India’s Balancing Act in Israel-Palestine War

For Prelims: India’s Balancing Act in Israel-Palestine War, Israel-Palestine conflict, Mahatma Gandhi, Cold War, West Bank, India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

For Mains: India’s Balancing Act in Israel-Palestine War, Bilateral, Regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Source: TH

Why in News?

India's diplomatic stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict has evolved over the years, reflecting a delicate balance between its historical support for Palestine and its growing relationship with Israel.

How has been India’s Policy over the Israel-Palestine Conflict?

• Background:
  • India's historical stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict leaned towards Palestine, driven by factors such as Mahatma Gandhi's opposition to a Jewish state in Palestine, India's large Muslim population, and the need to maintain good relations with Arab countries.
    • India’s position with regard to Palestine was also guided by the general consensus in the Arab world, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the United Nations.
    • When the partition of Palestine plan was put to vote at the UN, India voted against, along with the Arab countries. India also opposed Israel's admission to the UN.
  • During the Cold War, India aligned itself with the Soviet Union, which supported the Arab states, thus perpetuating its pro-Palestine position.
• Shift in India's Policy:
  • Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: In 1992, India established full diplomatic relations with Israel, marking a significant shift. Despite this, India continued to voice support for the Palestinian cause.
    • It was only after the end of the Cold War that Prime Minister Narasimha Rao took the bold step of establishing diplomatic ties with Israel, irrespective of potential fallout with the Arab nations.
  • Balance in National Interest: India's diplomatic decisions are guided by national interest, necessitating a balance between maintaining strong relations with Israel, supporting Palestine, and developing ties with the Arab world.

What are the Current Policy and Diplomatic Nuances?

• Relations with Israel as a National Interest:
  • India's relations with Israel have strengthened considerably in recent years, encompassing various sectors like trade, technology, defense, and counter-terrorism cooperation.
  • India's support for Israel is seen as a response to its fight against cross-border terrorism, although the situations in Israel and India differ significantly.
• Stands With Palestne’s Cause:
  • Besides growing relations with Israel, India has reiterated its stand for Palestine's cause.
    • Amid the ongoing tensions, USD 29.53 million has been contributed by India to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) for Palestinian refugees.
  • India also sent nearly 6.5 tonnes of medical aid and 32 tonnes of disaster relief material for the people of Palestine.
• India Balancing its Stance:
  • In 2017, the Indian Prime Minister for the first time visited Israel and in 2018 he made an official visit to Palestine for the first time.
  • In 2017, India voted against the U.S. and Israel for an attempt to declare unilaterally all of Jerusalem as the Israeli capital.
  • India's policy is clear, they condemn terrorism but do not support indiscriminate reprisal bombings.
• India's Official Stand:
  • India's official position on the Israel-Palestine conflict remains unchanged, advocating for a two-state solution with Israel and Palestine as good neighbors.
    • It was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  • This is evidenced by the Indian Prime Minister's visit to Ramallah in the West Bank in 2018.

What will be the Likely Implications of Israel Palestine Conflict on India?

• Defense Deals with Israel:
  • India has a significant defense relationship with Israel, with defense procurement and technology cooperation. The conflict may impact this relationship, as Israel may focus more on its security needs during the conflict.
  • Israel supplies the most military equipment to India, with the military business between the two countries worth around USD 2.1 billion.
• Energy Security:
  • India is dependent on oil imports from the Middle East, and any escalation in the region could affect energy prices and, subsequently, India's economy.
  • Since all the world economies are interconnected therefore, if countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran get involved in ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict then definitely there will be direct consequences over India’s energy supply, economy and investment.
• Impact on India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor:
  • The conflict has the potential to affect the stability of the Middle East, a region of strategic importance to India.
  • An escalation of hostilities could have implications for India's interests and engagements in the region.
    • India recently signed the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as an ambitious infrastructure project aimed at connecting India, the Middle East, and Europe through various transportation modes, including shipping and rail networks.
    • Instability in the region can create security challenges, and affect the smooth operation of the IMEC.

