India’s Deep Drill Mission

For Prelims: India’ Deep Drill Mission, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Geology, Volcano, Composition of Earth, Tectonic Plates

For Mains: Importance of Deep Drill Mission, Different layers in earth composition, Effects of tectonic plates movement, Important Geophysical Phenomena

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Earth Science has started the task of scientific deep drilling of the earth’s crust to a depth of 6 km with the help of a specialised institute named Borehole Geophysics Research Laboratory (BGRL) in Karad, Maharashtra.

• It has already completed the drilling to a depth of 3 km.

Why is Koyna Uniquely Suited for India's Deep Drilling Mission?

• Triggered Seismicity: Unlike most earthquakes that occur at tectonic plate boundaries, Koyna witnessed a series of tremors following the construction of the Koyna Dam in 1962. This phenomenon, where human activity (filling the reservoir) triggered earthquakes, is called Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS). 
  • Scientists aim to directly study the earth's composition and stresses at the source of these triggered earthquakes through deep drilling.
• Active Fault Zone: The Koyna-Warna region sits on a geological fault line, making it inherently prone to earthquakes. 
  • However, the triggered events here differ from those along plate boundaries.
• Isolated Activity: There are no other significant sources of seismic activity within a 50 km radius of the Koyna Dam. This isolation makes Koyna an ideal location for focused research. 

What is Scientific Deep Drilling?

• About: 
  • Scientific deep drilling involves drilling deep into the Earth's crust to study its composition, structure, and processes. 
  • This research can provide insights into geological formations, natural resources, and Earth's history. 
  • Deep drilling projects often aim to advance our understanding of tectonics, earthquake mechanisms, and geothermal energy potential.
• Techniques and Methods:
  • Rotary Drilling: This method uses a rotating drill bit to cut through rock formations. The drill bit is attached to a drill string, which is rotated by a rig. Drilling mud is circulated to cool the bit and carry rock cuttings to the surface.
  • Percussion Drilling (Air Hammering): It uses high-pressure air to power a hammer that rapidly impacts a drill bit, efficiently breaking rock and flushing out cuttings. It's fast, cost-effective, and versatile for hard rock applications like mineral exploration, water wells, and geothermal energy, though it can be noisy and is best suited for shallower depths.
    • The Koyna drilling technique combines mud rotary drilling and percussion drilling (air hammering).
  • Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): Sometimes used to create fractures in rock formations, enhancing the flow of fluids for sampling or stimulating production in resource extraction.
  • Geophysical Surveys: Employ seismic, magnetic, and gravitational methods to map subsurface structures and identify drilling targets before and during drilling operations.

What are the Other Ways to Study the Interior of the Earth?

• The interior of the Earth is studied through direct methods like drilling and sampling rock from deep boreholes, and indirect methods such as seismic wave analysis, gravity measurements, and studying Earth's magnetic field.
  
  • Seismic Waves: The study of seismic waves generated by earthquakes provides valuable information about the Earth's interior structure. 
    • Seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior and their behaviour, such as refraction and reflection, helps scientists infer the composition and properties of the different layers.
  • Gravitational and Magnetic Field Measurements: Variations in the Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields can indicate changes in the density and composition of the interior. These measurements help identify the boundaries between the Earth's core, mantle, and crust.
  • Heat Flow Measurements: The heat flowing out of the Earth's interior provides clues about the temperature and thermal properties of the different layers. This information is crucial for understanding the Earth's internal processes and dynamics.
  • Meteorite Composition: The study of meteorites, which are believed to be remnants of the early solar system, can provide insights into the composition and formation of the Earth's interior.

Other Deep Drilling Projects in the World

• Project Mohole of US: In the 1960s, the US attempted to drill the world's deepest hole to retrieve samples from the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Moho Discontinuity. 
  • It was disbanded in 1966, but it demonstrated the potential for deep-ocean drilling to yield new geological insight about our planet.
• Kola Superdeep Borehole: It is the world's deepest man-made hole in Russia started in the 1970s, reaching a depth of 12,262 metres. 
  • It  revealed unexpected findings such as the absence of the "Conrad discontinuity," the presence of liquid water at unexpected depths, and microscopic fossils dating back 2 billion years. 
  • It was discontinued in 1992, and the hole was sealed in 2005.
• China’s Deep Hole Project: China is drilling a 10,000-meter deep hole in the Xinjiang region to explore new frontiers above and below the Earth's surface. 
  • It aims to penetrate more than 10 continental strata and reach the cretaceous system, dating back 145 million years.
• Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP): It began in 1966, which involved drilling and coring in various oceans, leading to significant scientific discoveries, including the identification of salt domes and their potential for oil exploration. It was ended in 1972.
• The Integrated Ocean Drilling Project (IODP): It is an international initiative using ocean research platforms to study Earth's history and processes via seafloor samples. 
  • Its goals include understanding Earth's long-term processes, exploring the deep biosphere, studying climate history, and investigating Earth's crust and mantle. 
  • IODP employs research vessels from Japan, the US, and other partners for global expeditions, advancing planetary knowledge.

What are the Key Findings from the Deep Drilling Mission in Koyna?

