Global Energy Crisis and India’s Energy Dynamics

At times when the world is in the midst of a global energy crisis, the International Energy Agency (IEA) states that India’s energy demand could rise over 3% annually until 2030 due to urbanisation and industrialisation.

Though, India continues to make great strides with renewables deployment and efficiency policies. Climate change, supply logistic issues, geopolitical tension (Russia-Ukraine War), slow revival of the economy after the Covid-19 -induced lockdown have had a domino effect on the energy dynamics in India.

Therefore, to mitigate the continued risks to energy security, accelerating a shift to renewable sources and hastening the end of the dominance of fossil fuels should be a keystone of India’s Energy Security.

What is Energy Security and Status of India’s Oil Imports?

• Energy security means access to energy resources and fuel in the required quantity and quality at reasonable prices. Energy security aims for adequate amount of energy resources in terms of-
  • Accessibility
  • Affordability
  • Availability
• India imports 80% of its oil needs and is the third largest oil consumer in the entire world. Also, India’s energy consumption is expected to grow 4.5% every year for the next 25 years.
• Recently due to high International Crude Oil Prices, Current Account Deficit (CAD) inflated because of higher cost of oil import, raising concerns about long term economic stability in India.

What are the Major Concerns Related to India’s Energy Security?

• Climate Change Induced Demand Surge: Stockpiles at the coal-based thermal power plants fell short despite this increase in domestic coal production, as the utilities were not prepared for the unprecedented heat wave caused by climate change in the country and the sharp surge in demand, which touched 201 gigawatts in April 2022.
• Common Coal Pool and Price Hike: The growing demand for coal was further exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict that resulted in diverting Europe’s attention to procure coal from Indonesia, Australia and South Africa which so far had been major coal suppliers for China and India.
  • This dependency on the common resource pool led to a spike in the price of coal in the international market from $70 per tonne to $421 per tonne in March.
• Risk to Health: The burning of traditional energy fuels, including wood, dung, and crop residue, causes indoor air pollution, which is detrimental to human health.
  • There are approximately 1 out of every 4 premature deaths caused by household air pollution (HAP) in India each year.
    • 90% of them are women, who work close to these fuels in poorly ventilated kitchens.
• Concern Over Affordability and Retail Inflation: Despite high subsidies to oil, India ranks low in affordability of petrol and diesel
  • Petrol prices directly affect retail inflation. Diesel prices account for 60-70% of India's freight costs. High freight costs due to rise in diesel prices increase prices for products across the board.
• Import Dependence and Geopolitical Disruptions: In the first half of 2022-23, India's crude oil import bill increased by 76% to USD 90.3 billion and total import quantity increased by 15%.
  • Increasing dependence on imported oil has placed India's energy security under severe strain, and geopolitical disruptions have exacerbated the problem.

What Should be the Way Forward?

• Diversifying India’s Energy Mix: India needs to gradually, but significantly, diversify its sources of energy generation, including more renewable sources of energy (solar, biogas, etc.) that are cleaner, greener, and more sustainable.
  • The use of renewable energy can contribute to the development of low-carbon development strategies and generate employment opportunities for the country's working population.
• Energy Planning to Curb Energy Inequality: Increasing power demand and recurrent coal crises require advance planning that enables the entire power generation and supply chain to withstand these shocks.
  • In order to facilitate this, policy makers and other stakeholders should collect data that reveals intra-family and collective differences in energy, income, and gender disparity in order to bridge the energy gap between different social groups and protect them from any geopolitical shocks.
• Making Sustainable Development Goals a Reality: To achieve sustainable development goals like zero hunger, zero malnutrition, zero poverty, and universal well-being, energy security will be crucial.
  • Tackling these issues under a common umbrella with stringent monitoring mechanisms at the local level to oversee implementation of policies can help India realise the goal of Energy Security.
• Interlinking Women Empowerment with Energy Security: Promoting clean energy through women's empowerment and leadership could accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy and energy security.
  • As responsible mothers, wives, and daughters, women play a crucial role in social awareness of green energy transition.
• Transitioning Towards Responsible Renewable Energy: Renewable energy shouldn't stand for just renewable energy, but for responsible energy as well.
  • The emerging renewable energy sectors in India should recognise:
    • Committing to participatory governance principles,
    • Actively promoting universal labour, land, and human rights, and
    • Protecting, restoring and nurturing resilient, thriving ecological systems.

Drishti Mains Question Diversifying sources of energy generation is a keystone for India’s Energy Security. Discuss.