Noida | IAS GS Foundation Course | date 09 January | 6 PM Call Us
This just in:
Sambhav 2025UPSC CSE Prelims Test Series 2025 PCS ParikshanUPSC Calendar 2025
Language: ENहिंदी
Search
RSS
Cart
Classroom

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Study Material

State PCS

Test Series

Videos

    

Drishti Store


  • 06 Jan 2025
  • 58 min read
Social Justice

Transgender Rights and Related Concerns

For Prelims: High Court, Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, Gender Dysphoria, Aadhaar Card, Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, Article 21, Transgender Identity Card.  

For Mains: Judicial stand on transgenders welfare, Reforms for transgender persons.   

 Source: IE 

Why in News? 

In Ms. X vs State of Karnataka Case, 2024, the Karnataka High Court (HC) held transgender people can change their name and gender on birth certificates. 

What are the Key Facts of the Ms. X vs State of Karnataka Case, 2024? 

  • Background: The petitioner was diagnosed with gender dysphoria and she underwent sex-reassignment surgery and legally changed her name and gender identity on her Aadhaar card, driving license, and passport. 
    • However, her request to change the gender and name on her birth certificate was rejected. 
    • Gender dysphoria refers to psychological distress that occurs when a person's sex assigned at birth does not match his gender identity. 
  • Legal Objection: Section 15 of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 permits changes to birth certificates only if the information is erroneous or was entered fraudulently or incorrectly. 
    • Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 governs the granting of birth and death certificates. 
  • Violation of Fundamental Rights: The petitioner argued that the restrictive nature of Section 15 of Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 violated her right to life with dignity under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. 
    • She also claimed that documents showing different identities create a dual identity, leading to potential harassment and discrimination. 
  • Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: It states that transgender people can be issued a “certificate of identity” as proof of their identity (Section 6) which can be revised if they choose to opt for a sex-reassignment surgery (Section 7). 
    • The law explicitly says the gender of a transgender person “shall be recorded in all official documents” per this certificate.  
  • Karnataka HC Ruling: It held that the 1969 Act is a “general enactment” and must comply with the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 which is a “special enactment”. 
    • It invoked the legal principle of “generalia specialibus non-derogant”, which roughly translates to “the special shall prevail over the general”. 
    • The court ruled that the Registrar must accept the transgender certificate and issue a corrected birth certificate until the 1969 Act is amended. 
    • General enactments apply broadly, like the 1969 Act, while special laws focus on specific issues, such as the Transgender Persons Act. 
  • Significance: This judgment emphasizes the supremacy of laws specifically designed to protect the rights of transgender individuals over general laws.  
    • It paves the way for the recognition of gender identity in all official records for transgender persons. 

Note: In India, the total population of transgender is around 4.88 Lakh as per 2011 census. 

  • The top 3 states with the largest transgender population are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. 

Timeline of Reforms for Transgender Persons 

  • Election Commission's Directive (2009): Registration forms were updated to include an "others" option, allowing transsexual individuals to avoid male or female identification. 
  • Supreme Court Ruling (2014): In National Legal Services Authority vs. Union of India case, 2014,, the Supreme Court recognized transgender people as the "Third Gender," emphasizing it as a human rights issue. 
  • Legislative Efforts: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was enacted to protect transgender rights. 

What are Key Facts About Transgender Persons Act, 2019? 

  • Define Transgender: Transgender person means someone whose gender does not match with the gender assigned to that person at birth. 
    • It clarifies terms like ‘person with intersex variation’ and ‘transgender person’ to include trans men and women, regardless of surgery or therapy. 
  • Non-discrimination: Prohibits discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, and public facilities, and affirms rights to movement, property, and office. 
  • Certificate of identity: Grants the right to self-perceived gender identity and requires district magistrates to issue certificates without medical exams. 
  • Medical care: Ensures HIV surveillance, access to medical care, sex reassignment surgeries, and therapy with insurance coverage. 
  • National Council for Transgender Persons: Established to advise the government and address grievances. 
  • Offences and penalties: Punishes offences like forced labor, abuse, and denial of rights with imprisonment (6 months to 2 years) and fines. 

