Major Passes in India

National Logistics Policy 2022

Why in News?

Recently, the Government has launched a National Logistics Policy (NLP) 2022, aiming to achieve ‘quick last-mile delivery', end transport-related challenges.

What is Logistics?

• Logistics encompasses planning, coordinating, storing, and moving resources —people, raw materials, inventory, equipment, etc., from one location to another, from the production points to consumption, distribution, or other production points.
• The term "logistics" describes the total process of controlling the acquisition, storage, and delivery of resources to their intended location.
• It entails locating potential distributors and suppliers and evaluating the viability and accessibility of such parties.

What is NLP 2022?

• About:
  • The policy focuses on key areas such as process re-engineering, digitisation, and multi-modal transport.
  • It is a crucial move as high logistics cost impacts the competitiveness of domestic goods in the international market.
  • The need for a national logistics policy was felt since the logistics cost in India is high as compared to other developed economies.
• Goals:
  • Logistics costs have to be cut by half to be near global benchmarks by 2030 by reducing the cost of logistics from 14-18% of GDP to global best practices of 8%.
    • Countries like the US, South Korea, Singapore, and certain European nations have such a low logistics cost-to-GDP ratio.
    • The current cost is 16% of GDP.
  • Being the 5^th largest economy in the world, India aims to be among the top 10 in the LPI (Logistics Performance Index) by 2030. It has to match the pace of South Korea.
    • In 2018, India was ranked 44th in the LPI.
  • Creating data-driven Decision Support Systems (DSS) to enable an efficient logistics ecosystem.
  • The policy’s target is to ensure that logistical issues are minimised, exports grow manifold, and small industries and the people working in them benefit significantly.
• Key Building Blocks:
  • Digital Integration System: It will lead to seamless and faster work-flow, making logistics significantly more efficient.
  • Unified Logistics Interface Platform: It aims to collapse all logistics and transport sector digital services into a single portal, thereby freeing manufacturers and exporters from the present tyranny of long and cumbersome processes.
  • Ease of Logistics Services: E-Logs, a new digital platform, will allow industry to directly take up operational issues with government agencies for speedy resolution.
  • Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan: The Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan comprising integrated digital logistics systems, standardisation of physical assets, benchmarking service standards, human resource development, capacity building, development of logistics parks, etc.

What is the Significance of the Policy?

• PM Gati Shakti will get further boost and complementarity with the launch of the National Logistics Policy.
• The Policy will help make the sector an integrated, cost-efficient, resilient, and sustainable logistics ecosystem in the country as it covers all bases of the sector along with streamlining rules and addressing supply-side constraints.
• The policy is an endeavor to improve the competitiveness of Indian goods, enhance economic growth and increase employment opportunities.

Way Forward

• The rail sector suffers from many structural deficiencies which have to be eliminated fast if the logistics cost has to be halved to global benchmarks. The average speed of a freight train has stagnated at 25 kmph for decades— it has to be urgently doubled to 50 kmph at least.
  • The railways need to have a time-table based goods operation. It has to become an aggregator at the source of freight, and disaggregator at the destination, to capture the high-value small-load business.
• For decades the country has talked about eco-friendly and cost-effective inland waterways freight movement, but nothing has happened.
  • There is valuable learning available from the river ports of China, who puts key emphasis on Port Infrastructure.
• Road logistics is a totally fragmented sector, where a large chunk of truck owners have a very small fleet.
  • There is a clear case for the aggregation of small operators with government-supported aggregation apps. Similarly, there is a need for large players in the sector to drag costs down.
• Apart from improvement in key functional areas, the size of our ports have to grow manifold – it is not without reason that 10 of the world’s top 20 ports are in China.
• It is time to give wings to air logistics and drastically improve the transport of high-value and perishable items.

Source: PIB

ECI Seeks Limit on Cash Donations

Why in News?

Recently, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has suggested a slew of amendments to RP (Representation of People Act) Act, 1951 to increase transparency and accountability on the part of candidates.

What are the Concerns?

• It was found that while donations reported by some political parties were nil, their audited accounts statement showed receipt of huge amounts, proving large-scale transactions in cash, below the threshold limit of Rs 20,000.
• Another area of concern that has been identified by the EC is the violation of foreign exchange regulations.

What are the Key Recommendations of ECI?

