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Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and Malaysia

For Prelims: ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement, Fintech, Ayurveda, Artificial intelligence, Article 370, Digital public infrastructure, Transnational Organized Crime,  International Big Cat Alliance , International Solar Alliance,  South China Sea

For Mains:  India- Malaysia Relations and Recent developments, India's Act East Policy and ASEAN Relations

Source: IE

Why in News?

India and Malaysia have recently taken a significant step to elevate their relationship by upgrading it to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 

• This development came during the Malaysian Prime Minister’s visit to India. The discussions between the Prime Minister of India and Malaysia have set the stage for deeper cooperation and a renewed focus on mutual interests.

What are the Key Outcomes of the Malaysian Prime Minister Visit to India?

• Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: The existing Enhanced Strategic Partnership, which was established in 2015, was upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 

• Economic and Trade Enhancements: Bilateral trade between India and Malaysia reached a record high of USD 19.5 billion. This achievement underscores the robust economic ties and mutual interest in expanding trade relations.

  • Both leaders encouraged further investment in various sectors, including fintech, energy, digital technologies, and start-ups, to strengthen economic cooperation.

• ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA): The leaders agreed to support and expedite the review process of AITIGA to make it more effective and business-friendly. The aim is to conclude the review by 2025 and enhance supply chain connections between India and ASEAN countries.
• MoUs and Agreements: Several Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) were signed to bolster cooperation in multiple areas:
  
  • Recruitment, Employment, and Repatriation of Workers: MoU was signed to streamline the processes related to the movement and management of workers between the two countries.
  • Ayurveda and Traditional Systems of Medicines: MoU was signed  for Co-operation in the field of Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine.
    • India will establish an Ayurveda Chair at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in Malaysia, promoting traditional medicine education and research.
  • Digital Technologies: The MoU signed focused on fostering collaboration in various digital fields, including cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and digital public infrastructure (agreed to work on connecting India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with Malaysia’s PayNet for digital transactions).
  • Culture, Arts, and Heritage: Encouraging cultural exchange and preservation of heritage.
  • Tourism: Promoting tourism and facilitating easier travel between the countries.
    • India noted Malaysia’s designation of 2026 as Visit Malaysia Year.
  • Public Administration and Governance Reforms: Sharing best practices in governance and administrative reforms.
  • Youth and Sports: Fostering youth engagement and sports cooperation.
• Defense and Security Collaboration: The leaders agreed to intensify defense cooperation through regular exchanges, joint exercises, and capacity-building initiatives. 
  • There was also a commitment to expanding the defense industry and research and development (R&D) collaboration.
  • Both nations condemned terrorism and pledged to work together to counter terrorism and its linkages with transnational organized crime.
• Educational Cooperation: Malaysia welcomed a special allocation of 100 seats under India’s Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme for Malaysian students in fields such as cybersecurity, AI, and machine learning.
• Multilateral Cooperation: Malaysia appreciated India’s support for ASEAN centrality and the upcoming ASEAN Chairmanship in 2025. They agreed to strengthen engagements through ASEAN-led mechanisms. India will work with Malaysia on its request to join BRICS.
  • The leaders committed to enhancing cooperation at the UN, including support for India's bid for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council (UNSC).
• Sustainable Development and Climate Action: They agreed to collaborate on sustainable energy initiatives and climate change mitigation, with Malaysia joining the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).
  • India’s initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) were acknowledged, reflecting a shared commitment to global climate action.

What is the Significance of Visit for India’s Strategic Interests?

• India’s Act East Policy: The visit aligns with India's Act East Policy, which aims to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian nations. By engaging with Malaysia, India continues its strategic pivot towards the ASEAN region, enhancing its influence and connectivity in Asia.
• Past Frictions: Earlier India Malaysia relations faced challenges due to Malaysia's criticism of India's policies on Jammu and Kashmir(Article 370) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA).
  • At the UN General Assembly in 2019, Malaysia accused India of "invading and occupying" Kashmir.
  • In retaliation, India reduced imports of Malaysian palm oil, a key sector for Malaysia. This had a significant impact, with Malaysia’s palm oil sector experiencing a drop in exports to India. 
    • India has resumed purchases of Malaysian palm oil after a gap of four-months following a diplomatic row between the two countries.
    • Malaysia, being the second-largest producer of palm oil globally, felt the effects of India’s reduced imports, with Pakistani imports filling the void left by India’s withdrawal.
  • The Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated tensions with lockdown-related detentions of Malaysians in India.
  • The recent visit provides an opportunity to revitalize and strengthen diplomatic relations, particularly following periods of strained ties during previous leadership.
• Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI): Despite progress, the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) launched by India in 2019 to foster cooperation across seven pillars (Maritime Security,Maritime Ecology, Maritime Resources, Capacity Building, Resource Sharing, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, Trade Connectivity , Science and Technology) remains a missed opportunity. 