What are the Issues Faced by Transgender in India? 

  • Social Marginalization: Transgender individuals face exclusion from society, leading to limited opportunities for social participation, low self-esteem, and isolation.  
    • Public spaces, like restrooms and shelters, often fail to accommodate transgender people, exposing them to harassment, assault, and marginalization. 
  • Discrimination in Education: Transgender individuals face bullying and exclusion in education, resulting in higher dropout rates and a literacy rate of 46%, compared to the national average of 74%. 
  • Homelessness: Rejection by families and lack of housing options force many transgender youth to live on the streets, facing abuse, mental health issues, and drug use. 
  • Transphobia: Transgender individuals are often subjected to violence, harassment, and discrimination due to societal intolerance and transphobia. 
    • Transphobia refers to negative attitudes, fear, hatred, or prejudice against transgender people. 
  • Psychological Distress: Transgender individuals experience significant psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts, due to lack of support systems.  
  • Public Representation: Negative portrayals of transgender people in the media and public spaces perpetuate stereotypes and fuel societal rejection and violence. 

Way Forward 

  • Empowerment and Legal Reform: The government must adopt a more inclusive approach in policy-making, ensuring that transgender people are not excluded from decision-making processes.  
    • This inclusion can help address their grievances and increase opportunities for their public participation. 
  • Access to Education: Schools should adopt anti-bullying and anti-ragging policies specifically targeting transgender students to reduce instances of exclusion and harassment. 
  • Addressing Social Concerns: The government must ensure that access to essential services such as free legal aid, supportive education, and social entitlements is available at the grassroots level. 
  • Economic Opportunities: Providing liberal credit facilities and financial assistance will enable transgender individuals to start their own businesses or careers as entrepreneurs. 

Combating Transphobia: Public education campaigns should aim to reduce societal intolerance and raise awareness about transgender issues, challenging harmful stereotypes and promoting acceptance.  

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the provisions of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, in ensuring the rights of transgender individuals in India.

 UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims 

 Q. In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following type of citizens?(2020)

  1. Person with an annual income of less than Rs 1,00,000
  2. Transgender with an annual income of less than Rs 2,00,000
  3. Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less thanRs `3,00,000
  4. All Senior Citizens

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1 and 4 only 

Ans: (a) 

Social Justice

Managing Hazardous Waste

For Prelims: Hazardous Waste, Incineration, Methyl Isocyanate, Phosgene, Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster. (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985, Pesticides, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Wastewater Treatment, Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016, Environment Protection Act, 1986, Basel Convention, 1992, Pyrolysis.  

For Mains: Management of hazardous waste. 

    Source: DTE 

    Why in News? 

    Four decades after the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984), hazardous waste (toxic waste) from the abandoned Union Carbide India Ltd (UCIL) factory in Madhya Pradesh was finally removed for incineration. 

    What was the Bhopal Gas Tragedy? 

    • About: On the night of 2nd December 1984, a catastrophic chemical leak occurred at the UCIL pesticide plant in Bhopal. 
      • The leak involved methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas that killed over 5000 people and poisoned more than half a million others in the city of Bhopal, making it the world's worst industrial disaster. 
      • Reports of chemical leaks, including phosgene and methyl isocyanate, were documented in the years prior to 1984. 
    • Cause of the Leak: A failed maintenance attempt on 1st December 1984, coupled with malfunctioning safety systems, triggered a chemical reaction in a MIC filled tank leading to release of at least 30 tonnes of MIC gas into the atmosphere by midnight on 2nd December 1984. 
    • Health Effects: 
      • Immediate: Respiratory problems, abdominal pain, eye issues, and neurological impairments were common among the exposed individuals. 
      • Long-Term: Chronic health issues such as decreased lung function, genetic abnormalities, pregnancy loss, and infant mortality rates increased dramatically in affected populations. 
    • Government and Legal Response: The Indian government passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster. (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 to act as the legal representative for the victims. 
      • UCIL initially offered USD 5 million in relief, but the Indian government demanded USD 3.3 billion. The case was eventually settled out of court in 1989 for USD 470 million. 
      • In 2010, seven Indian nationals employed by UCIL were convicted for causing death by negligence but were released on bail. 
    • Aftermath and Legacy: Despite the passage of time, survivors still lack health care and face lingering toxic materials at the factory site. 
      • Welfare organizations demand the removal of hazardous waste from the closed factory site. 

    Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) 

    • About: Methyl Isocyanate is a colourless liquid used for making pesticides.  
    • Reactivity: The chemical is highly reactive to heat.  
      • When exposed to water, the compounds in MIC react with each other causing a heat reaction. 
    • Storage: It is no longer in production, although it is still used in pesticides.  
      • The Bayer CropScience plant in Institute, West Virginia, US is currently the only storage location of MIC left across the globe.  

    What is Hazardous Waste? 

    • About: Hazardous waste refers to waste that poses a danger to health or the environment due to characteristics like toxicity, flammability, reactivity, or corrosiveness, either alone or when combined with other substances. 
    • Sources:  
      • Use of Hazardous Substances: Most hazardous waste is produced during chemical production and consumption, increasing with rising demand for consumer goods.  
      • Inappropriate Technologies: Outdated technologies used by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) result in inefficient resource conversion, leading to higher and more toxic hazardous waste. 
      • Post-Treatment: Wastewater treatment and gaseous emissions result in residues containing hazardous substances. 
    • Hazardous Waste Regulations:  
    • Waste Generation: India generates about 7.66 million tonnes per year of hazardous waste from industries. 
      • The breakdown of hazardous waste shows that 44.3% is landfillable, 47.2% is recyclable, and 8.5% is incinerable. 
      • 83% of hazardous waste is generated in seven states i.e., Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh. 

     Recyclable_Hazardous_Waste

    • Hazardous Waste Production: As per the Compendium of Environmental Statistics India, 2016, most of the hazardous waste is being generated from chemical production & metal processing industries apart from the treatment of wastewater and flue gases. 

    How Hazardous Waste is Disposed?  

    • Co-processing: It involves using waste materials, like industrial by-products or hazardous waste, as alternative raw materials or fuels in industries, especially cement manufacturing or other high-temperature industries.   
      • About 25 cement plants have started co-processing in India. 
    • Material and Energy Recovery: Material recovery makes use of the material value embedded in the waste whereas energy recovery utilizes its calorific value. 
      • E.g., recovering copper from cable residues and re-melting of the copper or recovery of lead from used batteries. 
      • Spent lube oil, solvents, solid and semi-solid grease, and wax can be used as an alternative fuel for industrial processes that require thermal energy input. 
    • Incineration: Incineration is the process of burning waste in big furnaces at high temperatures. It converts waste materials into bottom ash, flue gasses, particles, and heat that can be utilized to produce electricity. 
    • Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of waste materials in the absence of oxygen or with limited oxygen usually at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 900°C. 
      • It converts waste materials into useful products such as bio-oil, synthesis gas (syngas) and char. 

    Waste_Management_Hierarchy 

    Note:  

    • Bio-oil is a liquid fuel produced through the pyrolysis of organic materials such as biomass (wood, agricultural residues, algae), and other plant matter. 
    • Syngas is a fuel gas mainly composed of hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). 
    • Char is a solid, carbon-rich byproduct generated during the thermal decomposition of organic materials in processes such as pyrolysis. 

    Conclusion 

    • The Bhopal Gas Tragedy highlights the catastrophic consequences of industrial safety negligence. Despite regulatory advancements like the Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Basel Convention, challenges persist in safe waste disposal, emphasizing the urgent need for stricter compliance, technological upgrades, and effective remediation of hazardous waste in India. 

    Drishti Mains Question: 

    What are the key regulatory frameworks governing hazardous waste in India? 

    UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

    Prelims 

    Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

    (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 

    (b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 

    (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 

    (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 

    Ans: (c) 

     Q. As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct? (2019)

    (a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories. 

    (b) The Rules are applicable to notified urban local bodies, notified towns and all industrial townships only. 

    (c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of sites for landfills and waste processing facilities.  

    (d) It is mandatory on the part of the waste generator that the waste generated in one district cannot be moved to another district.  

    Ans: (c) 

     Mains 

    Q. Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions of management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? (2013)

    Internal Security

    Suicide Among CAPF Personnel

    For Prelims: Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Army, Navy, Air Force, New Pension Scheme (NPS), Old Pension Scheme (OPS), Rath Yatra, Mental Health Championship Program.  

    For Mains: Suicide among CAPFs and prevention strategy.  

      Source: TH 

      Why in News? 

      The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has successfully reduced its suicide rate by 40%, from 25 deaths in 2023 to 15 in 2024. 

      • According to data from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), 654 Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) personnel died by suicide between 2018 and 2022.  
        • There were 230 suicides in the CRPF, 174 in the BSF, 89 in the CISF, 64 in the SSB, 54 in the ITBP, 43 in the Assam Rifles, and 3 in NSG. 

      SUICIDE_IN_CAPFs 

      Note: According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data 2022, the national suicide rate stood at 12.4 per lakh in 2022. 

      • The suicide rate is the number of suicides per 1,00,000 people in a given population. 

      What are the Reasons for Suicide Among CAPFs? 

      • Stressful Deployments: Personnel are often stationed in hostile regions such as Naxal-affected areas and conflict zones like Jammu and Kashmir without sufficient breaks. 
        • Lack of "peace postings" akin to the Army exacerbates mental fatigue. 
          • Peace postings means stationing of troops in relatively stable and non-hostile environments, as opposed to conflict zones or high-tension areas like borders or insurgency-affected regions. 
      • Family Separation: Long durations away from families result in emotional strain and difficulties in addressing family issues like land disputes or financial management. 
        • More than 80% of troops those who died by suicide were reported after they returned home from leave. 
      • Mental Health Challenges: Seeking psychological help is stigmatized in the forces, with limited mental health support systems. 
        • Suicide attempts are lower among female personnel, as males often avoid sharing problems due to fear of peer ridicule. 
        • Many people consider the Army, Navy, and Air Force as “real” forces leading to further demotivation among the CAPF troops. 
      • Career Progression Issues: There is limited scope for promotions among CAPFs. Personnel have had to serve in the same post for as long as 10 years in some cases. 
        • Higher ranks are reserved for IPS officers and CAPF personnel feel dejected contributing to mental stress. 
      • Lack of Job Satisfaction: Army personnel have access to Army hospitals in major cities for their families' health and treatment, and their families enjoy a broader selection of products from Army canteens compared to CAPF personnel.  
      • Access to Firearms: Easy access to service weapons increases the risk of impulsive acts during periods of distress. 

       CAPFs

      Why Suicide Rate is Higher Among CRPF Personnel? 

      • Statistics: MHA data shows that there were 36 suicides in the CRPF in 2018, rising to 40 in 2019, 54 in 2020, and 57 in 2021. The numbers dipped to 43 in 2022. 
      • Over Reliance on CRPF: State police forces often lack the resources, manpower, and training to handle crises, forcing the CRPF to step in.  
        • The CRPF ensures free and fair elections and maintains order at events like Ganesh Chaturthi in Maharashtra and Rath Yatra in Odisha. 
        • This adds to the workload and reduces opportunities for rest. 

      What are Government Initiatives to Address Suicides Among CAPF Personnel? 