• Report Donations above Rs 2000.
  • All donations above Rs 2,000 should be reported, thereby enhancing transparency in funding.
    • As per rules, political parties have to disclose all donations above Rs 20,000 through their contribution report that is submitted to the EC.
• Digital or Cheque Transactions:
  • Make digital transactions or account payee cheque transfers mandatory for all expenses above Rs 2,000 to a single entity/person.
• Limit Cash Donations:
  • Restrict cash donations at 20% or at maximum Rs 20 crore out of the total funds received by a party, whichever is less.
• Separate Bank Account:
  • Every fielding candidate should open a separate bank account for election purposes and route all expenses and receipts through this account, and furnish these details in their account of election expenditure.
• Segregate Foreign Donations:
  • The EC has also sought “electoral reforms” to ensure that no foreign donations creep into the funds of the parties as stipulated under the RP Act and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), 2010.
    • At present, there is no mechanism to segregate foreign donations at the initial stages specifically, and the present format of contribution report.

Source: TH

Self-reliance in Energy Sector

Why in News?

The Government of India has been undertaking various initiatives to attract more E&P (Exploration & Production) investment to increase self-reliance in the energy sector.

What is the Background?

• India’s Energy sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources of power generation range from conventional sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power, to viable non-conventional sources such as wind, solar, agricultural and domestic waste.
• India was ranked fourth in wind power, fifth in solar power and fourth in renewable power installed capacity, as of 2020.
• Near-universal household access to electricity was achieved in 2019, meaning that over 900 million citizens have gained an electrical connection in less than two decades.
• But, the per capita electricity consumption in India is only one-third of the global average, even though the demand for energy has doubled.
• So, to catch up with the increasing demand for energy, there is a need to make arrangements for a secure and sustainable form of self-reliance in the energy sector.

What is the need of Becoming Self-Reliant in the Energy Sector?

• India is not energy independent. It spends over Rs 12 lakh crore on importing energy.
• The government is planning to get energy independence before 100 years of independence is completed i.e., by 2047.
• As green power takes precedence in the global scheme of things, the Indian government has already kick-started its green hydrogen journey.
• For a nation, 85% dependent on imports for meeting its oil needs and 50 % for gas requirements, the key is alternate energy sources - from renewable power to hydrogen and switching to electric vehicles from current petrol and diesel-run automobiles.
• From solar energy to Mission Hydrogen to adoption to EVs, we need to take these initiatives to the next level for energy independence.
• India is the world's fifth largest producer of ethanol after the US, Brazil, EU and China. Ethanol worldwide is largely used for consumption but nations like Brazil and India also dope it in petrol.
• Self-reliance through green energy initiatives is the foundation of a green and sustainable economy. Green energy initiatives focus on clean energy and its availability to all individuals and businesses.

What are the Government’s Achievements in the Energy Sector?

• The target of supplying petrol mixed with 10% ethanol (10% ethanol, 90% petrol) was achieved in June 2022, ahead of the original schedule of November 2022.
  • Encouraged by the success, the government advanced the target of making petrol with 20% ethanol by five years to 2025.
• As of March 2021, 2.82 crore households have been electrified under Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, “Saubhagya”.
• By June, 2022, over 36.86 crore LED bulbs, 72.18 lakh LED tube lights and 23.59 lakh energy-efficient fans have been distributed across the country, saving around 48,411 million kWh per year and Rs. 19,332 crores in cost savings.
• As of June 2022, over 44 lakh smart metres have been deployed under the National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM), with a further 67 lakhs to be deployed.
• Solar tariffs in India have reduced from Rs. 7.36/kWh (US 10 cents/kWh) in FY15 to Rs. 2.45/kWh (US 3.2 cents/kWh) in July 2021.
• India’s rank jumped to 22 in 2019 from 137 in 2014 on World Bank’s Ease of doing business - "Getting Electricity" ranking.

Way Forward

• India must exploit solar and wind energy, and especially green hydrogen energy, in its electricity system to meet the ever-increasing energy demand.
• The aspects like investment, infrastructure development, private-public partnership, green financing, policy framework need to be strengthened both at the national level and regional level to cater to inclusiveness in the development process.
• Green energy has tremendous potential in contributing to income, employment, and entrepreneurship and undoubtedly fosters sustainable development.
• In addition to job and income generation, it opens up opportunities/avenues for investment and markets for new products and services. So, India should focus on achieving green energy and self-reliance in the Energy Sector together.

Source: PIB

Ethereum Merger

Why in News?

Recently, the Ethereum blockchain platform fully transitioned from ‘proof of work’ to a ‘proof-of-stake’ consensus mechanism and this revamp is known as the Merge.