Way Forward

• Maintaining a status quo in the Israel-Palestine conflict is a challenging endeavor, and India can play a constructive role by promoting a peaceful resolution based on a two-nation theory.
• India should continue its diplomatic efforts and use its international influence to encourage both Israel and Palestine to return to the negotiating table.
• India must continue to act as a mediator and provide humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian people to address the immediate needs and alleviate suffering in conflict-affected areas.
• Encourage dialogues and exchanges between Israeli and Palestinian civil society groups, academics, and youth to promote mutual understanding and trust.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q 1. Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea? (2015)

(a) Syria 
(b) Jordan 
(c) Lebanon 
(d) Israel

Ans: (b)

---

Mains

Q1. ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. (2019)

Q2. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)

SC Asks States to Appoint Officers under POSH Act, 2013

For Prelims: Supreme Court,Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, Vishakha guidelines, Local Complaints Committee (LCCs)

For Mains: Initiatives related to women’s safety in India and issues concerned therewith.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Supreme Court of India (SC) has directed Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) of all states/UTs to appoint district officers under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) to ensure the effective implementation of the law.

What are the Supreme Court’s Directives to States ?

• Need for SC’s Direction:
  • The Supreme Court realised that women found protection under a law against sexual harassment in workplaces beyond their reach for the simple reason that there was no one to go to with their complaints.
  • The court found that many states had not bothered to notify District Officers under the POSH Act all these years. Therefore, it directed all states to immediately appoint district officers under the POSH Act.
• Role of District Officers Under the POSH Act:
  • The POSH Act mandates states to appoint an officer in every district who would play a “pivotal” role in the implementation of the Act.
  • The District Officer would constitute Local Complaints Committees (LCCs) to receive complaints from women employed in small establishments with less than 10 workers or cases in which the assailant is the employer himself.
  • A District Officer’s responsibilities also included appointing nodal officers under the Act in rural, tribal and urban areas.
• Appointment of Nodal Persons:
  • SC directed that the MoWCD of every State/UT through its Principal Secretary, should consider identifying a ‘nodal person’ within the Department, to oversee and aid in coordination as contemplated under the POSH Act.
    • This person would also be able to coordinate with the Union Government on matters relating to this Act and its implementation.
• Deadline of Report Submission:
  • Further, each State/UT Government is to submit a consolidated report of its compliance with the below directions to the Union Government within 8 weeks.

What is the PoSH Act, 2013?

• About:
  • The POSH Act is a legislation enacted by the Government of India in 2013 to address the issue of sexual harassment faced by women in the workplace.
    • The Act aims to create a safe and conducive work environment for women and provide protection against sexual harassment.
  • The PoSH Act defines sexual harassment to include unwelcome acts such as physical contact and sexual advances, a demand or request for sexual favours, making sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.
• Background:
  • The Supreme Court in a landmark judgment in the Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan 1997 case gave ‘Vishakha guidelines’.
  • These guidelines formed the basis for the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
  • The SC also drew its strength from several provisions of the Constitution including Article 15 (against discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth), also drawing from relevant International Conventions and norms such as the General Recommendations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which India ratified in 1993.
• Key Provisions:
  • Prevention and Prohibition: The Act places a legal obligation on employers to prevent and prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace.
  • Internal Complaints Committee (ICC): Employers are required to constitute an ICC at each workplace with 10 or more employees to receive and address complaints of sexual harassment.
    • The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil courts for gathering evidence.
  • Duties of Employers: Employers must undertake awareness programs, provide a safe working environment, and display information about the POSH Act at the workplace.
  • Penalties: Non-compliance with the Act's provisions can result in penalties, including fines and cancellation of business licenses.

What Can Be the Way Forward?

• Employment Tribunal: Setting up of an employment tribunal instead of an internal complaints committee (ICC) in the Sexual Harassment at the Workplace Act should be followed.
• Power to Form Own Procedure: To ensure speedy disposal of complaints, it is proposed that the tribunal should not function as a civil court but may choose its own procedure to deal with each complaint.
• Expanding Scope of Act: Domestic workers should be included within the purview of the Act.
  • The Justice Verma Committee said any “unwelcome behavior” should be seen from the subjective perception of the complainant, thus broadening the scope of the definition of sexual harassment.
• Responsibility of Employer: The Justice Verma Committee said an employer should be held liable if:
  • he or she facilitated sexual harassment.
  • permitted an environment where sexual misconduct becomes widespread and systematic.
  • Where the employer fails to disclose the company’s policy on sexual harassment and ways in which workers can file a complaint.
  • The Verma panel also said that the time-limit of three months to file a complaint should be done away with and a complainant should not be transferred without her consent.

