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  • 12 Sep 2024
  • 59 min read
Indian Polity

“Effective Consultation” in Judicial Appointments

For Prelims: Collegium System, Chief Justice of India, Supreme Court, High Court.

For Mains: Evolution of the Collegium System and its Criticism, Appointment of Judges in SC

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) in its ruling emphasised the importance of seniority and effective consultation in the appointment of High Court judges.

  • In a case involving the Himachal Pradesh High Court (HC) collegium, the Supreme Court ruled that a 'lack of effective consultation' in judicial appointments falls within the scope of judicial review. 
  • It directed a reconsideration of two judicial officers recommended for elevation, highlighting the importance of procedural adherence.

What is the Background of Case and Supreme Court Ruling?

  • Background:
    • In December 2022, the Himachal Pradesh HC collegium recommended two District judges for elevation to HC Judges. 
    • However, the SC collegium requested reconsideration on this prompting a further review. 
    • Later, HC collegium recommended two other judicial officers. The initially recommended judges challenged this decision in the SC, arguing their seniority was overlooked. 
  • Supreme Court’ Ruling:
    • Maintainability: The SC assessed whether it had jurisdiction to review appointment recommendations, referencing the Second and Third Judges Cases. 
      • It ruled that its review focused solely on whether "effective consultation" occurred after the SC collegium's resolution, without evaluating the candidates' "merits" or "suitability."
    • Proper Procedure: The SC collegium had returned the recommendations to the HC Chief Justice and requested for reconsideration of names.
      • The SC examined whether the HC Chief Justice had "effective consultation" with other judges of the High Court.
      • SC held that despite the resolution being addressed to the Chief Justice of HC, he could not independently make recommendations. Decisions must involve "collective consultation" among the Chief Justice and the two senior-most judges of HC.
    • This ruling reinforces the need for adherence to established procedures in judicial appointments and highlights the importance of seniority, ensuring a fair and transparent process in the elevation of judges.

What is the Procedure for the Appointment of High Court Judges?

  • Procedure: The appointment of judges to the High Courts follows a procedure based on the collegium system, which was established through various landmark cases, such as Second Judges Case (1993) and further clarified in the Third Judges Case (1998). 
    • The collegium system empowers the judiciary to recommend appointments and transfers of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts, with the government having a limited role.
    • After the Third Judges Case (1998), the central government and the SC formalised High Court judge appointments through a Memorandum of Procedure (MoP).
  • Appointment of High Court Judges:

    • For High Court appointments, the collegium comprises the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the 2 senior most judges of the Supreme Court. 

    • This collegium would form an opinion on a person to be recommended for appointment to the High Court, taking into account the views of the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court, senior Judges of the High Court, and Judges of the Supreme Court conversant with the affairs of that High Court.
  • Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) for Appointment of High Court Judge:

    • High Court Collegium Recommendation: The Chief Justice of the High Court, in consultation with the 2 senior most judges of that court, recommends names for appointment.

    • State-Level Review: The recommendations are sent to the Chief Minister and Governor for their views, though they do not have the power to reject the recommendation.
    • Central Government Process: The Governor forwards the recommendations to the Union Minister of Law and Justice, who conducts a background check.
    • Supreme Court Collegium Review: The recommendations are then sent to the CJI, who consults the Supreme Court collegium. If approved, the names are sent to the President for final approval.
      • The government's role is limited to delaying appointments or raising concerns, but it cannot overrule the collegium's recommendations.

What is a Collegium System of Judicial Appointments?

  • About: It is the system of appointment and transfer of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts that has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court (SC), and not by an Act of Parliament or by a provision of the Constitution.
  • Evolution of the System:

    • First Judges Case (1981): It is also known as S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981).

