World Leprosy Day

For Prelims: World Leprosy Day, Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi, National Strategic Plan (NSP) & Roadmap for Leprosy, National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)

For Mains: Initiatives Related to Health, Leprosy and Associated Social Stigma.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

World Leprosy Day is observed every year on the last Sunday of January. In India, it is observed on 30^th January every year, coinciding with the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

What is the Purpose of World Leprosy Day Observation?

• The theme for World Leprosy Day 2024 is “Beat Leprosy”. This theme encapsulates the dual objectives of the day: to eradicate the stigma associated with leprosy and to promote the dignity of people affected by the disease.
• The primary objective of the day is to raise awareness among the general public about the stigma associated with leprosy.
• Educating people that leprosy is caused by a specific bacteria and is easily treatable forms a crucial part of the awareness campaign.

What is Leprosy?

• About:
  • Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called “Mycobacterium leprae”.
  • The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes.
  • Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from early childhood to old age.
  • Leprosy is not inherited, but it is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contact with untreated cases.

• Classification:
  • Paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB) are classifications of leprosy.
    • PB leprosy includes all smear-negative cases (smaller bacterial load), while MB leprosy includes all smear-positive (more infectious compared to smear-negative PTB) cases.
• Treatment:
  • Leprosy is curable and treatment during early stages can prevent disability.
    • The currently recommended treatment regimen consists of three drugs: dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. The combination is referred to as multi-drug therapy (MDT).
    • MDT has been made available through the World Health Organization (WHO) free of cost to all patients worldwide since 1995.
• Global Burden of Leprosy:
  • Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that still occurs in more than 120 countries, with more than 200,000 new cases reported every year.
  • In 2022, 182 countries reported over 1.65 lakh cases of leprosy, including 174,087 new cases.
  • According to the WHO, most countries with high rates of new leprosy cases are in the WHO African and South-East Asia Regions.
• India and Leprosy:
  • India has achieved the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem as per WHO criteria of less than 1 case per 10,000 population at the National level in 2005.
    • Leprosy is endemic in several states and union territories of India.
  • The prevalence rate of leprosy is 0.4 per 10,000 population in the country.
• Initiatives Taken:
  • Global:
    • The Global Leprosy Strategy:
      • In 2016 WHO launched the Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020, which aims to reinvigorate efforts to control leprosy and avert disabilities, especially among children still affected by the disease in endemic countries.
    • Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy (GPZL):
      • The Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy is a coalition of individuals and organizations committed to ending leprosy.
    • World Leprosy Day.
  • India:
    • National Strategic Plan (NSP) & Roadmap for Leprosy (2023-27):
      • It is launched to achieve zero transmission of leprosy by 2027 i.e. three years before the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3.
        • SDG 3.3 is by 2030, to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.
    • National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP):
      • The NLEP is a Centrally Sponsored Health Scheme introduced in 1983 and it has been implemented with the major objective of reducing the disease burden, prevention of disability and improving awareness among the masses about Leprosy and its curability.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

• NTDs are a diverse group of conditions caused by a variety of pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and toxins) and associated with devastating health, social and economic consequences.
  • NTDs are most common among marginalized communities in the developing regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas.
• It is estimated that NTDs affect more than 1 billion people, while the number of people requiring NTD interventions (both preventive and curative) is 1.6 billion.
• Few examples of NTDs include: Buruli ulcer; Chagas disease; dengue chikungunya; and lymphatic filariasis.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Death Anniversary 2024

• January 30^th marks the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi who was assassinated on this day by Nathuram Godse in 1948.
• Gandhi's campaign for leprosy saved innumerable lives of lepers and improved their condition in India.

Read More: Martyrs' Day

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (2018)

EPFO’s Employer Rating Survey

For Prelims: EPFO’s Employer Rating Survey, Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), Women in the Workforce for Viksit Bharat, Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH), Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Gender Disparity.

For Mains: EPFO’s Employer Rating Survey, Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) have jointly launched the Employer Rating Survey to assess and encourage employers' support for increasing women's participation in the workforce.