What has Exactly Changed?

• Old Method:
  • Proof of Work: As a decentralised platform, Ethereum doesn't have institutions like banks approving the transactions that happen on its network – the approvals were earlier happening under the Proof of Work(PoW) consensus mechanism which was essentially done by miners.
    • Under it, the miners would compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles using a massive infrastructure of cutting-edge computer hardware, and the first one to solve the puzzle would be chosen as the validator.
    • This method was almost entirely dependent on crypto farms, which are massive warehouses lined with rows of computers which would solve the puzzles.
• Issues:
  • High Energy Consumption: These mining farms were energy guzzlers and they sometimes consumed more electricity than entire countries and were, therefore, a big concern in terms of environmental sustainability.
  • The crypto’s total annualised power consumption nearly matches that of Finland, while its carbon footprint is comparable to Switzerland.
    • For some time, European countries even mulled a crypto mining ban, while China actually carried out a nationwide crackdown on crypto miners, sending them fleeing overseas.
• New Method:
  • Proof of Stake: It would set aside the need for crypto miners and gigantic mining farms, which had previously driven the blockchain under a mechanism called ‘proof-of-work’ (PoW).
    • Instead, it has now shifted to a ‘proof-of-stake’ (PoS) mechanism that assigns ‘validators’ randomly to approve transactions and earn a small reward.
      • Validators are people who volunteer a computer to maintain the blockchain's integrity by constantly computing the linkage from the first block to the last.
• Benefits:
  • This would entirely eliminate the need for miners on the Ethereum network.
  • It will reduce ethereum’s energy consumption by nearly 99.95%.
  • It will make transactions on the Ethereum network extremely secure.

Source: IE

Nordic Model of Social Democracy

Why in News?

In Sweden the new right-wing government is about to form, which threatens the Nordic (Also Scandinavian) Model of Social Democracy.

• Sweden’s right-wing coalition led by Moderate Party has defeated the centre-left bloc coalition led by Social Democrats Party, which notwithstanding remained the single largest party.
• Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland, collectively known as the Nordic countries.

What is the Nordic Model of Democracy?

• The Nordic model refers to the standards followed in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland. These nations are known for high living standards and low-income disparity.
• The model is a unique combination of Free-Market Capitalism and Social Welfare.
  • An economic system that is based on supply and demand is known as the Free Market.
  • Social Benefits are funded by taxpayers and administered by the government for the benefit of all citizens.
• It is a mixed economic system that reduces the gap between the rich and the poor through redistributive taxation and a robust public sector while preserving the benefits of capitalism.
• Gender equality is a hallmark trait of the culture that results in not only a high degree of workplace participation by women but also a high level of parental engagement by men.

What Makes the Nordic Model Work?

• A combination of shared history and societal development is credited with much of its success.
  • Unlike areas that developed around the formation of large corporate-owned farms, the history of this part of the world is largely one of family-driven agriculture.
• The result is a nation of small entrepreneurial enterprises directed by citizens facing the same set of challenges. Solutions that benefit one member of society are likely to benefit all members.
• This collective mentality results in a citizenry that trusts its government because the government is led by citizens seeking to create programs that benefit everyone.
• The result is publicly funded services, such as healthcare and education, are of such high quality that private enterprises have no reason to offer these services or room to improve them. This mindset remained intact as capitalist enterprises developed.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

• Advantage:
  • The Nordic model yields equality and social mobility.
  • Everyone has free access to decent public services, including some of the best education and healthcare in the world, and people appear happy to pay their taxes to make sure that this continues.
  • These collective benefits are merged with entrepreneurship, creating an efficient blend of capitalism and socialism (Cuddly Capitalism).
• Disadvantage:
  • The model is criticized, because of the high taxes, high degree of government intervention, and relatively low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and productivity, limit economic growth.
  • The Nordic model redistributes assets, limits the amount of money available for personal spending and consumption, and encourages reliance on government-subsidized programs.

What are the Challenges to this Model?

• Aging Populations:
  • In terms of an aging population, a large base of young taxpayers and a smaller population of older residents receiving services are the ideal scenario. As the population balance shifts the other way, benefit reductions are a likely outcome.
• Immigration:
  • In terms of immigration, these countries attract a notable influx of newcomers seeking to enjoy generous public benefits. These new arrivals often come from nations that do not have a long, shared history of making decisions on behalf of the common good.
  • New arrivals can present a significant burden to the system and could, ultimately, result in its demise.