Other Initiatives Related to Women’s Safety

• One Stop Centre Scheme
• UJJAWALA: A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
• SWADHAR Greh (A Scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances)
• Nari Shakti Puruskar

Legal Insights

Appeal to Departmental Authority Under POSH

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Two of the schemes launched by the Government of India for Women’s development are Swadhar and Swayam Siddha. As regards the difference between them, consider the following statements: (2010)

1. Swayam Siddha is meant for those in difficult circumstances such as women survivors of natural disasters or terrorism, women prisoners released from jails, mentally challenged women etc.,whereas Swadhar is meant for holistic empowerment of women through Self Help Groups.
2. Swayam Siddha is implemented through Local Self Government bodies or reputed Voluntary Organizations whereas Swadhar is implemented through the ICDS units set up in the states.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)

Reforms in Special and Local Laws

For Prelims: The Need for Reforms in India's Criminal Laws, Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Indian Evidence Act, Criminal Justice System, Cognisable Offense.

For Mains: The Need for Reforms in India's Criminal Laws, Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Source: TH

Why in news?

Recently, several Bills have been tabled for reforming substantive criminal law as codified in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and Indian Evidence Act (IEA), but Special and Local Laws (SLLs) have been largely neglected.

What are Special and Local Laws (SLLs)?

• About:
  • SLLs are specifically designed to address region-specific, cultural, or unique legal matters within a particular state or local area.
  • They are distinct from the general laws and regulations outlined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
  • It identifies Criminal Activities that the state government frames for specific issues.
• Significance:
  • SLLs constitute a crucial part of India's Criminal Justice System, encompassing the most critical offenses and procedures. They are immensely relevant in the Indian Criminal Justice System.
  • Nearly 39.9% of all Cognisable Offenses registered in 2021 were under SLLs.
    • In Cognisable Offences, an officer can take cognizance of and arrest a suspect without seeking a court’s warrant to do so, if she has “reason to believe” that the person has committed the offence and is satisfied that the arrest is necessary on certain enumerated bases.
    • Within 24 hours of the arrest, the officer must have detention ratified by a judicial magistrate.

What is the Need for Reforms in Special and Local Laws in India?

• Ambiguous Definitions:
  • Some SLLs, such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 suffer from deficient, ambiguous, and vague definitions of offenses and terms like 'terrorist act,' 'unlawful activity,' and 'organized crime.'
  • These ambiguities can lead to misuse and misinterpretation, affecting the due process of law.
• Variability in legal process
  • SLLs can result in different treatment for individuals or groups based on their geographical location, leading to disparities in access to justice and legal protection.
  • The lack of legal consistency can create uncertainty for individuals and businesses, making it difficult to navigate legal rights and obligations.
• Inherently Indiscreet:
  • The absence of contemplative considerations can lead to inefficiencies and uncertainties.
    • For example, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act, 2012, has been criticized for its application to consensual sexual activities between minors, raising concerns about criminalising such conduct.
    • Supreme Court (SC) in the case of P. Mohanraj versus M/s Shah Brothers Ispat Ltd., 2021 referred to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (NI Act), 1881 as a ‘civil sheep’ in a ‘criminal wolf’s’ clothing.
      • Section 138 of the NI Act provides for criminal provision regarding a cheque bounced due to insufficiency of funds.
• Undermining of Due Process:
  • SLLs have led to the sabotage of due process values, exemplified by increased powers of search and seizure and admissibility of confessions recorded by police officers.
  • It does not adequately safeguard the rights of the accused, creating concerns about fairness and the protection of individual liberties.
  • The lack of robust safeguards can open the door to potential abuse of the legal process, affecting the accused's rights
  • Restrictive Bail Provisions in SLLs make obtaining bail nearly impossible infringing on the rights of the accused.
    • E.g: Under Section 43(D)(5) of the UAPA, the bail provisions are exceptionally stringent, making it nearly impossible for those accused under the UAPA to secure bail.

Conclusion

• SLLs criminalizing conduct should be integrated into the penal code as separate chapters. SLLs with distinct procedures for reporting, arrest, investigation, prosecution, trial, evidence, and bail must be included in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) or treated as exceptions.
• The current omission of SLL aspects in the ongoing reform process is a significant limitation, necessitating a second wave of reforms to rectify these deficiencies.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains:

Q. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of the prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)

SDG Summit 2023

For Prelims: SDG Summit 2023, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Debt Swaps, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

For Mains: SDG Summit 2023, Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Global leaders expressed apprehension regarding the slow progress in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during the SDG Summit in New York, the US.