  • While Vietnam and the Philippines have endorsed IPOI, Malaysia's potential involvement could enhance its role in the Indo-Pacific and contribute to its strategic objectives.

• Addressing South China Sea Concerns: Discussions on the South China Sea will provide insights into Malaysia’s stance on China’s expanding influence.

  • Understanding Malaysia’s perspective helps India navigate the complex regional security dynamics and formulate its own strategies in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Boosting Trade Relations: Malaysia ranks as the 31^st largest investor in India with an Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow of USD 1.18 billion from April 2000-September 2023
  • Approximately 70 Malaysian companies operate in India, covering diverse sectors from construction to human resources.
  • Malaysia is India’s third-largest trading partner within ASEAN, while India is Malaysia’s largest trading partner in Southeast Asia. 
  • The visit aims to further secure and expand these investments, enhancing bilateral trade and economic collaboration.

What are the Key Highlights of the India Malaysia Relations?

• Historical Ties: The historical ties between India and Malaysia trace back over a millennium, significantly influenced by the Chola Empire (9th-13th centuries). 

  • The Cholas established extensive maritime trade routes that connected South India with the Malay Peninsula, fostering cultural and economic exchanges.

    • Under the reign of emperors like Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, the Cholas established control over parts of Southeast Asia, including present-day Malaysia.
• Economic and Commercial Relations: Malaysia is India's 13th largest trading partner, and India ranks among Malaysia's top ten trading partners, also being the 3rd largest trading partner in ASEAN.
  • Exports from India: Includes mineral fuels, aluminium, meat, iron and steel, copper, organic chemicals, and machinery.
  • Imports to India: Includes palm oil, mineral fuels, electrical machinery, animal or vegetable fats, and wood.
  • Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) effective from 2011, covering goods, services, and investment.
  • Trade Settlement in Indian Rupees: Since July 2022, trade between India and Malaysia can be settled in Indian Rupees, in addition to the current modes of settlement in other currencies, facilitated by India International Bank of Malaysia.
  • ASEAN-India Business Summit 2023: Celebrated 30 years of ASEAN-India Engagement, with significant participation from Indian and Malaysian stakeholders.
• Defense Cooperation: The 1993 MoU on Defense Cooperation has been a cornerstone, allowing for joint ventures, development projects, and procurement.
  • Defense Minister Rajnath Singh's visit in July 2023 led to the amendment of the 1993 MoU and the inauguration of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited's regional office in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Joint Exercises: Harimau Shakti (Army), Samudra Lakshmana (Navy), and Udara Shakti (Air Force). These exercises enhance inter-service cooperation and strategic bonds.
  • Regional Collaboration: The Indian Navy regularly interacts with the Royal Malaysian Navy, fostering a collaborative maritime relationship.
• Indian Community: Malaysia hosts approximately 2.95 million Indians, making it home to the second largest Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) community globally.
  • This community is largely Tamil-speaking, with significant numbers also speaking Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, and other languages.
  • Community Issues: Concerns include illegal immigration, exploitation of workers, and human trafficking. The Indian community enjoys religious freedom with numerous Hindu temples and Gurudwaras.
• Cultural Cooperation: The Indian Cultural Centre Kuala Lumpur, established in 2010 and renamed Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indian Cultural Center (NSCBICC) offers classes in Carnatic vocal music, Kathak dance, Yoga, and Hindi, with teachers from both India and Malaysia.
  • The Ramayana has transcended its origins in India, influencing cultures across Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, with versions like Hikayat Seri Rama (Malay literary adaptation of the Hindu Ramayana epic) reflecting local adaptations.
    • The epic's themes are reflected in local stories, arts, and performances, showcasing the shared cultural heritage.
    • The Sri Veera Hanuman Temple in Malaysia is a prime example of shared cultural heritage, with its architecture and tales deeply rooted in Indian traditions.