      • It stated that the CJI’s  recommendations on judicial appointments and transfers can be rejected for “cogent (strong and convincing) reasons.”
      • The ruling gave the Executive primacy over the Judiciary in judicial appointments for the next 12 years.
    • Second Judges Case (1993): SC in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs Union of India (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”.
      • The ruling made the SC collegium's recommendations binding on the central government and granted the judiciary the authority to appoint and transfer higher judiciary judges.
      • It also added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the SC.
    • Third Judges Case (1998): SC on the President's reference (Article 143) expanded the Collegium to a 5-member body, comprising the CJI and 4 of his senior-most colleagues.
      • It also outlined 2 limited grounds for challenging a recommendation.
        • Lack of "effective consultation" with relevant individuals or institutions.
        • The candidate's ineligibility based on the qualifications specified in Articles 217 (High Court) and Article 124 (Supreme Court) of the Constitution.
    • Head of Collegium System:
      • The SC collegium is headed by the CJI (Chief Justice of India) and comprises 4 other senior most judges of the court.
      • A HC collegium is led by its Chief Justice and 4 other senior most judges of that HC.
        • Names recommended for appointment by a HC collegium reaches the government only after approval by the CJI and the SC collegium.
      • Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed only through the collegium system and the government has a role only after names have been decided by the collegium.
Appointment Consultation
Appointment of Judge of Supreme Court  4 Senior most Judges of the Supreme Court 
Appointment of Judge of High Court 2 Senior most Judges of the Supreme Court
Transfer of Judge of High Court  4 Senior most judges of the Supreme Court along with the judges of the two High Courts.

What are the Demerits of the Collegium System?

  • Lack of Transparency: The system is criticised for its opaqueness, with limited public insight into the appointment process.
  • Nepotism: There is a concern that personal connections and relationships (Uncle Judge syndrome) within the judiciary can influence appointments, potentially leading to favoritism.
  • Inefficiency: The absence of a permanent commission for judicial appointments can lead to delays and inefficiencies in filling vacancies.

Conclusion

The ongoing debate surrounding judicial appointments in India underscores the necessity for reforming the collegium system to enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Implementing measures such as revising the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) or adopting comparable reforms could effectively address these concerns and contribute to the overall improvement of the judiciary's operations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider thefollowing statements: (2021)

  1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
  2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2

Ans: (c)

Mains

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)

Indian Economy

PM Surya Ghar—Muft Bijli Yojana

For Prelims: PM Surya Ghar—Muft Bijli Yojana, Renewable Energy Services Company (RESCO) Model, Utility Led Asset (ULA) Model, Net Metering, Solar Rooftop System, Model Solar Village, Urban Local Bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Duck Curve.

For Mains: Significance of solar power for energy security, Challenges associated with solar power

Source: LM

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has come up with draft guidelines for the central financial assistance and payment security mechanism for the PM Surya Ghar—Muft Bijli Yojana.

  • The union cabinet approved the Rs 75,000 crore PM Surya Ghar—Muft Bijli Yojana to benefit 1 crore families in February 2024. 

What are the Key Highlights of the Draft Guidelines?

  • Models: The draft guidelines have been issued under the renewable energy services company (RESCO) model and utility led asset (ULA) model of the rooftop solar scheme—‘PM Surya Ghar—Muft Bijli Yojana’.
    • Renewable Energy Services Company (RESCO) Model: RESCO develops and owns the rooftop solar system installed on the consumer’s rooftop for at least five years. 
      • The RESCO also makes all the operational expenditures required for the maintenance of the plant, as needed. 
      • Customers pay the RESCO for the electricity generated and receive net metering benefits on their electricity bill. 
      • The RESCO may enter into an arrangement with a distribution company (discom) for the sale of generated power to the grid under a power purchase agreement.
    • Utility led Asset (ULA) Model: Under it, a state discom owns the rooftop solar systems for the project period of at least of five years, after which the ownership is transferred to the household.
  • Eligibility for Central Financial Assistance (CFA):
    • Grid-connected rooftop solar systems on residential properties, including roofs, terraces, balconies, and elevated structures.
    • Installations under metering mechanisms such as group net metering and virtual net metering.
    • Exclusions: Households with pre-existing rooftop solar systems are not eligible under the RESCO and ULA models for the PM Surya Ghar scheme.
  • Payment Security Mechanism: A Rs 100 crore corpus will be established to ensure payment security, managed by a national program implementation agency.
    • The creation of a payment security corpus ensures financial stability and security for the solar projects.

What is PM Surya Ghar-Muft Bijli Yojana?