What is an Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation?

• It is a government organization that manages provident fund and pension accounts for the workforce engaged in the organised sector in India.
• It implements the Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.
  • The Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 provides for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.
• It is administered by the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India.
• It is one of the World's largest Social Security Organisations in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.

What are the Key Aspects of the Employer Rating Survey?

• About:
  • The employer rating survey was launched at an event “Women in the Workforce for Viksit Bharat” by the EPFO (Ministry of Labour and Employment) and the MoWCD.
  • The survey's data and feedback from female employees aim to offer valuable insights for informed policymaking on women's workforce participation.
  • The primary objective of the survey is to evaluate and rate employers based on their commitment and support for women's participation in the workforce. This involves assessing the measures and facilities provided by employers to create an environment conducive to women's employment.
• Rating Employers:
  • The survey involves rating employers based on their support for women's participation in the workforce. It serves as a tool to gauge the progress and efforts of employers in creating an inclusive work environment.
• Questionnaire:
  • The survey has a detailed questionnaire seeking organisation details, including whether the company provides an Internal Complaints Committee for addressing Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) formalities, crèche facilities for children, and transportation facilities during late hours.
    • The EPFO has distributed the questionnaire to its approximately 300 million customers nationwide, making it a comprehensive effort to gather data on a large scale.
• Equal Pay for Equal Work:
  • The survey has also sought answers on whether there is ‘equal pay for equal work’ for male and female workers along with a query on the availability of flexible or remote working hours for women.

Note

As per the EPFO’s Annual Report for 2022-23, there are 29.88 crore members across 21.23 lakh establishments under the ambit of the retirement fund body.

What is the State of Women’s Labour Force Participation in India?

• Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) has improved over the last few years but much of this increase has been seen in the unpaid work category.
  • LFPR is the percentage of the working-age population (aged 15 years and above) that is either employed or unemployed, but willing and looking for employment.
• As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), the female participation rate rose to 27.8% in 2022-23 from 17.5% in 2017-18, but a major chunk of this is of the women reported as “helpers in household enterprises”, who do not receive any regular salary for their work.
  • LFPR for male in India increased from 75.8% in 2017-18 to 78.5% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in LFPR for females was from 23.3% to 37.0%.

What are the Causes of Lower Women’s Participation in the Labour Force?

• Patriarchal Social Norms:
  • Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and traditional gender roles often limit women's access to education and employment opportunities.
  • Societal expectations may prioritise women's roles as caregivers and homemakers, discouraging their active participation in the labour force.
• Gender Wage Gap:
  • Women in India often face wage disparities compared to men for similar work.
    • According to World Inequality Report, 2022 , men in India capture 82% of labour income, while women earn just 18%.
  • This wage gap can discourage women from seeking formal employment opportunities.
• Unpaid Care Work:
  • The burden of unpaid care and domestic work falls disproportionately on women, limiting their time and energy for paid employment.
    • Married women in India spend over 7 hours per day on unpaid care and domestic work, while men spend less than 3 hours.
    • This trend is consistent across income levels and caste groups, leading to a significant Gender Disparity in domestic responsibilities.
  • This unequal distribution of household responsibilities can be a significant barrier to women's participation in the labor force.
• Social and Cultural Stigma:
  • In some communities, there may be stigma or resistance associated with women working outside the home, leading to lower labour force participation rates.

How can Higher Women Labor Participation Impact the Society at Large?