Key Facts About  Malaysia

• Location: Southeast Asia; divided into Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, separated by the South China Sea.
• Capital: Kuala Lumpur.
• Highest Point: Mount Kinabalu, 13,455 feet (4,101 meters).
• Major Mountain Ranges: Main Range, Crocker, Bintang, Hose.
• Major Rivers: Rajang, Sugut, Pahang, Klang.
• Nature: Tropical rainforests, it is a part of the world’s 17 megadiverse countries, home to species like Malayan tigers, pygmy elephants, and Bornean orangutans.
• Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy which gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
• Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. 
  • East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam.
• The Strait of Malacca runs  between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia)  and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is the main  channel of shipping between the Indian ocean and the Pacific ocean.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. What is the significance of upgrading India-Malaysia relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership? Discuss its potential impact on regional stability and economic growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (2016)

3rd Voice of Global South Summit 2024 (VOGSS)

For Prelims: Voice of Global South Summit, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Global South, Natural Farming, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Digital Transformation, Brandt Line, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), World Health Organization (WHO).  

For Mains: Significance of Global South in Emergence of India as a Global Player and Associated Concerns.

Source: ET

Why in News?

India hosted the 3^rd Voice of Global South Summit on 17th August 2024, in virtual format, with the overarching theme, "An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future”.

• 123 countries participated in the 3^rd  VOGSS. However, China and Pakistan were not invited.
• India had hosted the 1st VOGSS on 12-13^th January 2023, and the 2nd VOGSS on 17^th November 2023, both in virtual format

What is the Voice of the Global South Summit?

• About: It is a new and unique India led initiative that envisages bringing together countries of the Global South and share their perspectives and priorities on a common platform across a whole range of issues. 
  • It is a reflection of India’s philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, or "One Earth, One Family, One Future”, and Prime Minister’s vision of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas and Sabka Prayas.
• Need of the VOGSS: Recent global developments, such as Covid pandemic, ongoing Ukraine conflict, mounting debt, challenges of food and energy security etc. have severely impacted the developing world. 
  • Widespread Ignorance: Often, the concerns of the developing world do not receive due attention and space on the global stage. 
  • Inadequate Resources: The relevant existing platforms have proven to be inadequate in addressing these challenges and concerns of the developing countries.
  • Renewed Cooperation: It is India's endeavor to provide a common platform to deliberate on the concerns, interests and priorities that affect the developing countries and also to exchange ideas and solutions.
• Key Outcomes of 3rd VOGSS 2024: 
  • Global Development Compact (GDC): Prime Minister of India put forward a proposal for a comprehensive four-fold Global Development Compact (GDC) comprising four elements:
    • Trade for development
    • Capacity building for sustainable growth
    • Technology sharing
    • Project specific concessional finance and grants.
  • Funding and Support: The Prime Minister of India announced a number of significant initiatives by India in advancing its development partnership with countries of the Global South, including 
    • A USD 2.5 million fund to boost trade promotion activities and
    • A USD 1 million fund for capacity building in trade policy and trade negotiation. 
  • Healthcare Promotion: India will work to make affordable and effective generic medicines available to the Global South countries, support training of drug regulators, and share experiences and technology in 'natural farming' in the agriculture sector.
  • Reforming Global Institutions: Prime Minister emphasised that solutions to tensions and conflicts depend on just and inclusive global governance.
    • Reformation of global institutions is needed whose priorities give preference to addressing the concerns of the Global South, with developed countries also fulfilling their responsibilities and commitments.
  • Collaboration for SDGs: 3rd VOGSS was driven by a shared vision of a Global South that fully achieves the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and embarks on a rapid developmental trajectory beyond 2030.
    • It emphasized strengthening collective efforts to address the challenges faced by the Global South, including development finance, health, climate change, technology, governance, energy, trade, youth empowerment, and digital transformation.

What is Global South?

• American academic Carl Oglesby coined the term “Global South” in 1969 to denote a set of countries beset by the “dominance” of the Global North through political and economic exploitation.
• The phrase “Global South” refers broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania separated by the Brandt line. 
  • It denotes regions outside Europe and North America, mostly low-income and often politically or culturally marginalised.
• China and India are the leading proponents of the Global South.
• The Brandt line is a visual representation of the world's economic divide between the rich north and the poor south, based on GDP per capita. 
  • It was proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1970s and encircles the globe at a latitude of roughly 30° North.

What are Challenges for India as the “Voice of Global South”?