  • About: It is a central scheme to promote the adoption of solar rooftop systems by providing substantial financial subsidies and ensuring ease of installation.
  • Objective: It aims to provide free electricity to one crore households in India, who opt to install roof top solar electricity units.  
    • The households will be able to get 300 units of electricity free every month.
  • Implementation Agencies: The scheme will be executed at two levels.
    • National Level: Managed by the National Programme Implementation Agency (NPIA).
    • State Level: Managed by State Implementation Agencies (SIAs), which are the Distribution Utilities (DISCOMs) or Power/Energy Departments of the respective states or UTs.
  • Role of DISCOMs: As SIAs, DISCOMs are responsible for facilitating various measures to promote rooftop solar adoption, including ensuring the availability of net metres, and conducting timely inspections and commissioning of installations.
  • Subsidy Structure: The scheme provides subsidies to reduce the cost of installing solar rooftop systems. The subsidy is capped at a maximum of 3kW capacity.
    • 60% subsidy for solar systems up to 2kW capacity.
    • 40% subsidy for systems between 2kW to 3kW capacity.
  • Additional Features of the Scheme: 
    • Model Solar Villages: A "Model Solar Village" will be developed in each district to serve as a demonstration project and promote rooftop solar adoption in rural areas.
    • Incentives for Local Bodies: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions will receive incentives to promote rooftop solar installations in their respective areas.

What are Expected Benefits of PM Surya Ghar-Muft Bijli Yojana?

  • Economic Benefits: Households will benefit from reduced electricity bills and can earn additional income by selling surplus power to Distribution Companies (DISCOMs).
    • A 3 kW system can generate over 300 units of electricity per month, providing free electricity as per the scheme's objectives. 
  • Solar Power Generation: The scheme is expected to add 30 GW of solar capacity through residential rooftop installations, generating 1000 billion units (BUs) of electricity over the system's 25-year lifetime.
  • Low Carbon Emission: It will reduce CO2 equivalent emissions by 720 million tonnes, contributing significantly to environmental sustainability.
  • Job Creation: The scheme is anticipated to create around 17 lakh direct jobs across various sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, supply chain management, sales, installation, operations, and maintenance (O&M).

What are the Challenges in Implementation of the Scheme?

  • Household Reluctance: A significant challenge is the reluctance of households to adopt rooftop solar systems due to the availability of free electricity provided by several states and union territories.
  • Restricted Space Use: Serving the 1-2 kW segment is complicated due to limited terrace space, uneven terrain, shading, low property ownership, and risks like vandalism or theft of solar panels.
  • Operational Strain on DISCOMs: The current net metering system is financially burdensome for DISCOMs, which already face substantial losses. 
    • DISCOMs become unpaid storage facilities for homeowners who generate energy during the day but draw from the grid at other times especially night.
  • Storage Integration: The lack of a mandate for storage systems with rooftop solar installations could lead to grid management issues similar to the “duck curve”. 
    • The Duck Curve refers to a graphical representation of electricity demand from the grid on days when solar energy production is high and demand in the grid is low.
  • Quality Assurance Challenges: Customers often find it difficult to assess the quality of the installed systems, making them vulnerable to substandard service and performance.

What are the Other Government Initiatives to Harness Solar Energy?

Way Forward

  • Ensure Targeted Beneficiary Outreach: Partner with local bodies to develop strategies to reach the economically disadvantaged households that consume less than 200-300 units monthly.
  • Community Solar Projects: Encourage the development of Community Solar Projects that allows shared solar generation from a central plant, benefiting low-income and rural households who cannot install rooftop solar systems.
  • Revise Net Metering: Explore options like Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing, where consumers are charged based on the time they consume energy, to reduce the grid strain from surplus daytime solar generation.
  • Mandate Storage Integration: Make storage integration mandatory for all rooftop solar installations to enhance grid stability and optimise the use of surplus solar energy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the challenges and opportunities associated with adopting solar energy production among small households in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a Public Limited Government Company.
  2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)

Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

International Relations

Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline

For Prelims: Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline, Natural gas, Asian Development Bank, Coal,  Renewable energy, Net-Zero Emissions Target, Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipeline, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 

For Mains: Regional Cooperation and Development, Role of India in Development of Central Asia, Asian Development Bank and Infrastructure Projects

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Afghanistan is set to begin work on the long-awaited Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline, a landmark USD 10 billion project that promises to enhance regional energy connectivity and drive economic development.

