)  

  1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.  
  2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b) 

Mains:

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018)

Indian Economy

WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024 Report

For Prelims: WIPO, Intellectual Property, National IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) Policy 2016, Geographical Tag, Copyrights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 

For Mains: Intellectual Property Rights, Role and Importance of a Strong IPR Ecosystem, 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Recently, India has gained notable recognition in the global intellectual property (IP) arena, ranking among the top 10 nations for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs, as per the WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report.  

  • The report highlights continued growth in global IP filings, reflecting innovation resilience despite economic challenges. This increase was largely driven by residents in China, the US, Japan, South Korea, and India. 

What is WIPO? 

  • The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is one of the oldest specialized United Nations agencies, was established in 1967 to promote creative activity and protect intellectual property globally. It administers 26 international treaties and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.  
    • WIPO has 193 member states.  
  • India joined WIPO in 1975. India is also a member of the following important WIPO-administered International Treaties and Conventions relating to IPRs: 
    • Budapest Treaty, 2001, on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 
    • Paris Convention 1998, for the Protection of Industrial Property 
    • Berne Convention, 1928, for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 
    • Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1998 
    • Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 2013 
    • Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in respect of Integrated Circuits 
    • Nairobi Treaty, 1983, on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol 
    • Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, 1975 
    • Marrakesh Treaty, 2016,  to facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities.  
  • Reports Published by WIPO: 

How has India Performed in the World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024? 

  • Double-Digit Growth in Patents: India recorded the fastest growth in patent applications in 2023 among the top 20 origins, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth. India ranks sixth globally for patents applications. 
  • Industrial Designs: Between 2018 and 2023, patent and industrial design applications more than doubled.  
    • The top three sectors - Textiles and Accessories, Tools and Machines, and Health and Cosmetics—made up almost half of all design filings. 
  • Patent-to-GDP Ratio: India’s patent-to-GDP ratio – a measure of the economic impact of patent activity – also saw significant growth indicating that IP activity is scaling alongside economic expansion. 
  • Trademarks: India ranked fourth globally in trademark filings with nearly 90% of these filings made by domestic entities. Key sectors include health (21.9%), agriculture (15.3%) and clothing (12.8%).  
    • India’s trademark office holds the second-largest number of active registrations worldwide.  
  • Geographical Indication:  
    • India (530) has fewer GIs in force, as its GIs lack protection by international agreements. In contrast, countries like China, Germany, Hungary, and the Czech Republic have significantly higher numbers of GIs in force within their territories. 
    • Hungary and the Czech Republic are party to the Lisbon system. 
    • Over 90% of GIs in Brazil (92.4%), China (96.2%), India (93.6%), Türkiye (99.8%), and Viet Nam (91.5%) were national GIs.

Geographical_Indication_WIPI_2024

What are IP, Patents,Trademarks, GIs and Industrial Designs? 

  • Intellectual Property: It includes intangible creations of the human intellect, primarily copyrights, patents, and trademarks.  
  • Patents: 
    • A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. It provides the inventors the legal protection of their inventions. 
      • The patent owner has the exclusive right to prevent or stop others from commercially exploiting the patented invention for a limited period within the country or region in which the patent was granted.  
  • Trademarks: 
    • A ‘trademark’, or simply a ‘mark’, is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services produced or provided by one enterprise from those of other enterprises 
      • Trademark registration confers an exclusive right to the use of the registered trademark implying that the trademark can be exclusively used by its owner, or licensed to another party for use in return for payment.  
  • Industrial Designs: 
    • An industrial design refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspects of a product, including 3D features like shape and configuration, or 2D elements like images, patterns, lines, and colors. 
      • The owner of a registered industrial design has the right to prevent third parties from making, selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy, or substantially a copy, of the protected design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes.  
  • Geographical Indication: 
    • A geographical indication (GI) is a sign identifying a good as having originated from a specific geographical area and possessing a given quality, reputation or other characteristic essentially attributable to that geographical origin.  
      • A GI tag identifies goods whose quality, reputation or other characteristics are connected to their territory of origin.

What are India's Initiatives to Drive Innovation? 

What are the Socio-Economic Implications of India’s IP Growth? 

  • Economic Empowerment: Increased IP filings can boost local businesses by protecting innovations, leading to enhanced competitiveness and economic growth. 
  • Job Creation: The growth of the IP sector is likely to create new job opportunities in research, development, and legal services related to intellectual property. 
  • Global Positioning: As India strengthens its IP framework, it enhances its reputation as a global innovation hub, attracting foreign investment and partnerships. 

What are the Challenges in India’s Innovation Ecosystem and Way Forward?