• Region's Critical Stress: The Koyna region is highly stressed, making it susceptible to small stress perturbations that could trigger frequent, small-magnitude earthquakes.
• Water Presence to 3 km: Water found down to 3 km is meteoric or rain-fed, indicating deep percolation and circulation.
• Insights into Reservoir-triggered Earthquakes: The mission revealed 1.2 km of 65 million-year-old Deccan trap lava flows overlying 2,500-2,700 million-year-old granitic basement rocks.
• Rock Information: Core samples from 3 km depth provided new information on the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, the chemical and isotopic composition of formation fluids and gases, temperature and stress regimes, and fracture orientations.
• Data Validation: High-resolution images of the borehole wall using acoustic and micro-resistivity techniques allow global scientists to validate data from other cores.
• Hydraulic Fracturing and Fault Detection: The team conducted hydraulic fracturing experiments to measure the in-situ stress regime of the rocks. By integrating various datasets and advanced analysis, they detected and studied buried fault zones.

What is the Significance of Deep Drilling Mission?

• Enhanced Earthquake Understanding and Geohazard Management: It can be achieved by installing sensors in deep boreholes to monitor fault lines, leading to better predictive models and risk mitigation. 
  • Additionally, deep drilling provides precise data on the Earth's crust, essential for managing geohazards and exploring geo-resources like minerals and hydrocarbons.
• Verification of Geological Models: Drilling allows for direct observation and sampling, confirming or refuting geological models and enhancing our understanding of tectonic processes and crustal dynamics.
• Technological Innovation and Self-Reliance: Investing in deep drilling drives advancements in seismology, drilling techniques, sensor development, and data analysis, promoting technological self-reliance in India.
• Global Scientific Contribution: Findings from deep drilling projects in India contribute to global geoscience knowledge, fostering international collaboration and enhancing overall understanding of Earth's systems.

What are the Challenges with Deep Drilling Missions?

• Rig Capacity: The drilling rig's hook load capacity becomes a critical limitation at greater depths, requiring a significantly more powerful rig for 6 km compared to the 100-tonne rig used for the 3 km pilot.
• Drilling Complexity: Drilling through fractured and seismically active rock formations becomes increasingly complex at greater depths, with higher risks of equipment getting stuck and complications in troubleshooting due to limited access.
• Core Handling: Extracting and lifting the long, heavy rock cores from over 3 km depth poses significant technical challenges.
• Borehole Stability: Deeper boreholes are more prone to encountering fault lines and fracture zones, which can compromise borehole stability and require specialised equipment for steering the drill.
• Human Resources: The extended duration of deep drilling operations, lasting 6-8 months for 3 km and 12-14 months for 6 km, places a significant burden on the highly skilled technical personnel required to work on-site 24/7 in harsh conditions.

Conclusion

The 3 km pilot drilling data will guide future 6 km plans, including equipment and sensor design for temperatures of 110-130°C. Koyna's findings enable diverse research, from fault zones to deep subsurface microbes, with industrial potential. International interest includes projects on carbon capture in deep Deccan traps. This effort strengthens India's scientific drilling capacity and broadens interdisciplinary knowledge.

Drishti Mains Question:

What is Scientific Deep Drilling? What are its significance and challenges?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following: (2013)

1. Electromagnetic radiation
2. Geothermal energy
3. Gravitational force
4. Plate movements
5. Rotation of the earth
6. Revolution of the earth

Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3, 5 and 6 only
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Ans: (d)

---

Mains:

Q. The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. (2015)

Q. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (2021)

Gram Nyayalayas

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, High Courts, Gram Nyayalayas, Law Commission of India, e-Courts Mission Mode Project, Tele-Law Programme, Fast Track Courts, Nyaya Bandhu platform

For Mains: Challenges of Gram Nyayalayas in India, De-clogging of the judicial system.

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court of India has directed States and High Courts to submit comprehensive reports on the establishment and functioning of gram nyayalayas. 

• This directive comes amidst concerns about the slow implementation of these rural courts.

What are the Supreme Court's Concerns Regarding Gram Nyayalayas?

• Slow Implementation: The Gram Nyayalyas Act of 2008 was meant to de-clog courts and decentralise administration. It was emphasised that the purpose of gram nyayalayas was to improve access to justice, but there are currently only about 450 out of the required 16,000 set up, with only around 300 functioning.
• Pending Cases: With over four crore cases pending in trial courts, the lack of functional gram nyayalayas contributes to the backlog, preventing the de-clogging of the judicial system.
• Access to Justice: The Supreme Court is concerned that the slow establishment of gram nyayalayas hampers the goal of providing speedy and affordable justice to rural citizens.
• Lack of Reporting: States and High Courts have failed to submit the required affidavits detailing the status of gram nyayalayas, reflecting a lack of compliance and commitment.
• Resistance in Tribal Areas: Some States, such as Jharkhand and Bihar, have resisted establishing gram nyayalayas in tribal or scheduled areas, citing conflicts with local or traditional laws.

Other Associated Issues: According to Section 3 of the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, State Governments are responsible for establishing Gram Nyayalayas in consultation with the respective High Courts. However, the Act does not make it mandatory to set up Gram Nyayalayas.

• Resistance from states, especially in tribal areas, citing conflict with local laws.
• Overlap with other specialised courts like Family and Labour courts has led to confusion about their mandate.
  • Establishment of regular courts at the Taluk level has lessened the need for Gram Nyayalayas.
• Low awareness among stakeholders and reluctance from police officials, lawyers, and other functionaries to utilise Gram Nyayalayas.
• Initial budget of Rs. 18 lakhs per Nyayalaya and 50% recurring expense support for three years from the Central Government has been insufficient.