  • This development comes after years of delays primarily due to security concerns in Afghanistan.

            

What is the TAPI Pipeline?

  • About: The TAPI pipeline is a major infrastructure project designed to transport natural gas from the Galkynysh gas field in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
    • The pipeline will span approximately 1,814-kilometres and is expected to deliver around 33 billion cubic metres (BCM) of natural gas annually.
    • It will supply gas to Afghanistan (5%), Pakistan (47.5%), and India (47.5%) during its 30-year operational period.
    • The pipeline is also known as the ‘Peace Pipeline’ due to its potential to foster regional cooperation and stability. 
    • The project’s origins trace back to the 1990s, with significant progress made in 2003, supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). India joined the initiative in 2008, marking a major milestone in its development.
    • The TAPI Pipeline Company Limited (TPCL), is responsible for the construction and operation of the pipeline. The company is a joint venture of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, each holding shares in the project.
  • Significance: 
  • Economic Benefits: Beyond energy supply, the pipeline offers opportunities for economic growth in Afghanistan and Pakistan through transit fees and job creation. It could also spur investment in renewable energy sources in these countries.
  • Strategic Influence: TAPI is a key element in the broader geopolitical competition for influence in Central Asia. The US sees the pipeline as a strategic counter to the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipeline, which is supported by Iran and Russia. 
    • For Turkmenistan, TAPI represents a chance to diversify its export markets and reduce dependency on existing routes to China and Russia.
    • China’s investment in the CPEC highlights the competitive nature of energy infrastructure projects in the region. TAPI could serve as a counterweight to Chinese influence, particularly in Pakistan.
    • The pipeline enhances cooperation among Central and South Asian countries, potentially fostering collaborations in energy, communication, and transportation.
    • For India the pipeline positions Turkmenistan as a crucial energy partner, enhancing India's connectivity with Central Asia. It aligns with India’s broader strategy of improving regional connectivity and energy security.

What are the Challenges Regarding the TAPI Pipeline?

  • Security Concerns: Most of the pipeline will traverse Afghanistan, a region known for its challenges like political instability, and humanitarian crisis. Ensuring the smooth implementation of the project has been a recurring issue.
  • Financing and Administration: Securing adequate funding remains a major hurdle. The Asian Development Fund is expected to contribute a small portion, with the rest to be sourced from private investors. 
    • Additionally, the administration of the pipeline is complicated by the involvement of four separate pipeline companies, one for each participating country.
  • Investment Climate: Turkmenistan's closed economy and limited integration into the global market pose significant obstacles to attracting investment. Corruption and governance issues further complicate the investment landscape.
  • India’s Conflicts with Pakistan: India’s own conflicts with Pakistan raise questions about its long-term commitment to the TAPI pipeline. Political tensions between the two countries could hinder cooperation and smooth operation of the project.
  • Environmental Concerns: While natural gas is cleaner than coal (natural gas emits 50 to 60% less CO2 than coal burned in a comparable plant), it is not without environmental issues. 
    • The extraction and transportation of natural gas involve risks such as water and soil pollution, and the potential for earthquakes from fracking.

India's Other Bilateral/Multilateral Energy Infrastructure Projects

How is India Enhancing its Influence in Central Asia?

  • Securing Trade Routes: Central Asia's strategic location makes it a focal point for global powers. India's involvement aims to enhance its regional influence and secure vital trade routes.
    • The region's resources are crucial for India's growing economy, and strengthening ties with Central Asian countries aligns with its economic interests and long-term growth strategies.
  • Enhancing Economic Presence: The 10-year Chabahar Port Agreement with Iran enables India to bypass traditional maritime chokepoints, facilitating trade through Iran to the South Caucasus and Central Asia.
    • This strategic move aims to improve logistical efficiency and expand economic ties in the region.
    • India is pursuing a free trade agreement with the negotiations with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) to strengthen economic relations and access Eurasian markets.
      • This effort reflects India's commitment to integrating more deeply into regional trade networks and leveraging economic opportunities with EAEU member states.
    • Global crises such as Covid-19, the political instability in Afghanistan, and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict have prompted India to reassess its trade routes and strategies.
  • Military and Security Initiatives: India maintains military bases in Tajikistan (Farkhor Air Base, and Ayni Air Base) and conducts regular joint exercises with countries like Uzbekistan (Exercise DUSTLIK), highlighting its strategic interests in the region and efforts to build defence partnerships.
  • Challenges and Geopolitical Considerations: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) poses a challenge with its extensive infrastructure projects in Central Asia, potentially overshadowing India’s investments.
    • China’s growing trade relations with Central Asian countries, may impact India’s competitive edge in the region.
    • Strained relations with neighbouring rivals Pakistan and China limit India’s overland trade routes, necessitating reliance on alternative maritime paths and regional alliances.