What are the Key Highlights of the SDG Summit 2023?

• Acknowledging Funding Gap:
  • The annual SDG funding gap, which was USD 2.5 trillion before the pandemic, has now increased to an estimated USD 4.2 trillion, emphasizing the urgent need for substantial investment in achieving the SDGs.
• Addressing the Finance Challenge:
  • The leaders stressed the importance of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) in achieving the 2030 Agenda, emphasizing efficient use of all financial flows, public and private, for sustainable development.
  • They called for swift implementation of the UN Secretary-General's proposal for an SDG stimulus, a significant increase in funding by USD 500 billion annually.
    • The AAAA is a global framework for financing sustainable development. It aims to discuss and agree upon ways to mobilize resources and provide the necessary financing for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs.
• Multilateral Actions and Debt Swaps:
  • To strengthen SDG implementation, the leaders urged multilateral actions and coordination by all creditors, emphasizing scaling up Debt Swaps for SDGs, including climate and nature-related debt swaps.
    • Debt swaps provide opportunities for raising capital in low-income countries to address environmental and other policy challenges and support green growth.
• Impact of Covid-19:
  • The declaration acknowledged that the Covid-19 Pandemic has disproportionately impacted the SDGs, particularly in the world's poorest and most vulnerable nations. It highlighted the need for an emergency course correction to accelerate progress in achieving the SDGs.
• Integrating Climate Action and Disaster Risk Reduction:
  • Leaders recommitted to fully implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and pledged to step up efforts to combat climate change.
  • They also committed to operationalizing new finance arrangements to respond to loss and damage, aligning with climate goals.
• Commitment to 2030 Agenda:
  • The leaders expressed deep concern about the state of SDGs at the halfway point of their implementation, highlighting challenges such as poverty, forced relocations, disparities, and the adverse impacts of climate change.
  • Despite these challenges, they recommitted to fully implementing the 2030 Agenda and 17 SDGs to protect the rights and well-being of all for a sustainable world.

What are the Concerns Related to Progress in SDG?

• Lack of Progress and Commitment:
  • Despite commitments, the progress towards meeting the 169 targets comprising the 17 SDGs is just 15%, with some areas regressing.
  • The concern is that at the halfway point of the commitment period, there is little confidence in significant progress in the second half.
• Funding Adequacy and Accessibility:
  • The investment gap in achieving the SDGs in developing countries is estimated to be over USD 4 trillion, significantly higher than earlier estimates, especially with a substantial portion required for the energy transition.
  • This immense financial requirement renders the SDGs seemingly unachievable, raising questions about funding adequacy and accessibility.
• Dis-synergies and Barriers:
  • Five dis-synergies are identified in SDG interventions, including resource allocation, creation of enabling environments, co-benefits, cost-effectiveness, and saturation limits.
  • Various barriers hinder synergistic action, such as knowledge gaps, political and institutional barriers, and economic challenges, inhibiting the full realization of synergies in SDG implementation.
• Challenges in Policy Implementation:
  • Inconsistencies and misalignment in policy implementation pose challenges, particularly in achieving renewable energy targets and small-scale applications due to a lack of integration and clear objectives.
• Climate Change and Environmental Impact:
  • Climate change is identified as a significant challenge, threatening the achievement of SDG targets. Emissions of greenhouse gasses continue to rise globally, with concerns over vulnerability to climate change impacts.

Way Forward

• Combating climate change and its environmental impacts must be a priority, requiring coordinated global efforts.
• Encouraging multilateral actions and cooperation among nations is essential to drive progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
• The leaders must remain dedicated to the 2030 Agenda, focusing on safeguarding the rights and well-being of all for a sustainable world.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts? (2010)

(a) Social justice and empowerment
(b) Inclusive Growth
(c) Globalization
(d) Carrying capacity

Ans: (d)

Q. The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018)

(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg.

(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro.

(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris.

(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi.

Ans: (b)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (b)

Climate Adaptation of Marine Microalgae

For Prelims: Climate Adaptation of Marine Microalgae, Marine Microalgae, Global Warming, Climate Change, Rhodopsin.

For Mains: Climate Adaptation of Marine Microalgae, Developments and their applications and effects in everyday life, Environmental pollution and degradation.