What are Gram Nyayalayas?

• About: The concept of Gram Nyayalayas was proposed by the Law Commission of India in its 114th Report to provide affordable and quick access to justice for citizens in rural areas. 
  • Article 39A of the Indian Constitution ensures that the legal system promotes justice and provides free legal aid to ensure equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of economic or other disabilities.
  • This vision was realised with the passage of the Gram Nyayalayas Bill in 2008, and the subsequent implementation of the Gram Nyayalayas Act, in 2009. 
  • Gram Nyayalayas are deemed to be a Court of Judicial Magistrate of First Class with both civil and criminal jurisdiction to settle petty disputes at the village level.
  • The Act extends to the whole of India, excluding Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and certain tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Salient Features:
  • Establishment Criteria: These courts are to be established for every Panchayat at the intermediate level or for a group of contiguous Gram Panchayats. The headquarters of Gram Nyayalayas are located at the intermediate Panchayat level. 
  • Presiding Officer: The presiding officer, known as the Nyayadhikari, is appointed by the State Government in consultation with the High Court.
    • Nyayadhikaris are strictly judicial officers with the same salary and powers as First Class Magistrates functioning under High Courts.
  • Jurisdiction: Gram Nyayalayas handle specified criminal cases, civil suits, claims, and disputes as listed in the First and Second Schedules of the Act, following summary procedures for criminal trials.
    • A person accused of an offence has the option to file an application for plea bargaining, allowing for negotiation of a lesser charge or sentence.
  • Conciliation Efforts: These courts emphasise conciliation between parties to settle disputes, using appointed conciliators for this purpose.
  • Guided by Natural Justice: While not bound by the rules of evidence in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (replaced by Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam), Gram Nyayalayas follow principles of natural justice as guided by the High Court rules.
• Operational Conditions: The Gram Nyayalayas were initially proposed to be set up at the intermediate panchayat level with a one-time budget of Rs. 18 lakhs for non-recurring expenses. The Central Government also covered 50% of recurring expenses for the first three years.

  • The scheme has been extended until 31st March 2026, with a budget of Rs. 50 crores. Funds are now released only after the Gram Nyayalayas are operational and Nyayadhikaris are appointed. 

  • A performance review is scheduled after one year to assess their effectiveness in providing speedy and affordable justice to the rural marginalised.

What are India's Initiatives to Address the Backlog of Cases in India?

• Court Halls: The number of court halls has increased from 15,818 in 2014 to 21,295 in 2023. Additionally, 2,488 court halls are currently under construction.
• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Integration: The e-Courts Mission Mode Project has computerised 18,735 district and subordinate courts.
  • The WAN Project under eCourts aims to connect all District and Subordinate court complexes across the country. 99.4% of court complexes have WAN connectivity.
  • Video Conferencing enabled between 3,240 court complexes and 1,272 jails, enhancing remote legal proceedings.
  • Tele-Law Programme launched in 2017, connecting disadvantaged sections with panel lawyers via video conferencing, telephone, and chat facilities available at Common Service Centres (CSCs) in Gram Panchayats and through the Tele-Law mobile app.
• National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): This platform allows access to information related to judicial proceedings and decisions for all stakeholders, including judicial officers.
• Virtual Courts: Established in 17 States/UTs, handling over 2.53 crore cases and collecting Rs. 359 crores in fines by January 2023.
• Appointments:

  • Supreme Court Appointments: 54 judges appointed from May 2014 to March 2023.

  • High Courts Appointments: 887 new judges and 646 additional judges made permanent; sanctioned strength increased from 906 to 1114 judges.
  • District and Subordinate Courts: Sanctioned strength increased from 19,500 in 2013 to over 25,000 in 2023.
• Establishment of Fast Track Courts: 843 Fast Track Courts operational for heinous crimes and crimes against women and children.

• Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs): Approved for the expeditious disposal of rape cases and crimes under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 with 28 States/UTs joining the scheme.

• Legislative Reforms: Various laws amended to reduce pendency, including:

  • Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Act, 2018

  • Commercial Courts (Amendment) Act, 2018

  • Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019

  • Criminal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2018

• Lok Adalats and Pro Bono Services: 

  • Lok Adalats organised under the Legal Services Authorities (LSA) Act, 1987, to provide final and binding awards without appeal.
  • Pro Bono (for the public good) Culture institutionalised through the Nyaya Bandhu platform, with pro bono advocates registered and Pro Bono Clubs established in 69 law schools.