Way Forward

  • Explore alternative funding sources beyond the Asian Development Fund, such as private sector investment, international financial institutions, and government grants.
    • Provide tax breaks, subsidies, and other incentives to attract foreign investment. Clear and stable regulatory frameworks will also boost investor confidence.
  • Promote industrial development along the pipeline route to create jobs, generate economic activity, and diversify regional economies.
  • Strengthen regional security cooperation to address common issues and ensure the safety of the pipeline. Establish a central coordinating body to oversee the project, ensuring streamlined decision-making and efficient management. 
    • Foster positive relationships with local communities along the pipeline route to gain their support and minimise security risks.
  • Implement best practices for natural gas extraction and transportation to minimise environmental impact and prevent pollution.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyse the significance of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline. How does the pipeline impact India’s energy security and regional influence?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017) 

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase. 
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. 
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India. 

Ans: (c)

  • A commercial contract for the development and operations of Chabahar Port was signed between India and Iran in 2016. The contract is for a period of 10 years. 
  • Chabahar Port will provide India with an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan and also a reliable and more direct sea-route access into the Central Asian region.
  • It will eliminate dependency on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
Economy

Changing Food Consumption Patterns in India

For Prelims: Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), Minimum Support Price (MSP), Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY), National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, National Food Security Mission, National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) Platform, National Food Processing Mission, Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Agricultural products, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), National Horticulture Mission.

For Mains: Implications of changing food consumption patterns across various socio-economic classes in India on government welfare policies.

Source:IE

Why in News?

In a  working paper, published recently by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), India’s average household expenditure on food has fallen to less than half for the first time since 1947.

  • The paper titled ‘Changes in India’s Food Consumption and Policy Implications: A Comprehensive Analysis of Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2022-23 and 2011-12’ analysed changes unfolding in India's food consumption pattern.

Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) 

  • It is an non-constitutional, non-statutory, independent body constituted to give advice on economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister.
  • The council serves to highlight key economic issues to the government of India from a neutral viewpoint.
  • For administrative, logistic, planning and budgeting purposes, the NITI Aayog serves as the Nodal Agency for the EAC-PM.
  • Periodic Reports:
    • Annual Economic Outlook.
    • Review of the Economy.

What are the Key Findings of the Report?

  • The share of total household expenditure on food has declined substantially in rural and urban areas across all states and UTs.
    • This is the first time in modern India that the average household spends less than half of its total monthly budget on food.
  • The share of spending on cereals has significantly dropped in both rural and urban areas, with the decrease being most noticeable among the poorest 20% of households.
    • The sharp drop in spending on cereals has enabled families to diversify their diets, leading to more spending on milk, fruits, and eggs, fish, and meat.
  • The rise in dietary diversity, especially among the poorest 20%, shows that better infrastructure, transport, and storage have made fresh fruits, eggs, fish, meat, and dairy more accessible and affordable. This is a positive sign of inclusive growth in the country over the past decade.
  • The average daily intake of micronutrients, such as iron and zinc, has declined from 2011-12 to 2022-23, particularly from cereals.
    • However, improved dietary diversity, especially among the poorest 20%, has been observed due to better access to a variety of foods. 
  • This trend likely reflects the Indian government's effective food security policies, which provide free food grains to millions of beneficiaries, particularly targeting the most vulnerable populations. 

What do the Changing Food Consumption Patterns Imply for Various Policies?