Source: DTE

Why in News?

Recently, Scientists from the University of East Anglia (UEA), England have found that eukaryotic phytoplankton, also known as Microalgae, have adapted to cope with Global Warming and changing ocean conditions.

What is Marine Microalgae?

• Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can be found in diverse natural environments, such as water, rocks, and soil. They present higher photosynthetic efficiency than terrestrial plants, and are responsible for a significant fraction of the world's oxygen production.
• Marine microalgae play a pivotal role in the oceanic food chain and carbon dioxide absorption.
  • However, as climate change continues, global warming is causing surface ocean waters to warm, resulting in reduced nutrient availability due to less mixing between the surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters.
  • So nutrients become scarce at the surface, impacting the primary producers such as microalgae that are present in the top layer.
• This scarcity of nutrients, including iron, impacts the primary producers like microalgae, causing them to produce less food and capture less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• Examples of Microalgae: Diatoms, Dinoflagellate, Chlorella, etc.

Note

Microalgae need sunlight and ample iron to produce food and absorb carbon dioxide, but 35% of the ocean's surface lacks sufficient iron for their growth.

What are the Key Findings of the Study?

• Activate of a Protein called Rhodopsin:
  • In response to the changing climatic conditions with the ocean surface, marine microalgae activate a protein called rhodopsin, similar to the protein responsible for low-light vision in the human eye.
  • Rhodopsin allows these microalgae to thrive by using sunlight as an alternative energy source to traditional chlorophyll-based photosynthesis.
    • This adaptation is crucial for their survival, especially in regions with nutrient-poor surface waters due to ocean warming.
• Capturing Light as Photosynthesis:
  • Rhodopsins are the major light capturers in the ocean and can absorb as much light as chlorophyll-based photosynthesis.
  • Rhodopsins capture light to generate energy (in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP), helping microalgae produce food and capture carbon dioxide.

What are the Implications of this Study?

• Environmental Adaptation:
  • Understanding the role of rhodopsin in microalgae's adaptation to changing ocean conditions can help mitigate the negative effects of ocean warming on marine ecosystems.
  • This knowledge can be essential for preserving ecosystems that rely on microalgae as a food source.
• Biotechnology Applications:
  • Similar mechanisms could be employed in biotechnology to enhance the activity of non-light-dependent microbes, such as yeast. This could be valuable in the production of various biotechnological products, including insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, antivirals, and biofuels.
• Global Agriculture:
  • These findings also draw a parallel with land-based agriculture, where reduced nutrient availability can lead to reduced crop yields.
  • Just as microalgae rely on rhodopsin to adapt to changing conditions, there is potential to explore strategies for enhancing crop resilience in the face of Climate Change.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? (2014)

(a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings 
(b) Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings
(c) Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans
(d) Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatomsol: 

Ans: (a)

Exp:

• The food chain is defined as the relation between organisms of different trophic levels which are connected to each other for food or energy. In a food chain the flow of energy or food is unidirectional and in a linear sequence. First, plants capture solar energy and then, food is transferred from the producers to decomposers.
• Diatoms are single celled photosynthesising algaefound in seas and oceans.
• Animals like crab, shrimps, lobsters, etc., are crustaceans and they eat diatoms.
• Herrings are fish and they eat crustaceans.
• Thus, Diatoms → Crustaceans → Herrings forms the correct food chain. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Proposed Reforms For Multilateral Development Banks

For Prelims: MDB, G20, World Bank Group, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), Sustainable development goals (SDGs), Asian Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

For Mains: Multilateral Development Banks, Reasons for Experts Advocating for Reforms within MDBs, Contributions of MDBs to support India, Important International Institutions.

Source:IE

Why in the News ?

Recently, a G20 expert panel has recommended that Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), should shift their approach from funding individual projects to focusing on sector-specific programs and long-term transformation plans as outlined by national governments.

What are Multilateral Development Banks?

• MDBs are international institutions comprising developed and developing countries.
• They offer financing and technical assistance for various projects in areas like transportation, energy, urban infrastructure, and waste management.
• Developed countries contribute to MDB lending, while developing nations typically borrow from them for development projects.
• MDBs have been instrumental in supporting the development of both low-income and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) by addressing issues such as poverty reduction, infrastructure development, human capital formation, etc.
• MDBs include the World Bank Group, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, etc.

Why are Experts Advocating for Reforms within MDBs?