Way Forward

• Target Setting: Set clear and time-bound targets for Gram Nyayalaya establishment based on population density and caseload.
  • Conduct training programs for Nyayadhikaris, conciliators, and other stakeholders.
  • Link central government funding to the successful implementation of Gram Nyayalayas, incentivizing states to prioritise these courts.
• Address Resistance in Tribal Areas: Engage with tribal communities to address concerns and develop culturally sensitive procedures for Gram Nyayalayas. Ensure Gram Nyayalayas complement traditional justice systems, not replace them.
• Clarifying Boundaries: Clearly define the jurisdiction of Gram Nyayalayas  vis-à-vis specialised courts. This eliminates confusion and ensures efficient case allocation.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Develop a robust data collection system to track Gram Nyayalaya performance and identify areas for improvement. Periodic performance evaluations and public reporting to ensure transparency and accountability.
• Rural Outreach Campaigns:  Launch targeted public awareness campaigns in rural areas. Utilise local media and community leaders to educate citizens about Gram Nyayalayas and their benefits.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the implementation challenges faced by Gram Nyayalayas in India. How do these challenges impact access to justice in rural areas?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (2021)

1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2

Ans: (c)

Rise in Militancy in Jammu

For Prelims: Line of Control (LoC), Shimla Agreement, Ufa Declaration, PARVAAZ scheme, Himayat program, Udaan initiative, Nai Manzil program, USTAAD scheme

For Mains: Reasons for rise in militancy in Kashmir

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has witnessed a notable increase in militant attacks since mid-2021, culminating in recent incidents including the ambush on Army vehicles in Kathua district and targeted strikes in other areas. 

• This resurgence marks a shift from historical patterns, raising alarms about security vulnerabilities and implications for regional stability.

What are the Reasons for Rise in Militancy in Jammu?

• Strategic Shift: The pursuance of zero terror policy in Kashmir have provided militants to an opportunity to operate in Jammu.
  • In 2020, perceived low militancy in Jammu led to troop movements to Ladakh (along LAC after the Galwan Accident), potentially prompting militants to relocate.
• Strategic Importance of Jammu: Jammu serves as a crucial gateway to the rest of India, making it an attractive target for militants aiming to disrupt normalcy and create fear.
• Geostrategic Considerations: The proximity to the Line of Control (LoC) provides militants easier access from Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, facilitating infiltration and logistics support. 
  • Recent incidents indicate a deliberate effort to establish footholds in hilly and forested terrains across districts like Rajouri, Poonch, and Reasi.
• Economic Disparities: Lack of economic opportunity and development in remote and border areas of Jammu create fertile ground for recruitment of local youths by militant groups.
• Political Alienation: Perceived political alienation among certain communities, exacerbated by historical grievances and administrative challenges, can foster sympathy or support for militant ideologies.
• Lack of Human Intelligence:  The locals who provided information decades ago are now in their 60s or 70s, and the security forces have not nurtured relations with younger generations, highlighting a gap in human intelligence gathering.

Note

• Terrorism: Terrorism under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2012, involves using violence or threats to create fear for political, ideological, or extremist aims, impacting national or global security.
• Militancy: Militancy refers to a readiness to use violence or combativeness, encompassing various groups or individuals including armed religious factions, often used interchangeably with terrorism but suggesting a potentially less extreme level of violent expression compared to terrorism.

What are Historical Reasons for Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir?

• Eroding Credibility of Political Parties: The credibility of political parties has been undermined by ineffective administration, corruption, and poor developmental outcomes.
• Increasing Trust Deficit: Incidents of excessive force by security personnel have deepened the mistrust among the population.
• Support from Pakistan-Sponsored Terrorism: Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) provides financial and ideological backing to anti-India groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).
• Controversy over 1987 Election Rigging: The Muslim United Front (MUF), a coalition of radical groups aiming to implement Sharia law and resist central political interference, claimed election rigging leading to increased insurgency.
• Unemployment: Elevated levels of unemployment and limited opportunities drive youth towards militancy.
• Radicalisation: Increasing religious radicalization and communal propaganda exacerbate instability.
• Glorification of Gun Culture: The glorification of militants who achieve instant fame, recognition, and respect, encourages a militant culture. Social media and mainstream media also contribute to this glorification.

What are the Challenges in Dealing with Rise in Militancy?

• Geographical Terrain: The 192-km international border (IB) in Jammu and the 740-km Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir are potential infiltration points. 
  • Despite security measures, militants may have exploited tough terrains and forested areas along these borders for infiltration. The recent attacks in Kathua suggest a revival of old infiltration routes.
• Community Relations: Building and maintaining trust between security forces and local communities, essential for intelligence gathering, remains a persistent challenge amid historical grievances and demographic diversity.
  • Though efforts are underway to revive Village Defence Guards (VDGs) to counter militant threats, these efforts are complicated by past allegations of crimes committed by VDG members.
• Intelligence Gathering: Gathering accurate and timely intelligence is difficult due to the presence of local sympathisers and the use of sophisticated communication technologies by militants.
  • The challenge lies in facing high-tech, well-trained militants who adeptly cover their tracks by using locals' phones and apps like Telegram to evade detection by police and security forces.
• External Support: Allegations of cross-border support from Pakistan, including weapons supply via drones, underscore the external dimensions influencing local militancy dynamics.
• Communal Fault Lines: Jammu's demographic diversity, with a mix of Hindu, Muslim, and other communities, has historically been vulnerable to communal tensions during periods of heightened violence.
  • Recent incidents, such as the killings in Dangri village and targeted strikes on specific communities, indicate a deliberate strategy to stoke communal fears and divisions.