• Economic Growth:
  • Women's participation in the labour force is directly linked to economic growth. When a significant portion of the female population remains underutilised, it results in a loss of potential productivity and economic output.
  • Increased women's labour force participation can contribute to higher GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and overall economic prosperity.
• Poverty Reduction:
  • When women have access to income-generating opportunities, it can lift households out of poverty, leading to better living standards and improved well-being for families.
• Human Capital Development:
  • Educated and economically active women can positively influence the education and health outcomes of their children, leading to intergenerational benefits.
• Gender Equality and Empowerment:
  • Higher women's participation in the labour force can challenge traditional gender roles and norms, promoting gender equality.
  • Economic empowerment enables women to have greater control over their lives, decision-making power, and autonomy.
    • Economic empowerment can enhance women's bargaining power and reduce their vulnerability to gender-based violence and abusive relationships.
• Fertility and Population Growth:
  • Studies have shown that as women's labour force participation increases, fertility rates tend to decline.
  • This phenomenon, known as the "fertility transition," is associated with improved access to education, healthcare, and family planning, leading to more sustainable population growth.
• Labor Market and Talent Pool:
  • Increasing women's participation in the labour force can help address skill shortages and labour market imbalances, leading to a more efficient allocation of talent and resources.

What are the Initiatives Taken to Safeguard the Employment of Women?

• Labour Codes:
  • Code of Wages, 2019
  • Industrial Relations Code, 2020
  • Social Security Code, 2020
  • Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
• Other Schemes:
  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme
  • One Stop Centre Scheme
  • SWADHAR Greh
  • NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR
  • Mahila police Volunteers
  • Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)
  • NIRBHAYA Fund.

Way Forward

• Gender equality discussions should move beyond compartmentalising women's lives into work and life and recognize the comprehensive valuation of all kinds of work, both formal and informal, that women do.
• Policy solutions must be derived from women's negotiations within their cultural context, focusing on increasing autonomy and flexible work options.
• Promoting and supporting higher women's labour force participation is not only a matter of gender equality but also a crucial driver of societal progress and development.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (2017)

(a) World Economic Forum
(b) UN Human Rights Council
(c) UN Women
(d) World Health Organization

Ans: (a)

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Mains

Q. ‘’Empowering women is the key to control the population growth.’’ Discuss. (2019)

UGC's Draft Guidelines on De-reservation

For Prelims: University Grants Commission's (UGC), Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Reservations

For Mains: Government Policies & Interventions, Issues Related to SCs & STs, Reservation

Source: IE

Why in News?

The University Grants Commission's (UGC) draft guidelines on implementing reservations in higher education have sparked significant debate, largely due to the proposal of 'de-reservation' in certain exceptional cases.

• In response, the Union government and the UGC have clarified that faculty positions in universities reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and Economically Weaker Section (EWS) candidates will not be opened to the general category.

Note

• De-reservation refers to the potential removal of reserved seats or quotas allocated to specific categories, such as SCs, STs, OBCs and EWS.

What do the UGC Draft Guidelines Encompass?

• The UGC had tasked a committee, led by Dr H S Rana, the director of the Institute of Public Administration, to formulate new draft guidelines for implementing reservations in higher education, considering the changes and new government instructions since the 2006 guidelines.
  • The aim was to clarify existing rules and incorporate updates from Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) circulars based on court orders.
• The draft encompasses various chapters covering aspects like quotas in faculty posts, preparation of reservation rosters, de-reservation, verification of caste claims, and reservation in student admissions.
• The chapter on de-reservation is at the centre of the debate, as it suggests that reserved faculty positions could be dereserved in "exceptional cases" with adequate justification from the university concerned.
  • The guidelines state that a vacancy reserved for SC/ST or OBC candidates can be declared unreserved if enough candidates from these categories are not available.
  • Proposals for de-reservation of Group A and Group B level jobs must be submitted to the Education Ministry, while Group C and D level posts require approval from the university's Executive Council.

Why did this De-reservation Chapter cause an Outcry?