• Climate Crisis:The G20 expert panel argues that the climate crisis necessitates reforms in MDBs to address global challenges, especially in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs)
• Long Term Transformation : MDBs should align their operations with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identified by national governments, focusing on long-term transformation plans.
• Private Sector Engagement : Greater private sector engagement should be central to MDB operations, breaking from their historical separation of private and sovereign financing arms.
• Coordination: The success of MDBs depends on enhanced coordination among various stakeholders.The reforms should aim to mitigate coordination failures between domestic and international stakeholders, public and private.
• National Involvement :National governments should have a more prominent role in shaping a unified vision of goals, policies, investments, and financing.

How have MDBs Traditionally Lent in India?

• World Bank's Commitment to India:
  • The World Bank, established in 1944, has committed USD 97.6 billion in lending to India, encompassing both active and closed projects.
  • Out of the total commitments,19% has been dedicated to projects in the public administration sector, 15% to agriculture, fishing, and forestry, and 11% to the transport sector.
• Asian Development Bank's (ADB) Involvement:
  • The ADB, based in Manila and established in 1969, has committed USD 59.7 billion in assistance to India, covering both project and technical assistance.
  • Of the total assistance, 34% has been allocated to the transport sector, 25% to the energy sector, and 10% to urban infrastructure.
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank's (AIIB) Contribution:
  • The AIIB, headquartered in Beijing and founded in 2016, has approved USD 9.9 billion in financing for India.
  • Of this amount, 42% has been designated for the transport sector, 14% for the energy sector, and 12.6% for economic resilience.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements: (2019)

1. AIIB has more than 80 member nations.
2. India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.
3. AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

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Mains:

Q. India has recently signed to become a founding member of New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the strategic significance of these two Banks for India. (2012)

Cancer Cases and Cure in India

For Prelims: Cervical Cancer, Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs), The Lancet, National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

For Mains: Rising Cases of Different forms of Cancer in India and its impact on Health Sector

Source: TH

Why in News?

A recent study published in The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia has revealed that there is a significant regional disparity in the survival rates of cervical cancer patients across India.

What Were the Key Findings Of the Study?

• Survival rate:
  • About 52% of cervical cancer cases diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 survived.
• Variations Across Regions:
  • Among those that participated in the study, the Ahmedabad urban registry demonstrated the highest survival rate at 61.5%, followed by Thiruvananthapuram with 58.8% and Kollam at 56.1%. In contrast, Tripura reported a survival rate of 31.6%.
• Factors Contributing to Regional Disparities:
  • The study noted that factors such as access to diagnostic services, effective treatment, distance from clinical care facilities, travel costs, co-morbidities, and poverty contributed to survival rates.

Cervical Cancer

• Cervical cancer develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the uterus from the vagina).
• Almost all cervical cancer cases (99%) are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), an extremely common virus transmitted through sexual contact.
• Two HPV types (16 and 18) are responsible for nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers.
• Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally. About 90% of the new cases and deaths worldwide in 2020 occurred in low- and middle-income countries.
• Comprehensive cervical cancer control includes primary prevention (vaccination against HPV), secondary prevention (screening and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions), tertiary prevention (diagnosis and treatment of invasive cervical cancer) and palliative care.

What are Some of the Challenges Faced by Healthcare Providers in Curing Cancer?

• Heterogeneity of Cancer: Cancer is not a single disease but a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division and growth of abnormal cells. The heterogeneity of cancer makes it challenging to find a universal cure, as each type may require a different approach.
• Late Diagnosis: Many cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, reducing the chances of a complete cure. Early detection methods and public awareness are crucial but often lacking in many regions.
• Treatment Toxicity: Traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can have severe side effects, affecting a patient's quality of life. Developing targeted therapies with fewer side effects is a challenge.
• Resistance to Treatment: Some cancers develop resistance to treatment over time, making it harder to cure. Developing strategies to overcome resistance is a key challenge.
• Cost of Treatment: Cancer treatment can be prohibitively expensive, and not all patients can afford it. The high cost of cancer drugs and therapies is a significant barrier to curing cancer.
• Lack of Access to Care: In many regions, especially in low-income countries, there is a lack of access to cancer care facilities and specialists. This contributes to regional disparities in cancer outcomes.
  • Apart from this, lack of awareness among patients about their rights and obligations under the law and schemes and inadequate training and capacity building for healthcare providers aggravate the issue.
• Limited Availability of Specialized Care: Specialized cancer care centers, equipped with the latest technology and skilled healthcare professionals, are concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural and remote areas underserved.
• Stigmatization and Fear: Cultural and social stigmatization can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, as patients may avoid seeking help due to fear, shame, or misinformation.