Steps Taken by Government to Deal With Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir

Initiative	Objective
Revocation of Special Status	Removed special status and privileges of Jammu and Kashmir for closer integration with India.
Shimla Agreement (1972)	India-Pakistan committed to resolving differences peacefully.
Confidence-Building Measures	Efforts to improve relations like bus services and trade routes.
2015 Ufa Declaration	Resumption of dialogue between India and Pakistan.
PARVAAZ Scheme	Subsidy for air cargo transport of perishable goods from Jammu and Kashmir.
Himayat	Training and placement program for unemployed youth in Jammu and Kashmir.
Udaan	Industry initiative for skill development and training of youth in Jammu and Kashmir.
Nai Manzil	Program for school dropouts or Madrasa-educated youth for mainstream education and employment.
USTAAD Scheme	Upgrade skills and training of minority communities in traditional arts and crafts.
Panchayat-Level Youth Clubs	Engage youth in development and recreation to reduce militancy.

Way Forward

• Border Security Measures: Enhancing border surveillance and fortifying vulnerable points along the Line of Control (LoC) and International Border (IB) is essential to curb cross-border infiltration. 
  • Investing in data analysis software to better interpret information collected through surveillance systems and identify infiltration patterns.
• Technological Advancements: Deploying advanced surveillance technologies, drones, and night-vision equipment enhances operational effectiveness and real-time monitoring of militant activities. 
• Legal and Political Frameworks: Strengthening legal frameworks against terrorism financing, and ensuring robust mechanisms for prosecuting suspects are essential for effective counter-terrorism operations. 
  • Eg. Strengthening Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), implemention of Enemy Agents Ordinance to effectively counter terror financing and terrorist activities and fast-tracking terror cases through dedicated courts to ensure speedy justice and deter future attacks.
• Community Engagement: Initiatives aimed at socio-economic development, youth empowerment, and fostering inter-community dialogue are essential to mitigate local support for extremist ideologies. 
  • Eg. Investing in education initiatives that promote tolerance and counter extremist narratives while also encouraging inter-faith dialogue and community engagement programs to foster social cohesion and address grievances that extremist groups exploit.
• Diplomatic Outreach: Diplomatic efforts to address cross-border implications of militancy, coupled with international cooperation on counterterrorism, can help disrupt external support networks.
  • For e.g. Building partnerships with regional security organisations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) for a collective approach to counterterrorism.
• Policy Review: Continual review of security policies and adaptation to evolving militant tactics are necessary to maintain proactive security measures and minimise civilian casualties.
  • Promoting information sharing and best practice exchange between security forces and counter-terrorism experts while also ensuring civilian safety by adopting standardised operating procedures (SOPs) that minimise collateral damage.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the factors contributing to the resurgence of militancy in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir. Discuss the implications of this resurgence on regional stability and suggest measures to address these challenges.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following countries: (2022)

1. Azerbaijan 
2. Kyrgyzstan
3. Tajikistan 
4. Turkmenistan
5. Uzbekistan

Which of the above have borders with Afghanistan?

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only 

(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 3, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs: (2014)

 Famous shrine                    Location

1. Tabo monastery :            Spiti Valley and temple complex
2. Lhotsava Lhakhang :      Zanskar Valley temple, Nako
3. Alchi temple complex :   Ladakh

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly  matched?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

---

Mains:

Q. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (2016)

Q. Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the Agreement. (2013)

India's Role in Advancing Global DPI

Source: IE

Why in News? 

India's increasing influence in the digital sphere has been globally acknowledged, particularly through its advancements in Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). 

• The recent Report of India’s G20 Task Force on DPI highlighted India's leadership in this domain and urged the country to proactively extend its digital solutions to the Global South. 

Note: The Task Force was established in January 2023 to oversee India's G20 Presidency agenda on DPI and Financial Inclusion. 

• It aims to boost productivity through digital technology adoption and support the government's digital economy policies. 

What are the Key Highlights of the Report?

• Identifying a Global Body: The report recommends establishing a global-standard organisation to harness the DPI ecosystem across various regions.
  • This entity should have a multinational presence and the expertise necessary to formulate policies and implement strategies effectively. Its goal would be to facilitate collaboration among nations, especially in the Global South.
• Integration of AI with DPI: Explore the integration of Artificial Intelligence to enhance DPI capabilities while ensuring ethical use and data privacy safeguards.
  • The report suggests using open-source software and AI models to promote innovation and scalability in DPI, making it more accessible for private players.
  • Implementing measures to protect user data is crucial for building trust in AI-enabled services.
  • Addressing biases in AI algorithms ensures fair treatment for all users, Ensuring transparency in AI processes helps in gaining public confidence in digital services.

What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?

• Definition: DPI is described as a set of shared digital systems that should be secure and interoperable, and can be built on open standards and specifications to deliver and provide equitable access to public and/or private services at societal scale. 
  • DPI is governed by applicable legal frameworks and enabling rules to drive development, inclusion, innovation, trust, and competition, while respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms.
• Components of DPI:
  • Technology: This comprises digital systems and applications (e.g., software codes, building blocks, protocols, standards) that are interoperable.
  • Governance: Governance facilitates user adoption at scale by establishing trust in DPI. Governance frameworks may include:
    • Rules of engagement governing stakeholder behavior.
    • Cross-cutting and domain-specific norms, laws, and policies.
    • Governance embedded into digital technologies.
    • Accountable institutions for maintaining oversight on its design, deployment, and implementation.
  • Community: Vibrant and inclusive community participation can enable value creation. This also comprises private sector and civil society actors who can collaborate to unleash innovation and unlock value.
• Foundational DPI:
  • Identification: The ability for people and businesses to securely verify their identity, as well as complementary trust services such as electronic signatures and verifiable credentials.
  • Payments: Easy and instant transfer of money between people, businesses, and governments.
  • Data sharing: Seamless flow of personal data with consent, wherever applicable, across public and the private sectors, with safeguards for personal data protection as per applicable data governance frameworks.
• India’s DPI Examples and Achievements:

How is India Currently Engaging with Global DPI?