• Geopolitical Competition: India is increasingly seen as a competitor to China in leading the Global South.
  • China is increasingly making inroads in the Global South through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for developing infrastructure.
• Food Security Dilemma: One of the major challenges India faces as a leader of the Global South is addressing food security. 
  • India's decision to restrict rice exports in July 2023 has been criticised as inconsistent with its leadership role, especially given its commitment to addressing global food challenges. 
  • Critics argue that such moves could undermine India's claim to lead the Global South.
• Pharmaceutical Challenge: India's reputation as the "pharmacy of the world" has also come under scrutiny due to recent controversies over contaminated medicines linked to Indian manufacturers. 
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued several warnings about substandard drugs, highlighting the need for India to maintain high standards in its pharmaceutical exports.
• Internal Development Issues: Critics argue India should prioritise its domestic development issues like unequal wealth distribution, unemployment, and inadequate infrastructure, before leading others.
  • India's vast rural population lacks access to quality healthcare and education, raising questions about its capacity to address similar issues in other developing nations.

Way Forward

• Strengthen Strategic Partnerships: India should continue to build and strengthen alliances with countries in the Global South, focusing on collaborative projects in technology, education, and healthcare. 
  • It can help counter China's influence, particularly in regions where the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is dominant.
• Balanced Development Model: India should advocate for a development model that prioritizes sustainability and inclusivity, distinguishing itself from China's debt trap approach. 
  • India can position itself as a more ethical and people-centered leader.
• Reassess Export Policies: To maintain credibility in the Global South, India should strike a balance between domestic food security and global responsibilities. 
  • Investing in agricultural innovation and technology can help increase domestic food production, ensuring that India can meet both its domestic needs and international commitments.
• Prioritize Domestic Challenges: Addressing domestic issues such as poverty, unemployment, and inadequate infrastructure is essential for India to lead by example. 
  • A strong, well-developed India will have greater credibility and moral authority to guide other developing nations.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. India faces significant challenges in its leadership role within the Global South. How can these challenges be addressed to position India as a responsible and effective leader?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q.“If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (2021)

Q.Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post Cold War international scenario. (2016)

Critical Threats Facing the Aravallis

For Prelims: Aravali Green Wall Project, Land Degradation and Desertification in India, Conserving Forests for a Sustainable Future, Mountain Ranges in India, Mountain Ranges in World     

For Mains: Loss of flora and fauna, impact of deforestation on biodiversity, Role of the Aravalis in regional ecology, climate, and water systems.

Source: TH

Why in News?

A recent scientific study on land use dynamics in the Aravallis has highlighted that the ongoing destruction of the hills has resulted in significant biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and reduced vegetation cover.

What are the Key Challenges Highlighted in the Study Regarding the Aravallis?

• Loss of Hills: Between 1975 and 2019, nearly 8% (5,772.7 sq km) of the Aravali hills have disappeared, with 5% (3,676 sq km) converted into barren land and 1% (776.8 sq km) into settlements.
  • The destruction of the hills has enabled the Thar desert's expansion toward the National Capital Region, causing increased desertification, higher pollution, and erratic weather.
• Increase in Mining Area: From 1.8% in 1975 to 2.2% in 2019.
  • "Explosive" urbanization and unchecked mining are key contributors to the ongoing deterioration of the Aravali hills.
  • Over 25% of the Aravallis and 31 hill ranges in Rajasthan have vanished due to illegal quarrying.
  • Mining contributes to the major air pollution in the NCR region, especially through Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM).
• Increase in Human Settlements: From 4.5% in 1975 to 13.3% in 2019.
• Forest Cover: In the central range dropped by 32% between 1975-2019, with a significant rise in cultivated land. 
  • During 1999 to 2019, the forest area decreased up to 0.9% of total area. 
  • The average annual deforestation rate was 0.57% during the study period.
• Impact on Water Bodies: Water bodies expanded from 1.7% in 1975 to 1.9% in 1989, but have since steadily declined.
  • Mining to great depths has punctured aquifers, disturbing water flow, drying lakes, and creating new water bodies due to depressions left by illegal miners.
• Impact of Protected Areas in Aravalis: Todgarh-Raoli and Kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuaries in the central Aravali Range positively impacted the eco-sensitive zone, leading to minimal forest depletion.
• Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): EVI least value of 0 to -0.2 in upper central Aravali region (Nagaur district) - indicating unhealthy vegetation.
• Future Projections: By 2059, the total loss of Aravali area is projected to reach 22% (16,360 sq km), with 3.5% (2,628.6 sq km) of the total area likely to be used for mining.
• Other Major Challenges faced by Aravalis: 
  • Significant decline in flora and fauna, including leopards, striped hyenas, golden jackals, and other species.
  • Many rivers originating in the Aravallis, like Banas, Luni, Sahibi, and Sakhi, are now dead.
  • Loss of natural forests along the Aravallis has escalated human-wildlife conflicts.