• Reasons for Protest:
  • Contrary to current academic practices, where reserved faculty positions are not converted for general candidates, the draft guidelines appeared to pave the way for de-reservation in faculty positions leading to a public outcry.
    • The controversy arose as this provision extended Group A posts to include Group B, C and D.
  • The Education Ministry officially maintains a ban on the de-reservation of reserved vacancies for SC, ST, and OBC in direct recruitment.
    • Historically unfilled quota positions are traditionally re-advertised, and special recruitment drives are conducted until suitable candidates are identified.
  • This was seen as a violation of the constitutional mandate of reservation and a threat to the representation and empowerment of the marginalised communities in higher education.
• UGC and Government's Reaction:
  • In response to the public outcry, the Ministry of Education and UGC swiftly issued clarifications, emphasizing that there is no new instruction permitting de-reservation.
    • The Ministry reiterated that the Central Educational Institutions (CEI) Act, 2019, prohibits the de-reservation of reserved posts, and all vacancies must be filled as per the 2019 Act.
  • UGC Chairman clarified that the guidelines were only in draft form, assuring that any provision related to de-reservation would not be part of the final document.

What is the University Grants Commission?

• The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28th December, 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education.
• The UGC operates under the Ministry of Education, the Central Government appoints a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, and ten other members to the UGC.
  • The Chairman is chosen from people who are not officers of the Central Government or any State Government.
• Apart from providing grants to eligible universities and colleges, the Commission also advises the Central and State Governments on the measures that are necessary for the development of Higher Education.
• It functions from New Delhi as well as its six Regional offices located in Bangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Pune.
• It also regulates the recognition of fake universities, autonomous colleges, deemed to be universities and distance education institutions.

Constitutional Provisions Governing Reservation

• The Indian Constitution contains several provisions for reservation. Part XVI deals with SC and ST reservations in Central and State legislatures.
• Articles 15(4) and 16(4) enable the reservation of government service seats for SCs and STs.
  • The Constitution 77^th Amendment Act of 1995 introduced Article 16(4A) in the Indian Constitution, allowing the government to implement reservation in promotions.
  • Subsequently, the 85^th Amendment Act of 2001 modified Article 16(4A) to provide consequential seniority to SC and ST candidates promoted through reservation.
• Article 16(4B) allows the state to fill unfilled SC/ST vacancies in the succeeding year, bypassing the 50% reservation cap.
• Articles 330 and 332 provide specific representation for SCs and STs in Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies.
• Panchayats and Municipalities also have reservation provisions under Articles 243D and 243T.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains:

Q. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)

IEA Report Electricity 2024

For Prelims: International Energy Agency, Coal, Small Modular Reactor, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Renewable Energy

For Mains: Coal demand, Challenges and Opportunities for emerging economies in balancing growth with renewables, Mineral & Energy Resources

Source: DTE

Why in News?

Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) unveiled key insights into India's energy future with its report "Electricity 2024."

• This comprehensive analysis highlights trends, such as the persistent role of coal, a surge in renewable energy, and the promising growth of nuclear power, shaping India's power sector until 2026.

What are the Key Highlights of the Electricity Report 2024?