Way Forward

• There are fears that an aging population, globalization, and growing immigration will gradually tear apart the efficient welfare state of the Nordic model.
• Taxes can only increase so far, and there is always the risk that a more individualistic culture will begin to evolve.
• The Nordic model has a habit of overcoming obstacles better than many critics have expected. There are reasons to believe that the basic values behind it are so ingrained in these countries that they will always exist in one form or another.

Source: TH

Market-Based Economic Dispatch of Power

Why in News?

The Market-Based Economic Dispatch (MBED) mechanism envisages centralised scheduling for dispatching the entire annual electricity consumption of around 1,400 billion units.

What is the Centralised Model of MBED?

• MBED mechanism proposes a centralised scheduling of power dispatches, both inter-state and intra-state.
• It will mark a clear shift from a decentralised model which is backed by Electricity Act, 2003.
• MBED is a way forward to deepen power markets in line with the Centre’s ‘One Nation, One Grid, One Frequency, One Price’ formula.
  • It will ensure that the cheapest electricity generating resources across the country are supplied to meet the overall system demand and will therefore be a win-win for both the distribution companies and the generators and result in savings for consumers.
• The implementation of the first phase of MBED was earlier planned to start with effect from April 1, 2022.
  • However, it was put off for later in 2022, the date for which is yet to be announced.

What are the Concerns Associated with the Centralised Model of MBED?

• MBED will have effect on the relative autonomy of states in managing their electricity sector, including their own generating stations, and make the Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) (mostly state-owned) entirely dependent on the centralised mechanism.
• MBED is inconsistent with the constitutional provisions, existing legislative framework and market structure, and could end up creating more challenges than it resolves as it infringes on the autonomy of states.
• The concerns regarding the viability of DISCOMs really need to be tackled.
  • Currently, power is in the Concurrent List of the Constitution, with the electricity grid being divided into state-wise autonomous control areas managed by the State Load Dispatch Centres (SLDCs), which in turn are supervised by Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDCs) and the National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC).
    • Each control area is responsible in real time for balancing its demand with generation resources.
  • The new model will narrow the multiple options currently available under the voluntary market design with day-ahead contracts turning redundant.
  • For instance, the DISCOMs and SLDC wouldn’t be able to buy or sell power in the real-time market.
• It could potentially clash with emerging market trends i.e., increase in renewable energy in the overall generation mix and the increasing numbers of electric vehicles plugging into the grid.
  • All of these actually necessitate greater decentralisation of markets and voluntary pools for efficient grid management and operations.
• India has a diversified electricity market ranging from long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs), cross border PPAs, short and medium term bilaterals, day-ahead power exchange, and a real-time online market.
  • Around 87% of the installed power is tied up under long term PPAs and the remaining is transacted in the power markets.
  • At present, each control area or state follows merit-order dispatch (cheapest power dispatched first) from the basket of intra-state and inter-state resources and buys or sells on the day-ahead power exchange. The schedules under long-term PPAs can be revised.
  • However, this feature of pan-India visibility of the available tradable power on a daily basis on the power exchange will not be available as per the MBED model.
• The must-run status of somepower stations such as Trombay TPS, Mumbai or the Dadri TPS in the NCR region will come under question.
  • These power stations are critical for security of supply to key cities such as Mumbai or Delhi and in islanding operations in the event of a grid failure.
• The proposed Bilateral Contract Settlement (BCS) mechanism under the scheme for refunding the difference between the Market Clearing Price and the contract price under the PPA, primarily to keep the PPA prices intact, is another challenge.
  • This will dilute the objective of “market-driven prices” while complicating the entire accounting and settlement process.
  • Further, it will erode the sanctity of time tested PPAs and create a volatile wholesale market.

What can be the Way Forward?

• Being a subject of Concurrent List of Indian Constitution, recommendations from states should be taken into consideration for effective implementation of the provisions of the bill.
• Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED), an algorithm developed by the NLDC can be the potential solution, which is aimed at assisting regulators in making informed calls on scheduling decisions on a nationwide basis.

Source: IE

National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) Assessing System

Why in News?

Recently, there was a controversy related to the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) ratings of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda as the institute’s score changed from A to A+ on the back of improvement across parameters.

What is the Status of Accredited Institutions in India?

• There are 1,043 universities and 42,343 colleges listed on the portal of the All-India Survey on Higher Education.
• Around 406 universities and 8,686 colleges are NAAC-accredited.
• Among the states, Maharashtra accounts for the highest number of accredited colleges at 1,869 followed by Karnataka’s 914, the second highest.
  • Tamil Nadu has the most accredited universities at 43.