What is Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)?

• About: 
  • EVI is an advanced vegetation index created with higher sensitivity to biomass, atmospheric background, and soil condition. 
  • It is regarded as the modified version of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with a high potentiality of vegetation monitoring by correcting all the external noises.
• EVI Value Range: 
  • Ranges from 0 to 1, with values closer to 1 indicating healthy vegetation and values closer to 0 indicating unhealthy vegetation.

Note

• Lantana camara, a thorny, aromatic shrub that can grow up to 20 feet tall, has invaded large areas of the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and South Delhi.

What are the Key Facts About Aravalis?

• About: 
  • The Aravali Range extends from Gujarat to Delhi through Rajasthan, 692 km in length and varies between 10 to 120 km in width.
    • The range acts as a natural green wall, with 80% located in Rajasthan and 20% in Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat.
  • The aravali mountains are divided into two, main ranges – the Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar Khetri Range in Rajasthan, where their extension is about 560 km.
  • It serves as an ecotone between the Thar Desert and the Gangetic Plain.
    • Ecotones are areas where two or more ecosystems, biological communities, or biotic regions meet.
  • Gurusikhar (Rajasthan), the highest peak in the range, reaches an elevation of 1,722 meters.
• Significance of Aravalis:
  • The Aravallis prevent the Thar Desert from encroaching on the Indo-Gangetic plains, historically serving as a catchment for rivers and plains.
  • The range supports 300 native plant species, 120 bird species, and exclusive animals like jackals and mongooses.
  • During monsoons, the Aravallis direct monsoon clouds eastward, benefiting sub-Himalayan rivers and North Indian plains. In winter, they shield fertile valleys from cold westerly winds.
  • The range aids in groundwater replenishment by absorbing rainwater, thus reviving groundwater levels.
  • The Aravallis act as the “lungs” for Delhi-NCR, mitigating some effects of the region's severe air pollution.

What are the Supreme Court’s Rulings and Legal Notifications on the Aravallis?

• 2018 Ruling: Banned illegal construction activities in the Aravalli range in Haryana, directing the demolition of the Kant Enclave and reimbursement to investors.
• 2009 Order: Imposed a ban on mining throughout the Aravallis.
• 2002 Order: Prohibited mining activities in Haryana due to large-scale degradation.
• 1996 Ruling: Mandated that mining leases could not be renewed within 2-5 km radius of Badkhal Lake without permission from pollution control boards.
• Precautionary Principle (1996): Supreme Court established the principle that governments must foresee and prevent environmental degradation without waiting for scientific evidence (Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India).
• National Green Tribunal (2010): Adopted the precautionary principle for environmental decisions under Section 20 of the NGT Act.
• MoEFCC Notification (1992): Prohibited new industries, mining, deforestation, and construction in the Aravalli range without prior permission from the MoEFC
• Other Measures taken by Government: Creation of Commission for Air Quality Management in the NCR to deal with the Air Pollution menace in the region. 
  • To prevent illegal mining in the Aravalis, a seven-member "Aravalli Rejuvenation Board" has been established in Gurugram.

Way Forward

• Implement the Aravali Green Wall Project: Develop a 1,400 km long and 5 km wide green belt around the Aravalli range.
  • Rejuvenate 75 water bodies and cover degraded lands in Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Delhi. 
  • This project, inspired by Africa's 'Great Green Wall,' aims to restore ecological balance and combat desertification.
• Adopt Successful Restoration Models: Follow the successful example of the biodiversity park in Gurgaon by partnering with civil society, corporates, and residents for tree planting and habitat restoration. 
  • Engage ecologists and local volunteers to create self-sustaining ecosystems within the Aravalli region.
• Strengthen Legal and Regulatory Measures: Enforce existing Supreme Court rulings and legal notifications to prevent illegal mining and construction. 
  • Ensure compliance with environmental regulations and integrate precautionary principles to safeguard the Aravalli range from further degradation.
  • Implement strict zoning laws to prevent further encroachment and illegal settlements in the Aravalis.
• Empower bodies like Aravali Rejuvenation Board to deal with the menace of illegal mining. 

Conclusion

The future of the Aravali Range hinges on immediate and effective action to curb ongoing environmental degradation. With projections indicating a 22% loss by 2059 and the expansion of mining and urbanization, it is crucial to enforce legal measures strictly and invest in large-scale restoration projects like the Aravali Green Wall. By implementing innovative conservation models and adhering to judicial rulings, we can safeguard this vital ecological barrier, protect biodiversity, and mitigate adverse climate impacts for future generations.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Examine the impact of illegal mining and urbanization on the Aravali Range, and discuss the effectiveness of recent Supreme Court rulings in mitigating these issues.