What are the Different Ways to Reduce Regional Disparities in Cancer Care in India?

• Awareness and Education: Launch public awareness campaigns about cancer prevention, early detection, and available treatments. These campaigns should be tailored to different regions and languages.
• Preventive Measures: Promote healthy lifestyles, discourage tobacco use, and emphasize the importance of regular screenings and vaccinations (e.g., HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention).
• Primary Healthcare Strengthening: Improve the quality and accessibility of primary healthcare in underserved regions. Develop a network of primary healthcare centers that can identify and refer to potential cancer cases.
• Telemedicine: Use telemedicine and mobile health units to provide cancer consultations and education to remote areas. This can help patients access expert opinions and guidance.
• Government Initiatives: Implement and fund government-sponsored cancer care initiatives, such as the National Cancer Control Program. Allocate resources to build and upgrade cancer treatment centers in underserved regions.
• Subsidized Treatment: Provide subsidies for cancer treatment, especially for economically disadvantaged patients, through government schemes and insurance programs.
• Research and Development: Invest in cancer research and innovation to develop cost-effective treatments and diagnostics. Encourage partnerships between government, academia, and the private sector.
• Community Engagement: Involve local communities and NGOs in awareness campaigns and support services. This can help in breaking down cultural stigmas and improving access to care.

What are the Government Initiatives Related to Cancer Treatment?

• National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
• National Cancer Grid
• National Cancer Awareness Day
• HPV Vaccine

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q 1. Consider the following statements: (2010)

1. The Taxus tree is naturally found in the Himalayas.
2. The Taxus tree is listed in the Red Data Book.
3. A drug called “taxol” is obtained from Taxus trees and is effective against Parkinson’s disease.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

China To Curb Exports Of Graphite Material

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, China, the world’s top graphite producer ( around 65%) and exporter, has decided to curb exports of key battery material.

• The curbs are similar to those in place since 1st August, 2023 for two chip-making metals, gallium and germanium which pushed up prices outside of the country.

What is China’s Decision To Curb Exports of Graphite And Its Impacts?

• Significance:
  • This move is aimed at protecting China’s national security and controlling supplies of critical minerals in response to challenges over its global manufacturing dominance.
    • Graphite, Cobalt, Nickel etc are important critical minerals as reflected in Mineral Security Partnership which India is part of.
  • It also becomes important for major Electric vehicles (EVs) manufacturers across the world and also India due to its National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) where Graphite is a key component.
• Restrictions:
  • China will require as of December 1st that exporters apply for permits to ship two types of graphite, including high-purity, high-hardness and high-intensity synthetic graphite material, and natural flake graphite and its products.
  • Meanwhile, it dropped temporary controls on five less sensitive graphite items used in basic industries such as steel, metallurgy, and chemicals.
• Concern for EV Manufacturers:
  • South Korean firms which heavily rely on China for graphite imports would need to seek alternatives, such as mines from the United States or Australia.
  • With rising sales of EVs, automakers are racing to lock in supplies from outside China, but shortages are looming, which is all set to push the costs manifold.

What is Graphite?

• About:
  • Graphite is a naturally occurring mineral composed of carbon. It is one of the three crystalline forms of carbon, with the other two being diamond and amorphous carbon (such as charcoal or carbon black).
• Structure:
  • Graphite has a hexagonal crystal structure in which carbon atoms are arranged in layers or sheets. These layers are weakly bonded together, allowing them to easily slide past each other, giving graphite its lubricating properties.
• Properties:
  • Graphite is a good conductor of both electricity and heat. It is used in the production of electrodes for batteries and in the electronics industry.
• Applications:
  • Graphite is commonly known for its use in pencils. The "lead" in pencils is actually a mixture of graphite and clay.
  • Other applications include crucibles, foundry facings, polishes, arc lamps, batteries, brushes for electric motors, and cores of nuclear reactors.
• Global Reserves:
  • China produces two-thirds of the world’s graphite, but compared to global reserves, the Asian country is not the only option.
  • According to the United States Geological Survey, Turkey (27.3%) and Brazil (22.4%) together own half of the world's natural graphite resources. China comes third, sitting on 16%, followed by Madagascar (7.9%)

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why? (2012)

1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.
3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

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Mains:

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Puri Jagannath Temple's Ratna Bhandar

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the demand to open the Ratna Bhandar (treasure room) of the Jagannath Temple is growing louder again. The treasure room at the temple has not been unlocked for three decades.