  • Implications for Agricultural Policy and Food Security: The move from cereals to more fruits, dairy, eggs, fish, and meat in diets calls for changes in agricultural policy, including increased support for these foods. 
    • This shift also questions the future need for price support mechanisms like the Minimum Support Price (MSP), which mainly focus on cereals.
  • Impact on Welfare Policies: Welfare programs like the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY), which offer free food grains, have acted as a fiscal boost. 
    • By lowering cereal costs, these programs have allowed households, especially the bottom 50%, to spend more on a varied diet, improving dietary diversity.
  • Nutrition and Micronutrient Policy: The findings stress the need for promoting dietary diversity in nutrition policy. 
    • While fortifying cereals to increase iron intake has had limited success in tackling anaemia, focusing on a varied diet might be more effective. This includes better consumer education and improved access to diverse foods.
  • Targeted Nutritional Interventions: The large differences in micronutrient intake and dietary diversity across various income groups and states highlight the need for targeted interventions. 
    • Even among wealthier groups, many people have insufficient iron intake and dietary variety, increasing their risk of anemia. Nutrition programs need to be customized to meet the specific needs of these groups for better results.

How Shifting Food Expenditure Patterns Affect Nation’s Health and Nutrition Strategies?

  • Nutritional Balance and Health Outcomes:
    • The increased diversity in diets is likely to improve overall nutritional balance, potentially addressing deficiencies in micronutrients and contributing to better health outcomes.
  • Policy Adjustments:
    • The change in expenditure patterns necessitates a reevaluation of agricultural and food security policies. Policymakers may need to support the production and supply chains of diverse foods to meet the new demand and ensure food security. 
  • Focus on Dietary Diversity:
    • The shift highlights the importance of promoting dietary diversity as part of health and nutrition strategies. 
      • There is a need to continue infrastructure improvements, such as better storage and transportation, and continue to facilitate access to a variety of nutritious foods.
      • Government agencies should update dietary guidelines to reflect the evolving food consumption patterns and emphasize the importance of dietary diversity. 

What are the Various Food Security Policies Launched by Government?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How could shifts in food expenditure patterns impact the formulation and effectiveness of the nation's health and nutrition strategies?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements:

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Q. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 3 only

Ans: (b)

Mains:

Q. What are the reformative steps taken by the Government to make the food grain distribution system more effective? (2019)

Important Facts For Prelims

PM-SHRI Scheme

Source: IE

Why in News?

After Punjab, the Delhi government has decided to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the central government to implement the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme. 

  • The Education Ministry had stopped funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), to Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal because of their reluctance to participate in the PM-SHRI scheme.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

  • Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is an integrated scheme for school education extending from pre-school to class XII to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.
    • It subsumes the 3 Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
      • The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the two T’s – Teacher and Technology.
      • The Scheme is being implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
    • The fund sharing pattern for the scheme between Centre and States is in the ratio of 90:10 for the North-Eastern States and the Himalayan States and 60:40 for all other States and Union Territories with Legislature.

What is the PM-SHRI Scheme?

  • About: 
    • The PM SHRI Scheme is a centrally sponsored initiative, launched in 2022, by the Government of India aimed at establishing over 14,500 PM SHRI Schools by enhancing existing schools to showcase the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
  • Objective:
    • The primary objective is to create an inclusive and nurturing environment that promotes the well-being and safety of every student, offering diverse learning experiences and access to quality infrastructure and resources.
  • Funding:
    • The funding pattern is 60:40 between Centre and State Governments and UTs with legislature (except J&K). 
    • The sharing pattern is 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States and UT of J&K and 100% central funding for the Union Territories without legislature.
    • States must confirm their participation by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Education Ministry.
  • Duration of Scheme:
    • The duration of the scheme is from 2022-23 to 2026-27, after which it shall be the responsibility of the states/UTs to continue to maintain the benchmarks achieved by these schools.
  • Key Features of PM SHRI Schools:
    • These schools will focus on holistic student development of students including the skills of communication, collaboration and critical thinking. 
    • Teaching methods will be experiential, inquiry-driven, and learner-centred.
    • Schools will have modern labs, libraries, art rooms, and promote "green" initiatives like water conservation and waste recycling.
    • They have best-in-class modern facilities, including Smart Classrooms, Computer Labs, Integrated Science Labs, Vocational Labs/Skill Labs, and Atal Tinkering Labs.
    • Learning outcomes will be prioritized, with competency-based assessments that apply knowledge to real-life situations. 
  • Schools Eligible to become PM SHRI School:
    • Schools managed by Central/State/UT Governments and local bodies. 
    • All Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalayas which are non-project and run from permanent buildings.
  • Monitoring Framework of Schools:
    • A School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) will monitor performance, with regular evaluations to ensure high standards.
      • SQAF is a set of standards and best practices as paradigms for attaining individual and institutional excellence.
  • Selection of Schools: It is done through Challenge Mode in a 3-stage process: 
    • Stage-1 involves signing MoU with the Centre.
    • Stage-2 identifies eligible schools based on UDISE (Unified District Information System for Education)+ data, and 
    • Stage-3 is a challenge method where eligible schools compete to fulfill certain criteria. 
    • States/UTs/KVS/JNV verify claims and recommend schools, and an Expert committee headed by Secretary makes the final selection.