Polygraph Test

For Prelims: Polygraph Test, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Narco-Analysis Test, National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

For Mains: About Polygraph, Narco Test, Legal Implications, Related Court Judgments, Challenges in Implementations and Way Forward

Source: ET

Why in News?

Recently, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has been authorised to perform a polygraph test on the key suspect in the rape and murder case of a postgraduate doctor at Kolkata Medical College. 

• The polygraph test will help investigators check the consistency of the suspect's statements and identify potential deception.

What is a Polygraph Test?

• About:
  • Polygraph or Lie Detector Test is a procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions.
  • This test is based on the assumption that physiological responses that are triggered when a person is lying are different from what they would be otherwise.
  • A numerical value is assigned to each response to conclude whether the person is telling the truth, is deceiving, or is uncertain.
  • A test similar to polygraph was first done in the 19th century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who used a machine to measure changes in the blood pressure of criminal suspects during interrogation.
• Different From Narco-Analysis Test:
  • A narco analysis test involves injecting sodium pentothal into the accused, inducing a hypnotic or sedated state that supposedly neutralises their imagination. 
  • In this state, the individual is considered incapable of lying and is expected to reveal truthful information.
• Accuracy of Tests:
  • Polygraph and narco tests are not scientifically proven to be 100% accurate and remain controversial in the medical field. 
  • Despite this, investigative agencies have recently used these tests as a "softer alternative" to torture to extract the truth from suspects.

Note:

• Brain Mapping: It is a test that uses imaging to study the brain's anatomy and function. It can help doctors determine if brain function is normal, and identify areas of the brain that control movement, speech, and vision.

What is the Legal Admissibility of a Polygraph Test?

• Violation of Article 20(3): Polygraph, narco-analysis, and brain mapping tests conducted without the accused's consent violate Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution, which protects the right against self-incrimination. 
  • This article ensures that no person accused of an offence is compelled to be a witness against themselves.
• Necessity of Consent: As these tests involve the accused providing potentially self-incriminating information, obtaining their consent is mandatory to avoid breaching constitutional rights.
• Judicial and Human Rights Concerns: The use of narco-analysis and similar tests raises significant concerns about judicial integrity and human rights, particularly regarding individual rights and freedoms.
• Criticism from Courts: Courts have often criticised these tests as they can constitute mental torture, violating the right to life and privacy guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.

What are the Landmark Judgments Related to Polygraph Tests?

• Selvi v. State of Karnataka & Anr Case 2010: The SC ruled on the legality and admissibility of narco tests establishing that the involuntary administration of narco or lie detector tests constitutes an intrusion into an individual's "mental privacy."
  • The apex court held that narco tests violate the fundamental right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) of the Constitution, which states that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
    • Self-incrimination is a legal principle under which a person cannot be compelled to provide information or testify against themselves in a criminal case.
• D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal case, 1997: The SC ruled that involuntary administration of the polygraph and narcos test will amount to cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment in the context of Article 21 or the Right to Life and Liberty.
• State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad, 1961, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) of the Constitution does not extend to the physical evidence (like fingerprints, handwriting, blood, and voice samples), voluntarily given information and identification procedures (like line-ups and photo arrays).
• Other Observations of the SC:  Narco tests are not reliable or conclusive as evidence, as they are based on assumptions and probabilities.
  • Any information or material that is subsequently discovered with the help of voluntarily administered test results can be admitted, under Section 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872 ( now Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam).
    • Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, allows the admissibility of information provided by an accused in police custody if it leads to the discovery of a fact. 
    • Only the portion of the information that directly relates to the discovered fact can be proved, regardless of whether it amounts to a confession.
  • The court also emphasised that the ‘Guidelines for the Administration of Polygraph Test on an Accused’, published by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in 2000, must be strictly followed.

NHRC Guidelines of Polygraph Test

• Voluntary Consent: The accused must willingly agree to undergo the polygraph test, with the option to refuse.
• Informed Consent: Before agreeing, the accused should be fully informed by the police and their lawyer about the test's purpose, procedure, and legal consequences.
• Recorded Consent: The accused's consent must be formally recorded in the presence of a Judicial Magistrate.
• Documentation: During court proceedings, the police must provide evidence that the accused voluntarily agreed to the test, which is documented by the lawyer and presented to the judge.
• Clarification of Statements: The accused should be made aware that any statements made during the polygraph test are treated as statements to the police, not as confessions.
• Judicial Consideration: Judges consider various factors, such as the length of the accused's detention and the nature of the interrogation, when evaluating the results of a polygraph test.