• Continued Reliance on Coal:
  • India is projected to rely on coal to meet rising electricity demand through 2026.
    • Coal-fired generation is expected to meet 68% of India's electricity demand by 2026, despite a decrease from 74% in 2023.
    • Coal-fired power generation is expected to rise by 2.5% annually (2024-2026).
    • Despite India’s net-zero target by 2070, coal is expected to dominate, meeting 68% of demand.
• Renewable Generation:
  • Renewable energy (RE) generation remained relatively stable, with a 21% share of electricity generation in 2023. The rise in solar and wind was largely offset by reduced hydropower output
  • Close to 21 gigawatts (GW) of RE capacity was added during 2023, with RE accounting for nearly 44% of total installed capacity in 2023.
• Electricity Demand Dynamics:
  • India's electricity demand rose by 7% in 2023, driven by rapid economic growth and increased space cooling needs.
  • Expected annual average growth of 6.5% between 2024 and 2026.
  • India's electricity demand is projected to outpace China's by 2026, with the world's fastest growth rate.
• Global Comparison and Emerging Economies:
  • China holds the largest volume of expected growth, India’s electricity demand in the three years might nearly be equivalent to the United Kingdom’s.
  • Developed economies reported substantial reductions in manufacturing and industrial output, and high inflation.
    • About 85% of new electricity capacity is expected from emerging economies, particularly in South Asia, with China and India in the lead.
• Hydropower Challenges and Mandates:
  • Changing weather patterns led to a 15% fall in hydropower generation in 2023.
    • To ensure uninterrupted power supply, the government mandated a blending of a minimum of 6% of imported coal with domestic coal until March 2024.
• Diversification Efforts:
  • Besides adding wind and solar power capacity, large hydro and nuclear power projects are being developed in the country.
• Nuclear Power Surge:
  • More than half of the nuclear power plants in the pipeline globally (between 2024-2026) are in China and India.
    • IEA forecasts global nuclear generation will be almost 10% higher in 2026, compared to 2023.
  • India announced plans in 2022 to triple its nuclear capacity by 2032, aiming to add 13 GW, with 6 GW currently under construction.
    • India currently has 23 operable nuclear reactors providing about 2% of the country’s electricity.
    • Report highlighted that the largest domestically built nuclear power plant, the 700 MWe Kakrapar Unit 3 reactor, commenced operations in Gujarat in June 2023 and reached full capacity in August 2023.
  • Based on the country’s project timeline, Nuclear power generation is expected to increase rapidly during 2024-2026, with new plants totalling an estimated 4 GW of capacity entering commercial operation”.
• Global Nuclear Landscape:
  • According to the World Nuclear Association estimates as of November 2023, 68 GW of nuclear capacity is under construction, 9 GW is currently planned and 353 GW is proposed.
  • Asia is expected to surpass North America's nuclear power growth by 2026, reaching a 30% share of global nuclear generation.
• Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Technology:
  • The report highlighted that momentum is growing behind small modular reactor (SMR) technology.
    • SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors that have a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third of the generating capacity of traditional nuclear power reactors.
    • SMRs, which can produce a large amount of low-carbon electricity, are:
      • Small: physically a fraction of the size of a conventional nuclear power reactor.
      • Modular: making it possible for systems and components to be factory-assembled and transported as a unit to a location for installation.
      • Reactors: harnessing nuclear fission to generate heat to produce energy.
    • The SMR Technology development and deployment are progressing, but not without challenges. R&D is starting to accelerate.

Glance of India’s Power Sector:

• Installed Electricity Generation Capacity (Fuelwise) as of May 2023:
  • Total Installed Capacity (Fossil Fuel & Non-Fossil Fuel) is 417 GW.
  • The share of various energy sources in the total Electricity Generation are:
    • Fossil fuel (including Coal)- 56.8%
    • Renewable Energy (including Hydropower)- 41.4%
    • Nuclear fuel- 1.60%

India's Renewable Energy Target:

• India is set to achieve its short term and long term targets under the Panchamrit action plan, like
  • Reaching a non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
  • Fulfilling at least half of its energy requirements via renewable energy by 2030
  • Reducing CO₂ emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030; reducing carbon intensity below 45 percent by 2030.
  • Net-Zero emission target by 2070.
• In August 2022, India updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) according to which the target to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP has been enhanced to 45% by 2030 from 2005 level.

What is the International Energy Agency (IEA)?

• About:
  • The IEA was created in 1974 by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to help industrialized countries respond to major 1973-1974 oil crisis.
    • Since then, its work has expanded to cover energy security, economic development, and clean energy.
  • The IEA is an autonomous forum that provides analysis, data, and policy recommendations to help countries provide secure and sustainable energy.
  • The IEA has four main areas of focus: energy security, economic development, environmental awareness and engagement worldwide.
  • Headquartered in Paris, France.
• Members:
  • The IEA family is made up of 31 member countries, 13 association countries including India, and 4 accession countries.
    • A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the OECD.
• Major Publications:
  • World Energy Outlook reports.
  • India Energy Outlook Report.
  • World Energy Investment Report.
  • The IEA Technology Roadmap and Policy Pathway series.
  • The Annual Energy Efficiency Market Report.
  • The Energy Technology Perspectives.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Q2. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/characteristics of Indian coal? (2013)

1. High ash content
2. Low sulphur content
3. Low ash fusion temperature

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Q3. Consider the following statements:

1. “The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”.
3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the ‘Under2 Coalition’.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)

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Mains

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)

Hybrid Vehicles as Alternative to EVs

For Prelims: Hybrid Vehicles as alternative to Electric Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Vehicles.