• Globalisation of UPI: The Reserve Bank of India is actively working with Indian missions abroad to globalise the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), having engaged with over 80 countries and established partnerships in more than 30 countries.
• Role of NPCI: The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is pushing for UPI's international acceptance, highlighting India's commitment to digital finance globally.

Read more:  Digital Public Infrastructure 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of (2020)

(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

Ans: (a)

• Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a technology for authenticating users and devices in the digital world. Under this system, one or more trusted parties digitally sign documents certifying that a particular cryptographic key belongs to a particular user or device. The key can then be used as an identity for the user in digital networks.
• Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Breach of Privilege Notice

Source: TH

Why in News?

The main opposition party submitted a breach of privilege notice against the Prime Minister for making “derogatory” remarks against the former vice president and Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

What is the Breach of Privilege?

• About:
  • When any individual or authority undermines any of the privileges, rights, and immunities, either of the Members individually or of the House in its collective capacity, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable by the House.
  • Additionally, any actions that disrespect the House's authority or dignity, like ignoring its orders or insulting its members, committees, or officers, are considered breaches of privilege.
• Contempt of House vs Points Of Propriety:
  • Contempt of House: It is defined generally as any act which obstructs either member or house of parliament in the performance of its duty and functions.
  • Points Of Propriety: Parliament and its members must follow specific practices and conventions, and violating these is considered 'impropriety'.
• Power of Parliament To Punish:
  • Each House of Parliament is the guardian of its own privileges. 
  • Courts of law in India have recognised that a House of Parliament (or a State Legislature) is the sole authority to judge as to whether or not there has been a breach of privilege of the House in a particular case.
  • The House may punish a person found guilty of breach of privileges or contempt of the House either by reprimand or admonition or by imprisonment for a specified period. 
    • In addition, the house can punish its members in two other ways namely suspension from its service and expulsion.
    • However, in case of unconditional apology by the member, house normally in interest of its dignity avoids pursuing the matter further.
• Procedure: The procedure for dealing with questions of privilege is laid down in Rules 187 to 203 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
  • A question of privilege may be raised in the House only after obtaining the consent of the Chairman.
  • The question whether a matter is actually a breach of privilege or contempt of the House is entirely for the House to decide.
• Breach of Privilege by Member of Another House: 

• According to the 1954 Joint Report of the Committees of Privileges, when a breach of privilege involving House personnel is raised in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, the Presiding Officer refers the case to the other House's Presiding Officer. 

• The latter handles it in the same manner as breach of their own House's privilege and reports back on the enquiry and actions taken.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (2018)

(a) Committee on Government Assurances

(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation

(c) Rules Committee

(d) Business Advisory Committee.

Ans: (b)

---

Mains:

Q. The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reason for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed? (2014)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, electroencephalography has been in the news due to the centenary year of the first human EEG, pioneered by German physiologist Hans Berger.

• Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky achieved the first mammalian EEG in 1912 with a dog's brain, followed by Hans Berger in 1924 with the first human EEG.

What is EEG?

• About:
  • EEG stands for electroencephalography. ‘Electro-’ pertains to electricity; ‘-encephalo-’ refers to the brain; and ‘-graphy’ is a suffix meaning to show or to represent.
  • The EEG is a remarkable tool in physics and neurobiology, offering a straightforward glimpse into the human brain's workings, without invasive procedures.
  • An EEG setup is simple, cost-effective, non-invasive, portable, space-efficient, and doesn't emit high-energy radiation or sounds, unlike MRI.
• Working:
  • Volume conduction is the interference that happens between the source of an electrical potential and the electrode measuring that potential.
    • It occurs when electrical potentials is measured at a distance from their source.
  • Neurons in the brain constantly exchange ions with their surroundings, creating waves of electrical activity that electrodes on the scalp track to produce an electroencephalogram.
• Applications:
  • It is the best test available to diagnose epilepsy (a neurological condition involving the brain that makes people more susceptible to having recurrent unprovoked seizures).
  • An EEG test can also reveal the effects of anaesthesia, sleeping patterns, neurological activity during a coma, and availability of oxygen. 
  • EEG can also help confirm brain death.
  • Also used for neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and neuromarketing studies and to develop brain-computer interfaces.
  • Researchers have linked EEG data to various brain activities, distinguishing effectively between normal and abnormal states.
• Challenges:
  • EEG is great at tracking rapid brain activity in milliseconds but is biased towards signals from the brain's surface and dendrites, making pinpointing activity origin complex.
  • Researchers use EEG with MRI and advanced methods to overcome these challenges.