Drishti Mains Test:

What is a Polygraph Test? Discuss the significance of polygraph tests in criminal investigations

Impact of Increased Mobility Among Rural Girls on Education

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The recent research published in the Journal of Transport Geography sheds light on a significant rise in cycling levels among rural girls over the past decade. 

• This trend, described by researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  as a "silent revolution," highlights the impact of government interventions and changing social norms on the mobility and education of rural girls.

How has Increased Cycling Among Rural Girls Affected Education?

• Growth Overview: The percentage of girls cycling to school in rural areas more than doubled from 4.5% in 2007 to 11% in 2017.
  • Nationally, cycling levels among children increased from 6.6% to 11.2%, with rural areas seeing a twofold rise from 6.3% to 12.3%. Urban areas saw only a slight increase from 7.8% to 8.3%.
• Factors Contributed to Rise in Cycling:
  • Bicycle Distribution Schemes (BDS) played a crucial role, implemented in 20 out of 35 states and Union Territories (the paper considered the undivided State of Andhra Pradesh), to boost cycling, particularly among girls.
    • States provide bicycles to school-going children aged 14-17 to improve school enrolment, especially among girls due to higher dropout rates.
    • Impact:  West Bengal's BDS led to a rise from 15.4% to 27.6% in girls' cycling levels, making it the top state for rural girls' cycling while Bihar saw an eightfold increase.

• Implications on Broader Social Changes:

  • Education: BDS have been effective in improving school enrollment and retention rates among girls. By making it easier for girls to commute to school, these schemes helped reduce dropout rates and encourage continued education.

    • Increased access to education enhances long-term outcomes for girls, leading to better job prospects and economic independence. This fosters a cycle of empowerment and community economic growth.
  • Breaking Gender Norms: The increase in cycling among rural girls is a significant step toward challenging patriarchal norms that traditionally restricted women's mobility. This growth indicates a shift towards greater gender equality in rural areas.

What are the Other Schemes to Boost School Enrollment Among Girls in India?

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme
• Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme: It was launched in 2004 to set up residential schools at the upper primary level for girls from disadvantaged communities in educationally backward blocks. 

  • The scheme provides 75% reservation for Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Class or minority girls, with the remaining 25% for girls from BPL families. 

  • It provides a recurring grant of Rs.1.5 lakhs per annum and a one-time grant of Rs.5 Lakhs to set up schools.

• National Scheme of Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education: The central government has launched an initiative to promote secondary education for girls above Class X, addressing the high drop out of school by the time they hit puberty. 
  • Under this scheme, a fixed deposit of Rs 3000/- is made in the name of the girl-child . A minimum criterion of passing class X exams and reaching the age of 18 years is required to withdraw the matured amount from the fixed deposit.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the Role of Government Schemes in Enhancing School Enrollment and Retention Among Girls in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q.1 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (2019)

Q.2 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (2015)

Completion of SSLV Development Project

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the third developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). 

• It placed the Earth observation satellite EOS-08 precisely into orbit. It also marked the completion of ISRO/Department of Space’s SSLV Development Project.

What are Key Facts about SSLV?

• About:
  • ISRO’s SSLV is a three-stage Launch Vehicle configured with three Solid Propulsion Stages. 
    • It also has a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as a terminal stage to help adjust the velocity to place the satellite in orbit.
• Need of SSLVs:
  • The aim behind SSLVs is to make low-cost launch vehicles with short turnaround times and minimal infrastructural requirements. 
  • The SSLV is capable of launching Mini, Micro or Nanosatellites (10 to 500 kg mass) into a 500 km orbit.
  • Satellite launches by businesses, government agencies, universities and laboratories need smaller payloads.
    • New Space India Limited (NSIL) is the commercial arm of ISRO with the primary responsibility of facilitating Indian industries to take up advanced technology space related activities.
• Benefits of SSLV: 
  • It takes only 72 hours to integrate, unlike the 70 days for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLVs) and  Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles (GSLVs).
  • It is an on-demand vehicle. Only six people are needed to complete the job quickly and at a cost of around Rs 30 crore.

What are PSLVs and GSLVs?