Challenges in India’s Innovation Ecosystem Way Forward
Administrative Delays: Lengthy bureaucratic procedures in IP registration, patent approvals, and dispute resolution hinder innovation.  Streamlined Processes: Digitize and expedite IP-related processes to reduce delays and ensure efficient patent and trademark filings 
Limited Awareness of IP Rights: Many entrepreneurs, especially in MSMEs and informal sectors, lack knowledge about the importance of protecting intellectual property.  Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct nation-wide campaigns targeting startups, MSMEs, and educational institutions to promote IP literacy. 
Weak R&D Ecosystem: India faces challenges in its innovation landscape due to a weak R&D ecosystem, characterized by low investment and limited collaboration between academia, industry, and government.  Additionally, startups struggle with fragmented support, lacking access to financial resources, mentorship, and necessary infrastructure for innovation.  Boosting R&D Investment: To strengthen the innovation landscape, it is crucial to boost R&D investment by increasing public and private sector funding, with a focus on cross-sectoral innovations and indigenous technologies. Additionally, creating a holistic startup ecosystem by providing grants, incubation centers, and mentorship programs can empower startups across all sectors. 
Limited Access to Global Markets: Indian innovators face challenges in protecting IP internationally due to complex and costly global filing processes.  International Collaboration: Enhance participation in global IP treaties and offer subsidies for international patent filings by Indian entities. 

Drishti Mains Question

What are the key drivers of India’s success in the innovation ecosystem, and how do they impact its socio-economic landscape?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’, consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. It reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS Agreement. 
  2. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is the nodal agency for regulating intellectual property rights in India. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India. 
  2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board. 
  3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Mains

Q. In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets. (2014)

Important Facts For Prelims

Pardoning Powers of President in India

Source: IE 

Why in News?

Recently, the US President Joe Biden issued a 'full and unconditional pardon' for his son, Hunter Biden, who faced sentencing for illegally owning a firearm while using drugs and for tax-related offenses. 

What is the Pardon Power of the President in India? 

  • Pardon Powers:  Article 72 of the Indian Constitution gives the President of India the power to grant pardons, remit or commute sentences, grant respites or remissions of punishment, or reprieve the sentence of any person convicted of an offense in cases where: 
  • Significance: This power ensures that the president can remedy potential judicial errors or exercise clemency in situations requiring humanitarian considerations. 
  • Limitations: The President cannot exercise this power independently. Decisions must align with the advice of the Council of Ministers. 
    • This principle was upheld by the Supreme Court (SC) of India in landmark cases such as: 
      • Maru Ram vs Union of India, 1980: The SC held that the power to grant pardons must be exercised fairly, reasonably, and without arbitrariness, ensuring justice and balance. 
      • Kehar Singh v. Union of India, 1988: The SC held that the President's pardoning power is independent of the judiciary, but it can be reviewed to ensure procedural fairness. The review focuses on adherence to constitutional principles and procedural requirements, not the merits of the decision. 
Clemency Type Definition 
Pardon Removes both the sentence and the conviction, absolving the convict from all punishments and disqualifications. 
Commutation Substitutes one form of punishment for a lighter one. 
Remission Reduces the period of a sentence without changing its nature.
Respite  Awards a lesser sentence due to special circumstances like physical disability or pregnancy. 
Reprieve  Temporarily stays the execution of a sentence to allow time to seek pardon or commutation. 

Note

The Governor of a state exercises pardoning powers under Article 161, though with limitations compared to the President's power. 

  • The Governor can pardon, reprieve, respite, remit, suspend, or commute the punishment or sentence of anyone convicted of an offence under State law. 
  • The Governor can suspend, remit, or commute a death sentence, but cannot pardon it. 
  • The President can grant pardon in cases involving a Court Martial, but Article 161 does not grant this power to the Governor. 

Presidential Pardon of the US 

  • The US Constitution grants the president the power to “grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” 
  • This executive power applies exclusively to federal crimes and does not extend to state-level offenses or impeachment cases. 

Important Facts For Prelims

Notre-Dame Cathedral

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The iconic Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is set to reopen after extensive renovations following the devastating fire in April 2019. This reopening will mark a significant milestone in restoring this architectural masterpiece and a vital part of France's cultural heritage. 

What Does the Restoration of Notre-Dame Mean for Cultural Heritage? 