EEG And Other Similar Technologies

Feature	EEG (Electroencephalography)	fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)	PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)	MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
What it measures	Electrical activity of neurons	Blood flow changes in the brain	Metabolic activity of brain cells	Magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the brain
Safety	Safe, non-invasive	Safe, non-invasive (with some limitations)	Requires low-dose radiation exposure	Safe, non-invasive
Cost	Relatively inexpensive	Very expensive	Expensive	Expensive
Portability	Portable, can be used in various settings	Not portable, requires a large scanner room	Not portable, requires a specialized scanner	Somewhat portable, requires a magnetically shielded room
Applications	Epilepsy diagnosis, sleep studies, brain function monitoring	Studying brain function during tasks, brain mapping	Identifying metabolic changes associated with diseases, cancer detection	Studying brain function during tasks, epilepsy localisation

Read More: MRI

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With reference to Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology, which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

1. VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths 375 to 780 nm.
2. VLC is known as long-range optical wireless communication.
3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster than Bluetooth.
4. VLC has no electromagnetic interference.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 1, 2 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only

(d) 2, 3 and 4 only

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to ‘Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

1. It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields.
2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other.
3. NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs)

Source: TH

Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has warned states and Union Territories of contempt proceedings if they don't establish Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs) in every district.

• 370 out of 760 districts in India lack operational SAAs, despite court orders mandating their establishment nationwide.
• This gap has led to a significant disparity between adoption registrations (13,467 in 2023-2024) and actual adoptions (approximately 4,000), mainly due to inadequate infrastructure.
• Only Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, and Chandigarh have fully complied with the SCs’ directive.
• Larger states like Uttar Pradesh face serious challenges, with 61 out of 75 districts lacking SAAs.
• Adoption in India is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), 1956 (for Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists), and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
• Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) is the nodal body regulating the adoption of orphaned, surrendered and abandoned children in India.
  • It was set up in 1990 under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
  • It is signatory to the Hague Convention On Protection of Children and Co-operation of 1993.
  • It regulates State Adoption Resource Agency (SARA), SAA, Authorised Foreign Adoption Agency (AFAA), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs).

Read More...

Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas

Source: PIB

Recently, the declaration of 25^th June as Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas serves as a poignant reminder of the period when the Constitution of India was undermined, particularly during the Emergency imposed in 1975.

• The Prime Minister of India emphasised that this day will pay homage to all those who suffered from the excesses of the Emergency. It serves as a tool for educating citizens about their rights and the significance of the Constitution in protecting democracy.
• The Emergency was a period from 25^th June 1975 to 21st March 1977, when then PM Indira Gandhi's government used special provisions in the Constitution to impose significant executive and legislative changes in the country.
  • The declaration of Emergency centralises power, allowing the Union to direct state governments, bringing them under the complete control of the Centre, effectively creating a unitary system.
  • India has declared a National Emergency three times. The first was from 1962 to 1968 during the India-China war, the second was in 1971 during the Indo-Pakistan war, and the third was from 1975 to 1977 due to political instability.
• Emergency Provisions in Constitution:

Articles	Subject Matter
Article 352	Proclamation of Emergency
Article 353	Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
Article 354	Application of provisions relating to the distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
Article 355	Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance
Article 356	Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States
Article 357	Exercise of legislative powers under proclamation issued under Article 356
Article 358	Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during Emergencies
Article 359	Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during Emergencies
Article 360	Provisions as to Financial Emergency

Read More...

Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers

Source: PIB

The Labour Bureau under the Ministry of Labour & Employment, has been compiling the Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) every month. 

• Inflation for the month of May, 2024 moderated to 3.86% as compared to 4.42% in May, 2023.

Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW):

• The CPI-IW is mainly used for determining dearness allowance (DA) paid to central/state government employees and workers in the industrial sectors besides measuring inflation in retail prices, fixation and revision of minimum wages in scheduled employment.
• The CPI has several sub-groups including food and beverages, fuel and light, housing and clothing, bedding and footwear.
• Four types of CPI are as follows:
  • CPI for Industrial Workers (IW).
  • CPI for Agricultural Labourer (AL).
  • CPI for Rural Labourer (RL).
  • CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined) (CPI-C)
• IW, AL, and RL are compiled by the Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and Employment. CPI-C is compiled by the National Statistical Office (NSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

Read more: Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers

GRSE Accelerated Innovation Nurturing Scheme (GAINS 2024)

Source: PIB

Recently, Raksha Rajya Mantri launched GRSE Accelerated Innovation  Nurturing Scheme (GAINS 2024) of Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited (GRSE) in Kolkata.

• The innovative scheme aims to address shipyard-related issues and promote technology development through the country's start-ups. 
• It supports Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) and Start-Ups to create innovative solutions for technological advancement, aligning with the ‘Make in India’ and 'Start-up India' policies of the Government of India.
• The goal is to utilise the wide network of MSMEs and Start-Ups to tackle current and future challenges in the ship design and construction industry, while also achieving the goals of self-reliance.

Read more: ‘Make in India’, Indian Startup Ecosystem

United States Secret Service

Source: IE

Recently, Former US President Donald Trump, the 2024 Republican candidate, was shot at during an election rally. The shooter was killed by the Secret Service.

United States Secret Service:

• The United States Secret Service was founded in 1865. It is mandated to protect the Vice President, the President-elect, their immediate families, former Presidents and their spouses (except when the spouse remarries) and children of former Presidents until age 16.
• Originally focused on combating US currency counterfeiting, in 1902, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for the safety of the US President after the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley.
  • Before McKinley, Presidents Abraham Lincoln and James A Garfield were assassinated in 1865 and 1881. 
• After President Robert Kennedy's assassination in 1968, election candidates fell under the agency's jurisdiction. 
  • Robert Kennedy was running for the 1968 presidential election. 
  • Kennedy was shot and killed in Los Angeles on 5th June 1968, less than five years after his brother, President John F Kennedy, was assassinated.