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

  • The NEP 2020 aims to make India a global knowledge superpower, being the 3rd major revamp of the education framework since independence, following the 1968 and 1986 policies.
  • Key Features:
    • Ensures universal access to education from pre-primary to Grade 12
    • Guarantees quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3-6.
    • Introduces a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure aligned with the age groups of 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18, covering Foundational (5 years), Preparatory (3 years), Middle (3 years), and Secondary (4 years) stages.
    • Eliminates rigid divisions between arts and sciences, curricular and extracurricular activities, and vocational and academic streams.
    • Promotes multilingualism and the use of Indian languages.
    • Establishes a National Assessment Centre, PARAKH, to assess and improve holistic development.
    • Proposes a Gender Inclusion Fund and Special Education Zones to support disadvantaged groups and regions.

Important Facts For Prelims

Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month

Source: TH

Why in News?

The American Association for Cancer Research, the world’s oldest and largest professional organization dedicated to cancer research, has recognized September as Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month.

  • This month is dedicated to raising awareness about this deadly gynecological cancer.

Note:

What are the Key Facts Related to Ovarian Cancer?

  • About: 
    • Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor that forms in the tissues of an ovary. The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive glands that make eggs and female hormones.
    • Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control and form a tumor.
  • Epidemiology: Ovarian cancer contributes to 6.6% of all women’s cancers in India. The disease is particularly problematic due to late diagnosis, which significantly impacts survival rates.
    • In India, ovarian cancer ranks among the top 3 cancers (after breast and cervix cancer) affecting women.
    • In 2022, India reported 47,333 new ovarian cancer cases and 32,978 deaths.
  • Symptoms: Common symptoms include bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, loss of appetite, feeling full quickly, frequent urination, indigestion, constipation, back pain, persistent fatigue, weight loss, and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. 
    • These symptoms often lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment.
  • Type of Ovarian Cancer:

    • Type I: Less common, typically diagnosed early, and has a better prognosis.

    • Type II: More aggressive, usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, and responsible for the majority of ovarian cancer deaths.
  • Survival Rates: The survival rate is heavily dependent on the stage at which the cancer is detected. 
    • Research indicates that about 20% of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who receive optimal treatment can be disease-free at 10 years.
  • Screening Challenges: Unlike breast or cervical cancer, there are no effective screening tests for ovarian cancer. 
    • The CA125 blood test, while useful for monitoring diagnosed cases, is not recommended for routine screening due to its limited specificity and potential for false positives.
      • The CA 125 test measures a blood protein to diagnose or monitor ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer.
  • Genetic Factors: Ovarian cancer has a strong hereditary component, with 65-85% of hereditary cases linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. 
    • Women with these mutations face significantly higher risks of developing ovarian cancer.
    • BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes help repair DNA and regulate cell division. Mutations in these genes raise the risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. 
  • Lifestyle Factors: Certain lifestyle choices, including talcum powder usage and exposure to chemicals in hair products, have been discussed as potential risk factors for ovarian cancer. 
    • Additionally, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) has been associated with an increased risk. 
    • HRT is commonly used to treat menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal discomfort.
  • Reducing Risk:
    • Genetic counseling is crucial for women with a family history or genetic mutation (BRCA1/BRCA2) linked to ovarian or breast cancer, providing tailored guidance on risk management and preventive measures.
    • A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and antioxidants may help reduce ovarian cancer risk.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise may lower the risk.
    • Regular gynecological check-ups can help monitor reproductive health and detect potential issues early.