• PSLVs: It is the third generation of Indian satellite launch vehicles. 
  • It was first used in 1994 and more than 50 successful PSLV launches have taken place. 
    • It has also been called “the workhorse of ISRO” for consistently delivering various satellites into low earth orbits (less than 2,000 km in altitude) with a high success rate.
  • It successfully launched two spacecraft “Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013".
  • It can take up to 1,750 kg of payload to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits (SSPO) of 600 km altitude.
    • SSPO is synchronous with the sun i.e., they pass over an Earth region at the same local time every day.
• GSLVs: It has been designed, developed, and operated by ISRO to launch satellites and other space objects into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits (GTO).
  
  • GTO is an elliptical orbit that a spacecraft takes as the first step towards achieving a geosynchronous or geostationary orbit around Earth.
  • GSLV is a three-stage vehicle. 
    • The first stage comprises solid booster, second stage is a liquid engine and third stage is the indigenously built Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) carrying cryogenic propellants. 

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)

• NSIL is a wholly owned Government of India company, under the administrative control of the Department of Space (DOS).
• The major business areas of NSIL include:
  • Production of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) for industry.
  • Production and marketing of space-based services, including launch services and space-based applications like transponder leasing, remote sensing and mission support services.
  • Building of Satellites (both Communication and Earth Observation) as per user requirements.
  • Transfer of technology developed by ISRO centers/ units and constituent institutions of Department of Space.

Read more: Indian Space Situational Assessment Report 2023, India's Space Launch Vehicle Supply and Demand, Space Tourism

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question

Q. In which of the following activities are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used? (2015)

1. Assessment of crop productivity
2. Locating groundwater resources
3. Mineral exploration
4. Telecommunications
5. Traffic studies

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 4 and 5 only

(c) 1 and 2 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (a)

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 1 and 2 

(d) 3 only

Ans: (a)

Uttarakhand Launches India's First Gross Environment Product

Source: ToI

Recently, Uttarakhand became the 1st state in the country to assign monetary values to its natural resources, including air, water, forest, and soil and termed it as the Gross Environment Product (GEP).

About GEP:

• It is a component of Green GDP and is considered as the product and service value that the ecosystem provides for human welfare and economic and social sustainable development, including provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services.
  • Green GDP is an economic growth indicator that factors in environmental aspects like biodiversity losses and climate change costs along with the standard GDP.
  • In GEP index, man-made conservation (e.g., amrit sarovars) accounted separately from natural processes like rain.
• The GEP Index reflects comparative data from 2020-2022 and shows a 0.9% increase in environmental products created. 

Read more: Mission Amrit Sarovar, Green GDP, Gross Environment Product (GEP)  

One Nation, One Location

Source:ET

Recently, the Ministry of Roads, Transport and Highways announced plans to centralize all transportation systems —roadways, railways, airways, waterways, and ropeways—into single hubs and terminals across India to streamline and enhance passenger convenience.

• These terminals will serve as a one-stop solution for connecting various modes of transport, catering to 87% of passenger traffic that moves via roads in the country.
  • It will reduce urban congestion and improve economic activity through the creation of city centres.
  • It will also facilitate easy transfers between different modes of transport. 
• Two pilot hubs will be developed in Katra and Tirupati, along with another two in Varanasi and Nagpur through National Highways Logistics Management (NHLM), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the NHAI.
  • NHLM is responsible for spearheading pivotal initiatives aimed at improving transport logistics, infrastructure, and asset monetization.
    

Read More: MoU for Multi Modal Logistics Park, Bharatmala Pariyojana, 

Denial of Service (DoS) Attack

Source: IE

Recently, Tesla CEO Elon Musk's interview with former US President Donald Trump on X (previously Twitter) was disrupted by a cyber attack called Denial of Service (DoS).

• A DoS attack means that a website cannot be accessed because it has been targeted by directing a large number of users against a particular online server at the same time.
  • Bots can be used to overwhelm the network, resulting in slow loading times or a total pause in internet services.
• Types of DoS Attacks:
  • Smurf Attack: Attackers use a fake IP address which actually belongs to the target machine. As the target machines respond, they end up flooding their own servers, resulting in a DoS attack.
  • SYN Flood Attack: The attacker sends a request to connect to the target server but does not complete the connection. Multiple targeted incomplete connections again result in a load for the server, making it difficult to complete legitimate connections smoothly.
• Example of DDoS: Before the Paris Olympics 2024, hackers named “Anonymous Sudan” had launched a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on French government network infrastructure.
  • The principal difference between a DoS attack and a DDoS attack is that DoS is a system-on-system attack, while the DDoS involves several systems attacking a single system.

Read More: Cyber Security