For Mains: Hybrid Vehicles as alternative to Electric Vehicles, Electric Vehicles Manufacturing and Adoption - challenges and opportunities, EVs and Global Goals of Net Zero Emission.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, HSBC Global Research has released a note, suggesting that, in the next 5-10 years, India should prioritize adopting Hybrid Vehicles as a Sustainable Mobility Solution before transitioning to full Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).

• Hybrid vehicles integrate a conventional Internal Combustion Engine with an Electric Propulsion system.

How is India Faring in Adopting Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

• India is actively pursuing electrification in its automotive sector, with significant investments and focus on EVs. While many automobile industries in the country are heavily investing in EVs, some are prioritising hybrid vehicles.
• The government is providing clear tax incentives primarily for a specific category of cars. Other technological platforms in the automotive industry are grouped together in the upper end of the tax bracket, suggesting a tax structure that may not be equally favourable for all types of vehicular technologies.
• India's electric mobility plan is prominently focused on the widespread adoption of BEVs to replace traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
• In this context lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently considered the most viable option. This indicates a strategic emphasis on BEVs and a preference for specific battery technologies to drive the electric mobility transition in the country.

What are Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)?

• About:
  • BEVs are a type of electric vehicle that runs solely on electric power stored in high-capacity batteries.
  • They do not have an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and produce zero tailpipe emissions.
  • BEVs use electric motors to drive the wheels, providing instant torque and smooth acceleration.
• Battery Technology:
  • BEVs rely on advanced battery technology, primarily Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteries.
  • Li-ion batteries offer high energy density, longer range, and improved performance.
• Charging Infrastructure:
  • BEVs require a network of charging stations for recharging their batteries. Charging infrastructure includes various types of chargers:
    • Level 1 (household outlets)
    • Level 2 (dedicated charging stations)
    • Level 3 (DC fast chargers).
  • Public charging stations, workplaces, and residential buildings play a crucial role in expanding the charging infrastructure.

What are the Challenges in Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles?

• Upfront Cost:
  • The experience in markets from Norway to the US and China shows that the electric push works only if it is backed by state subsidies.
    • Norway’s EV policy has fostered the world’s most advanced EV market. So, the government waives the high taxes on EVs, which it imposes on sales of non-electrics; it lets electric cars run in bus lanes; toll roads are free for electric vehicles; and parking lots offer a free charge.
  • However, in India, subsidies, particularly in the form of tax breaks, often benefit the middle or upper middle classes, who are the primary purchasers of electric four-wheelers.
    • This distribution pattern poses a hurdle in ensuring that subsidies effectively reach a broader demographic.
• Charging Infrastructure:
  • Countries like Norway and China, leaders in EV adoption, attribute their success to sustained efforts in expanding public charging infrastructure.
    • China, particularly dominant in charger numbers, boasts 85% of global fast chargers and 55% of slow chargers.
    • Norway has 99% hydroelectric power. In India, the grid is still fed largely by coal-fired thermal plants.
  • However, India faces a unique challenge with only about 2,000 operational charging stations for its growing EV market. This challenge is intensified by the dominance of two- and three-wheelers, each with distinct charging requirements.
    • An analysis by the World Bank (WB) has found that investing in charging infrastructure is between four and seven times more effective in ensuring EV adoption compared with providing upfront purchase subsidies.
• Supply Chain Issues:
  • The global supply chain for key components like lithium-ion batteries is concentrated in a few countries, leading to concerns about supply chain stability and dependence on specific nations for crucial materials.
    • More than 90% of the global Li production is concentrated in Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia, alongside Australia and China, and other key inputs such as cobalt and nickel are mined in the Congo and Indonesia.
  • India would, therefore, be almost entirely dependent on imports from a small pool of countries to cater to its demand.
    • The demand for Li-ion batteries from India is projected to grow at a CAGR of more than 30% by volume up to 2030, which translates to more than 50,000 tonnes of lithium requirement for the country to manufacture EV batteries alone.
• Consumer Awareness and Education:
  • Many consumers may still lack awareness of the benefits of BEVs, and misconceptions about their capabilities, charging infrastructure, and overall cost-effectiveness can impede adoption.
  • Consumer preference for ICE vehicles based on brand loyalty, resale value, and comfort and limited knowledge of potential buyers regarding EV benefits and features further adds to the problem.