What are the Government Initiatives Related to Cancer Treatment?

Read More: Rising Cancer Concerns. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the treatment of cancerous tumours, a tool called cyberknife has been making the news. In this context, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2010)

(a) It is a robotic image guided system

(b) It delivers an extremely precise dose of radiation

(c) It has the capability of achieving sub-millimetre accuracy

(d) It can map the spread of tumour in the body

Ans: (d)

Q. ‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why? (2019)

  1. It is used in developing gene-silencing therapies.
  2. It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer.
  3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
  4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 4

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 1 and 3

(d) 1 and 4 only

Ans: (a)

Rapid Fire

WB Raises India's GDP Forecast to 7%

Source: TH

Recently, the World Bank has raised India's growth forecast for FY25 to 7% from 6.6%.

  • This aligns with forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank (ADB).
  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also projected India's GDP to grow at 7.2% in FY25.
  • The World Bank expects a gradual rise in private investment and a recovery in consumption, but highlights unemployment as a key challenge to India's economic growth. 
  • While urban female unemployment has improved to 8.5% in early FY 24-25, urban youth unemployment remains high at 17%.

Read more: World Bank Forecasts India's Economic Growth Rate 

Rapid Fire

Exercise Varuna

Source: PIB

Recently, the 22nd edition of the India-France bilateral naval exercise VARUNA took place in the Mediterranean Sea.

  • INS Tabar, a frontline stealth frigate, ship borne Helicopter and LRMR Aircraft P8I participated from the Indian side, while French side was represented by FS Provence, Submarine Suffren, Aircraft F20; Atlantique2, fighters MB339 and NH90 Dauphin helicopters.
  • These joint-exercises are conducted either in the Indian Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Operations Conducted: Advanced naval operations, including tactical maneuvers, anti-submarine warfare exercises, flight exercises, air defense exercises, live weapon firings, PHOTO-EX (Photographic Exercise) and steam past.

  • Other Indo-French Joint Exercises:

Joint Exercises with India:

Country Exercise
Australia Austra Hindbah
Bangladesh Sampriti
China Hand in Hand
France Shakti
Indonesia Garuda Shakti
Kazakhstan Prabal Dostykk
Kyrgyzstan Khanjar
Maldives Ekuverin
Mongolia Nomadic Elephant
Myanmar Imbex
Nepal Surya Kiran
Oman Al Nagah
Russia Indra
Seychelles Lamitiye
Sri Lanka Mitra Shakti
Thailand Maitree
UK Ajeya Warrior
USA Yudhabhayas
USA Vajra Prahar

Read More: Major Military Exercises of India 

Rapid Fire

Saturn's Rings Will Briefly Disappear in 2025

Source: IE

Recently, NASA confirmed that Saturn's rings will briefly disappear in March 2025 due to their alignment with Earth, making them appear edge-on from earth.

  • This optical phenomenon occurs every 13 to 15 years, with the last occurrence in 2009.
  • Saturn takes about 29.4 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun and is tilted at an angle of 26.73 degrees so rings appear to change orientation. In March 2025, only the edges of the rings will be visible, reflecting minimal light.

Saturn and its Rings

  • Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest (after Jupitar) in the solar system.
  • It has a ring system, made up of ice and rock, which is the most complex among all planets.
    • Saturn's rings span about 282,000 kilometers in width but are incredibly thin, measuring just 10 to 30 meters thick. 
    • The planet has 7 primary rings. Each ring orbits Saturn at different speeds.
    • If laid edge-to-edge, Saturn’s ring system could stretch the distance between Earth and the Moon.
  • As per NASA, Saturn has the highest number of moons (146) in the solar system. Like Jupiter, Saturn is a gaseous planet primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.
  • Missions to Saturn: Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, Cassini spacecraft.
  • NASA estimates that Saturn's rings will permanently disappear in the coming 300 million years due to "ring rain," a process that drains water from the rings at a rapid rate.

Read More: Saturn’s Mysterious Rings & Extreme Tilt

Rapid Fire

CSTT Launches Multilingual Technical Terms Portal

Source: TH

Recently, the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT), under the Union Education Ministry, launched a unique website ‘shabd.education.gov.in’ to provide access to technical terms in all 22 official Indian languages.

Read more: Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme

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