Which Educational Institutes Can Apply for Accreditation?

• Only higher education institutions that are at least six years old, or from where at least two batches of students have graduated, can apply.
• The accreditation is valid for five years.
• Further, Aspiring institutes need to be recognised by the UGC and have regular students enrolled in their full-time teaching and research programmes.

What is the Present Status of India’s Higher education Sector?

• India's higher education system is the world's third-largest in terms of students, next to China and the United States.
• India's Higher Education sector has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of Universities/University level Institutions & Colleges since independence.
  • In the prestigious Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2023, only three Indian Universities- IIT-Bombay, IIT-Delhi and IISc (Bangalore)- have been included in the top 200 institutes.

What are the Challenges in India’s Higher Education Sector?

• Enrolment: The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of India in higher education is only 25.2% which is quite low as compared to the developed and other major developing countries.
• Equity: There is no equity in GER among different sections of society. GER for males (26.3%), females (25.4%), SC (21.8%) and ST (15.9%).
  • There are regional variations too. While some states have high GER some are far behind the national figures.
  • The college density (number of colleges per lakh eligible population) varies from 7 in Bihar to 59 in Telangana as compared to All India average of 28.
  • Most of the premier universities and colleges are centred in metropolitan and urban cities, thereby leading to the regional disparity in access to higher education.
• Quality: Higher Education in India is plagued with rot learning, lack of employability and skill development due to the low quality of education.
• Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure is another challenge to higher education in India. Due to the budget deficit, corruption and lobbying by the vested interest group (Education Mafias), public sector universities in India lack the necessary infrastructure. Even the Private sector is not up to the mark as per the global standard.
• Faculty: Faculty shortages and the inability of the state educational system to attract and retain well-qualified teachers have been posing challenges to quality education for many years. Shortage of faculty leads to Ad-hoc expansion even in the premier institutions.
  • The Pupil-to-teacher ratio though has been stable in the country (30:1), however, it needs to be improved to make it comparable to the USA (12.5:1), China (19.5:1) and Brazil (19:1).

What are the Recent Initiatives taken by the Government in Higher Education?

• Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP): This is a five-year vision plan to improve the quality and accessibility of higher education over the next five years (2019-2024).
• UGC’s Learning Outcome-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF): LOCF guidelines, issued by UGC in 2018, aims to specify what graduates are expected to know, understand and be able to do at the end of their programme of study. This is to make student active learner and teacher a good facilitator.
• Graded Autonomy to Universities & Colleges: Three-tiered graded autonomy regulatory system has been initiated, with the categorization based on accreditation scores. Category I and Category II universities will have significant autonomy to conduct examinations, prescribe evaluation systems and even announce results
• Global Initiative for Academics Network (GIAN): The programme seeks to invite distinguished academicians, entrepreneurs, scientists, experts from premier institutions from across the world, to teach in the higher educational institutions in India.
• All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE): The main objectives of the survey are to- identify & capture all the institutions of higher learning in the country; and collect the data from all the higher education institutions on various aspects of higher education.
• National Education Policy 2020.

Source: IE

Asian Development Bank (ADB) Loan to Himachal Pradesh

Why in News?

Recently, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a USD 96.3-million loan agreement to provide safe drinking water and improve water supply and sanitation services in the state of Himachal Pradesh.

What are the Key Highlights of the Project?

• About:
  • The project is aligned with the objectives of the Government of India’s Jal Jeevan Mission which aims to provide piped water to all rural households by 2024.
  • It will upgrade water supply infrastructure and strengthen institutional capacity to ensure safe, sustainable, and inclusive rural water supply and sanitation services.
• Features:
  • Water Supply Infrastructure Revamping:
    • Although more than 90% of the state's rural population has access to drinking water, the water supply infrastructure needs revamping, for efficient and improved service quality.
  • Fecal Management Programme:
    • A pilot fecal sludge management and sanitation programme will also be implemented in Sirmaur District, benefiting 250,000 residents.
  • Strengthen Jal Shakti Vibhag:
    • The project will strengthen the capacity of the Jal Shakti Vibhag of the Government of Himachal Pradesh and gram panchayat (local government) village water and sanitation committees.
    • It will support the state government's water tariff policy reforms and introduce an asset management system at the state-level and district asset management plans.
    • Key project stakeholders and community-based organisations will be trained on water management, including livelihood skills training for women's self-help groups.

Source: PIB