What are Hybrid Vehicles?

• About:
  • Hybrid vehicles combine a traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) with an Electric Propulsion system, allowing the vehicle to operate using either or both power sources.
  • There are different types of hybrid systems, but the most common ones include parallel hybrids (both the engine and electric motor can power the vehicle independently) and series hybrids (only the electric motor drives the wheels, while the engine generates electricity).
• Significance:
  • Practicality in the Medium Term (5-10 years):
    • Hybrids are seen as a practical and viable option for the medium term as India gradually moves towards full electrification of its vehicle fleet. This transition is expected to take 5-10 years.
  • Cost of Ownership Perspective:
    • Hybrids are considered cost-effective, making them an attractive option for consumers.
    • Hybrid cars use both fuel and electric power to run, resulting in better fuel economy compared to conventional fuel cars. This translates to cost savings for drivers over time.
  • Critical for Decarbonization Drive:
    • Hybrid vehicles play a role in India's Decarbonization efforts. Hybrid vehicles have lower total (well-to-wheel, or WTW) carbon emissions than both electric and traditional ICE vehicles for similarly sized vehicles.
      • Hybrids emit 133 grams per kilometre (g/km) of CO2, while EVs emit 158 g/km. This translates to hybrids being 16% less polluting than the corresponding EV.
      • Total (well-to-wheel, or WTW) carbon emissions does not focus only on tailpipe emissions, but includes vehicle emissions (tank-to-wheel, or TTW) and emissions from crude mining, refining, and power generation as well.
    • Hybrids are also critical for India's decarbonization drive. The cheaper upfront cost of hybrids will encourage many more people to adopt low-emission vehicles.

What are the Other Possible Alternative Technologies to BEVs?

• Ethanol & Flex Fuel:
  • Flex fuel vehicles can run on various fuel types, including ethanol, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) & Hydrogen ICE:
  • FCEVs run on hydrogen fuel cells, which produce electricity and water as the only by-products offering a clean and efficient alternative to BEVs.
  • Hydrogen ICE vehicles use hydrogen as a fuel in ICEs offering a simpler and cheaper alternative to BEVs.
    • However, both FCEVs and Hydrogen ICEs have their own shortcomings in terms of infrastructure and zero emissions.
• Synthetic Fuels:
  • Porsche is developing synthetic fuels that make ICEs CO₂-neutral, potentially extending the life of ICE vehicles.
  • These fuels, produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen using renewable energy, could have broader applications.

What are Some Government Initiatives to Promote EV Adoption?

• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme II
• National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
• National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage
• Go Electric campaign
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme:
  • Incentives for the manufacturing of EVs and components
• Ministry of Power's Revised Guidelines on Charging Infrastructure:
  • At least one charging station to be present in a grid of 3 km and at every 25 km on both sides of the highways.
• Amendment to Model Building Bye-laws, 2016 (MBBL):
  • Mandatory to set aside 20% of the parking space for EV charging facilities in residential and commercial buildings.
• India’s support to the global EV30@30 campaign

Way Forward

• Prioritize substantial investment in building a robust and widespread charging infrastructure network. Increasing the number of charging stations, especially in urban areas and along highways, is crucial for easing range anxiety and encouraging EV adoption.
• Implement consistent and supportive government policies and incentives to make EVs more affordable. This may include tax breaks, subsidies, and other financial incentives to both manufacturers and consumers.
• Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the benefits of EVs, dispel myths, and promote their environmental advantages. Enhancing public knowledge can positively influence consumer attitudes and choices.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (2016)