  • About Notre-Dame: 
    • It is a medieval Catholic cathedral located on an island in the Seine River in Paris, France. 
    • The cathedral is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. 
    • It contains the Holy Crown of Thorns the most precious item of Holy relics and relics from the crucifixion of Jesus- a piece of the cross on which he was nailed and one of the nails. 
    • It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 
  • Historical Significance: 
    • Notre-Dame is believed to be built on the site of a former Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter. Following the arrival of Christianity in France, four churches were built on the same site. 
    • The construction of Notre-Dame began in 1160 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was largely completed by 1260. 
    • When Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France in 1801, he chose Notre-Dame for his coronation and pledged to restore it.  
      • It also hosted his 1810 marriage to Marie-Louise of Austria. 
    • It is renowned for its architectural features, including rib vaulting, flying buttresses, and stunning stained-glass windows. 
  • Cultural Revival: The restoration aims not only to rebuild but also to enhance the cathedral's beauty through thorough cleaning and renovation of its artworks. 
  • French Gothic architecture: The French architectural style featured shutter windows, carved archways, and narrow street fronts, harmonizing well with the courtyards and backyard gardens of traditional Bengali homes. 
    • French Architects like Le Corbusier laid the foundations of modern urban planning in India. 
    • Examples of Indo-French Architecture Chandernagor, West Bengal: 
      • Governor’s House, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, and the Church of St. Francis Xavier.

Chandernagore_Church

Notre_Dam

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)

  1. Ajanta Caves 
  2. Lepakshi Temple 
  3. Sanchi Stupa 

Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?

(a) 1 only  

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) None

Ans: (b)

Q.Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (2013) 

(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the monks 

(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks 

(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall axial to it 

(d) There is no material difference between the two

Ans: (b)

Rapid Fire

PENCiL Portal

Source: PIB

The PENCiL (Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour) portal was launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Labour and Employment to ensure effective enforcement of the provisions of the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986. 

Child_Labour_in_India

Read More: Children and Domestic Labour

Rapid Fire

India Adopts CubeSat Standard

Source: LM 

Recently, India adopted the global CubeSat standard, marking a significant step in its ambition to enhance its footprint in the global space economy.  

  • CubeSat: 
    • CubeSat standards define a modular satellite framework (1 unit (U) = 10 cm³, ≤1.33 kg) compatible with standard deployers, requiring uniform dimensions, low-outgassing materials, kill switches, and rigorous testing. 
      • The standard CubeSat size uses a “one unit” or “1U” measuring 10x10x10 cms and is extendable to larger sizes like 1.5, 2, 3, 6, and even 12U. 
  • The Bureau of Indian Standards (an arm of the Department of Consumer Affairs), helps educational and research organisations develop CubeSats with commercial components, offering a cost-effective satellite alternative. 
    • Examples: Indian universities, with ISRO support, have launched several student-built satellites. Notable examples like JUGNU (IIT Kanpur) and KalamSAT (Space Kidz India). 
  • India’s Space Sector:  
    • India’s space economy, currently at USD 8 billion, aims to reach USD 100 billion by 2040 
    • The government is opening the space sector to private companies and has earmarked a Rs 1,000 crore venture capital fund to stimulate growth and innovation. 

Read More: INSPIRESAT-1 Cubesat Satellite

Rapid Fire

PRAGATI

Source: LM

A recent study by Oxford University praised India's PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) platform for transforming infrastructure development, successfully accelerating 340 delayed projects valued at USD 205 billion. 

  • About: 
  • Key Features: 
    • It uses a digital dashboard and video-conference reviews chaired by the PM to streamline decision-making, cut red tapeism, and reduce project timelines. 
    • It aimed at addressing common man's grievances, and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of the Government of India as well as projects flagged by State Government 
    • The platform emphasizes green technologies and sustainable practices. 
  • Notable Projects Accelerated by PRAGATI: 

Read More: PRAGATI Meeting 

Rapid Fire

Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi

Source: PIB 

Recently, the Ministry of Tourism highlighted a national responsible tourism initiative called Paryatan Mitra/Paryatan Didi in the Lok Sabha. 

  • Paryatan Mitra/Paryatan Didi launched in September 2024, aims to provide a better tourist experience through training local stakeholders to be tourist-friendly ambassadors and storytellers. 
    • It Special emphasis on training women and youth to create innovative tourism products like heritage walks, food tours, and nature treks. 
    • The initiative was piloted in 6 tourist destinations across India namely - Orchha (Madhya Pradesh), Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh), Bodh Gaya (Bihar), Aizawl (Mizoram), Jodhpur (Rajasthan) and Sri Vijaya Puram (Andaman & Nicobar Islands). 
    • 3,000 individuals trained so far with a focus on digital literacy to make local experiences visible globally. Paryatan Mitra/Paryatan Didi is expanded to 50 tourist destinations as of World Tourism Day 2024. 

Read more: Experiencing India's Diverse Tourism Offerings 

Rapid Fire

World Diabetes Day 2024

Source: PIB 

Recently, World Diabetes Day was celebrated on 14th November to raise awareness about diabetes, which affects millions globally. The 2024 theme, "Breaking Barriers, Bridging Gaps," highlights the need for inclusive healthcare and equitable access to diabetes management. 

Read more: Government Programme for NCD Renamed   

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