Read more: Impact of US Election Results on India

132nd session of IMO

Source: PIB

The Indian Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways participated in the 132nd session of the Council of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London.

• India, as an elected member of the IMO Council for countries with a large interest in international seaborne trade, highlighted the pressing issue of seafarer abandonment.
  • Seafarers are people who work on ships or people who travel regularly on the sea. 
• India secured its position as one of the eight governments representing IMO in the Joint Tripartite Working Group, dedicated to addressing seafarers' issues and the human element in maritime operations. 
  • Other proposed members are the Philippines, Thailand, Liberia, Panama, Greece, the US, and France.
• Concerns over disruptions in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and adjoining areas, which have been impacting shipping and trade logistics were also addressed. 
• India reiterated its proposal for the South Asian Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Maritime Transport (SACE-SMarT). 
  • This regional hub aims to transform the maritime sector in India and South Asia into a technologically advanced, environmentally sustainable, and digitally proficient industry. 
  • The centre will focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, fostering technical cooperation, capacity-building, and digital transition. 

Read more: International Maritime Organization (IMO)

World’s Rarest Whale

Source: IE

Recently, New Zealand scientists may have made a breakthrough as the country’s conservation agency announced that a creature found washed up on a South Island beach is likely a spade-toothed whale. 

• The spade-toothed whales considered the rarest in the world, have never been observed alive, which means their population size, diet, and habitat in the vast southern Pacific Ocean remain largely mysterious.
  • The first spade-toothed whale bones were found in 1872 on New Zealand’s Pitt Island. 
• The latest discovered species, a five-meter-long beaked whale, was identified by its colour patterns and the shape of its skull, beak, and teeth after washing ashore.
  • The researchers will collaborate with local Maori tribes to determine how it will be studied.
• Whales are revered as sacred taonga by New Zealand's Indigenous people, with past treaties recognizing them as "legal persons," though not legally binding globally.
• IUCN Status: Data Deficient (DD)

Read more: Sperm Whales

Pradhan Mantri Colleges of Excellence

Source: PIB

Recently, Union Home Minister inaugurated the Pradhan Mantri Colleges of Excellence in all 55 districts of Madhya Pradesh from Indore.

• These colleges started by the state government, to offer courses aligned with the New Education Policy 2020 aim to make education employment-oriented.
  • Madhya Pradesh has become the first state to implement the New Education Policy (NEP).
• These colleges will built strong educational foundations by 2047.
  • To achieve this New Education Policy 2020 was introduced. It focuses on holistic development of youth rather than just awarding degrees. 
  • It includes teaching both academic subjects and life skills. The emphasis is on encouraging out-of-the-box thinking instead of traditional thinking in students.

Read More: New Education Policy 2020

Enhancing Waterways Potential in Nagaland

Source: PIB

The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), along with the Chief Minister of Nagaland announced a series of transformative initiatives aimed at harnessing the untapped potential of Nagaland's waterways during a Stakeholder's Conference held in Dimapur, Nagaland.

• Development of Tizu Zunki (National Waterways 101): The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) and the Transport Department of Nagaland will collaborate to conduct a feasibility study for the development of fairway, skill development, and vessel procurement for Inland Water Transport.
  • Tizu river in Nagaland further flows into Chindown river (Third largest Tributary of river Irrawaddy river), also known as Ningthi river in Myanmar. 
    • Chindown River enters into Irrawaddy River (the largest river of Myanmar) and drains into Andaman Sea providing waterways for cargo movement from Northeast to the international trade routes.
  • Emphasised waterways as an economical, sustainable, and efficient mode of transportation, aligning with PM Modi’s vision for India’s growth.
• Tourism Initiatives: Plans to develop the Doyang River Lake with community jetties and study the feasibility of Ro Pax ferries to enhance tourism.
• Maritime Skill Development: Call for local youth to train in maritime skills at the Maritime Skill Development Centre, promoting employment in the marine sector.
• Kaladaan Multimodal Transit Transport Project: MoPSW through IWAI is working on various projects in the region, including the Kaladaan Multimodal Transit Transport Project, linking NW 2 and NW 16 with Indo Bangladesh Protocol Route (IBPR), developing fairway on IBPR, and declaring Ports of Call among others.

Read more: Nagaland Statehood Day, India's Inland Water Transport

Euro 2024

Source: IE

The 17^th edition of the UEFA European Championship, fondly known as Euro 2024, took place in Germany and saw Spain crowned as champions for the fourth time. Additionally, The 48th edition of the Copa América, held in the United States concluded with Argentina emerging victorious.

• The UEFA European Football Championship organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) is a men's international football tournament exclusive to European teams. Founded in 1958, the competition began in 1960. 
• The tournament is typically held every four years, but Euro 2020 was postponed due to the pandemic. 
  • It is the second most-watched football tournament worldwide, after the FIFA World Cup.
• The Copa América, also known as the America's Cup, is the top men's international football (soccer) tournament contested among national teams from South America in Quadrennial format. 
  • It's the oldest still-running continental football competition in the world, dating back to 1916, and is considered the third most watched football tournament globally.

Read more: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022