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Nitrogen dioxide
4. Sulfur dioxide
5. Methane

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)

Exp:

• National Air Quality Index (AQI) is a tool for effective communication of air quality status to people in terms which are easy to understand. It transforms complex air quality data of various pollutants into a single number (index value), nomenclature and colour.
• There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
• It considers eight pollutants namely:
  • Carbon Monoxide (CO), hence, 2 is correct.
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), hence, 3 is correct.
  • Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), hence, 4 is correct.
  • Ozone (O₃),
  • PM 2.5,
  • PM 10,
  • Ammonia (NH₃),
  • Lead (Pb).
• Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

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Mains

Q. How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (2019)

High-Velocity Air Fuel Spraying

In the quest for eco-friendly alternatives to hard chrome plating (HCP), scientists from the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), an autonomous institution of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) affiliated institution, have pioneered a technique called high-velocity air fuel spraying (HVAF).

• This method holds the potential to transform the landscape of surface coatings, offering a safer and more efficient solution for car parts, tools, and kitchen utensils.
  • HCP is an electroplating process in which a layer of chromium is applied to a surface to improve corrosion and wear resistance, reduce friction, and extend the life of parts used in extreme working environments.
  • HCP contains carcinogenic substances prompting the search for a safer alternative.
• HVAF spraying involves low temperatures and high particle velocities, allowing the deposition of coatings using finer-sized powders (5-15 µm).
  • Scientists synthesized thin hard coatings of a composite alloy of Tungsten, cobalt, and chromium by high-velocity air fuel spraying.
• HVAF-sprayed coatings have shown superior sliding wear performance and corrosion resistance compared to conventional HCP.
  • The technique reduces the need for grinding and polishing operations, leading to cost savings in processing and raw materials.
• The new technique can be a better alternative to HCP for heavy-load applications like hydraulic shafts, valves, piston rods, and balls.

Read more: Nickel Alloy Coatings

MQ-9B Sky Guardian

Recently, the US State Department has approved a possible foreign military sale of 31 MQ-9B Sky Guardian to India.

• The MQ-9B Predator drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle. MQ-9B SeaGuardian is a maritime-focused version of the SkyGuardian remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS).
• The MQ-9B drones are also known as "Predators". They are High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) drones that can fly for over 40 hours using a satellite.
  • Out of the 31 MQ-9B Predator drones, of which the Navy will get 15 SeaGuardian drones, while the Army and the Indian Air Force will get eight each of the land version – SkyGuardian.
• They can be used for offensive missions, reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence operations.

Read more: India Approves Acquisition of MQ-9B Armed Drones from the US

Indian Gray Wolf

Recently, The Indian gray wolf has recently been sighted in the confines of National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) in Uttar Pradesh.

• The last sightings were reported during ‘Operation Bhediya’ carried out between 1997 and 2000 to map the canines’ footprint in Chambal.
• Scientific Name: Canis lupus pallipes
• Conservation Status
  • IUCN: Least Concern
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972: Schedule I
  • CITES : Appendix 1
• National Chambal Sanctuary, is also known as the National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.
• NCS is located on the Chambal River near the tri-point of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Read More: Captive-bred Wolves into the Wild in Gujarat

Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs)

Recently, The World Health Organisation (WHO) awarded countries for progress in eliminating industrially produced trans fats for the first time.

• WHO has awarded its first-ever certificates validating progress in eliminating industrially produced trans fatty acids to five countries- Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand.
• WHO's ambitious target to fully eliminate industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFAs) from the global food supply by the end of 2023 was not met. However, it proposes a revised new target for the virtual elimination of iTFA globally by 2025.
• Trans fatty acids (TFAs) or Trans fats are the most harmful type of fats which can have much more adverse effects on the human body than any other dietary constituent.
  • These fats are largely produced artificially but a small amount also occurs naturally.

Read More: Trans Fatty Acids