What is Jagannath Temple’s Ratna Bhandar?

• About:
  • The precious ornaments of sibling deities, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra, given by devotees and erstwhile kings over centuries, are stored in the Ratna Bhandar of the 12^th century shrine.
  • The Ratna Bhandar consists of two chambers: the Bhitar Bhandar (inner chamber) and the Bahara Bhandar (outer chamber).
    • While the outer chamber is opened regularly to fetch ornaments for the deities during important rituals and festivals, the inner chamber has not been opened in the past 38 years.
• Demands for Opening the Ratna Bhandar:
  • The demand to open the Ratna Bhandar has gained momentum due to concerns over the chamber's structural integrity.
    • The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the custodian of the temple, requisitioned the chamber for repair and conservation due to apprehensions of cracks in its walls, which could endanger the priceless ornaments stored within.

Jagannath Temple

• The Jagannath temple located in Puri, Odisha is a sacred temple devoted to Lord Jagannath along with his brother Lord Balabhadra and sister Devi Subhadra.
  • It was constructed by a famous king of Ganga Dynasty Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva dating back to 12^th century.
  • It is known as the “White Pagoda” and one of the four pilgrimage sites of Char Dham Pilgrimage.
• It is an outstanding example of Kalinga architecture, featuring distinctive curvilinear towers, intricate carvings, and ornate sculptures.
  • It is enclosed by a high wall with four gates, each facing a cardinal direction.
• It is also called as ‘Yamanika Tirtha’ where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of ‘Yama’, the god of death, has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.
• Associated Major Festivals: Snana Yatra, Netrotsava, Rath Yatra, Sayan Ekadasi.

Rapid Fire Current Affairs

IMPHAL-Third Stealth Destroyer of Project 15B

The delivery of the third Project 15B Indigenous Destroyer Imphal to the Indian Navy is significant as it is a part of India's ongoing efforts to modernize its navy.

• The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade. It is equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
• It is powered by a Combined Gas and Gas propulsion set, comprising four gas turbines, and is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
• The Imphal is the third ship in the series of four Project 15B destroyers being built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) under the 'Make in India' initiative.
• The purpose of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles on the Imphal destroyer is to provide the Indian Navy with a highly capable and versatile weapon system.

Read More: Project 17A, Agni 5 Ballistic Missile

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Gujarat’s Dhordo - Best Tourism Village

Dhordo has been conferred the prestigious title of Best Tourism Village by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Dhordo received this title at the Best Tourism Village - 2023 award ceremony organized by the UNWTO at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.

• The village has become a popular tourist destination due to its rich cultural heritage, handicrafts, and the famous Rann Utsav.
• The UNWTO awards the title of "Best Tourism Village" to villages that meet certain criteria.
  • The criteria include promoting sustainable tourism, preserving local culture and heritage, providing a safe and welcoming environment for tourists, and offering unique experiences to visitors.
  • Additionally, the village must have a well-developed tourism infrastructure and must be able to demonstrate its commitment to responsible tourism practices.

Read More: World Tourism Day, UN Specialized Agencies

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Cyclone Tej Intensifies

Cyclone Tej, initially forming over the Arabian Sea, has intensified into an extremely severe cyclonic storm, with projections indicating a northwestward trajectory and an expected landfall near Al Ghaidah (Yemen).

• The name 'Tej,' which means 'speed' in Hindi, was chosen by India.
• A yellow alert has been issued by India Meteorological Department (IMD) for eight districts in Kerala, warning of heavy rains.
• IMD, established in 1875, is an agency of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
  • IMD uses colour- coded weather warning to alert people ahead of severe or hazardous weather which has the potential to cause damage, widespread disruption or danger to life.

Read more: Colour-Coded Warnings by the IMD

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Collisions Between Chinese and Philippine Vessels

Tensions in the South China Sea escalated as China and Philippines traded accusations following two collisions between Chinese vessels and Philippine boats during a resupply mission near Second Thomas Shoal in the disputed Spratly Islands.

Read more: South China Sea