      • Task Force Formation: A task force was set up by MHA in December 2021 to identify risk factors, prevention strategies, and conduct research on suicides in CAPFs. 
        • It has identified 3 main risk factors contributing to suicides in CAPFs i.e., working conditions, service conditions, and personal/individual issues. 
      • E-Leave Systems: The CRPF's SAMBHAV app enables personnel to apply for leave instantly, with leave approval processed through the e-leave portal. 
      • Mental Health Support: The CRPF has brought in mental health counselors to support the emotional well-being of troops. 
        • In CRPF, pairs of personnel are assigned as “buddies” to monitor and support each other, acting as an early warning system for mental health concerns. 
        • CISF launched the Mental Health Championship Program for supervisors to identify early signs of mental health issues. 
          • CISF's initiatives are supported by Project Mann, a mental health helpline providing 24/7 tele-counseling and in-person sessions. 
        • BSF partnered with AIIMS, New Delhi to provide counselling services, with dedicated budgets allocated. 
      • Family-Centric Interventions: Cases of depression and mental illness are closely monitored, with efforts to allow family members to stay with affected personnel. 

      Way Forward 

      • Workload Management: Ensure that personnel are stationed in peaceful, non-hostile environments periodically to reduce stress. 
        • Train state police forces and increase manpower to handle law enforcement crises effectively so that CAPFs aren’t overburdened. 
      • Job Satisfaction: Improve promotion opportunities within CAPFs by creating clearer pathways for advancement and ensuring that senior positions are not exclusively reserved for IPS officers.  
      • Family Support Programs: Allow more opportunities for family members to live with personnel or provide family visits during assignments.  
      • Policy Support: Ensure that existing policies around mental health care, leave systems, and career progression are more flexible to accommodate the unique challenges faced by CAPF personnel. 
      • Skill Development: Provide on the job training to CAPF personnel to earn a dignified living post retirement. E.g., beekeeping, mushroom cultivation etc. 

      Drishti Mains Question: 

      What factors contribute to high suicide rates in Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), and how can these issues be addressed?

       

      UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

      Prelims 

       Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)

      (a) An Israeli radar system 

      (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme 

      (c) An American anti-missile system 

      (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea. 

      Ans: (c) 

      Governance

      Third-Party Audits for Smart Cities Mission

      For Prelims: Smart Cities Mission, Centrally Sponsored Scheme, Sustainable development, Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), Public-Private Partnership (PPP), Atal Mission for Urban, Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U), Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0 

      For Mains: Analysis of Smart Cities Mission 

      Source: LM 

      Why in News? 

      Recently, a Parliamentary Standing Committee on housing and urban affairs has called for third-party assessments of projects under the Smart Cities Mission (SCM).  

      • This is aimed at addressing gaps in implementation, especially in smaller cities. 

      Parliamentary Standing Committee: 

      • About: 
        • The Standing Committees are permanent (constituted every year or periodically) and work on a continuous basis. 
      • Types of Committees: 
        • Based on their functions, membership, and tenure, committees are classified into two types: Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Committees. 
        • Standing Committees are categorized into 6 types: 
          • Financial Committees 
          • Departmental Standing Committees 
          • Committees to Enquire 
          • Committees to Scrutinise and Control 
          • Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House 
          • House-Keeping Committees or Service Committees 
        • Ad Hoc Committees are temporary in nature and are dissolved upon completing their assigned tasks. These are further divided into: 
          • Inquiry Committees 
          • Advisory Committees 

      What is the Need of a Third-Party Audit for the SCM? 

      • Assessment and Transparency: Third-party evaluations offer an unbiased analysis of project progress and impact under the SCM, helping to identify implementation gaps and areas for improvement.  
        • They also enhance transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including citizens, government bodies, and investors. 
      • Evidence-Based Policy: It can explore how the expertise of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) in urban development can be applied to other initiatives like AMRUT and DAY-NULM, enhancing the broader impact of urban transformation programs. 
      • Addressing Disparities: Larger cities perform well due to better resources, while smaller cities, especially in the northeast, face challenges in project execution, so independent audits can highlight these disparities and suggest improvements. 
        • Also, the third-party assessments can tailor strategies for tier 2 cities, promoting balanced development and decongesting metropolitan areas. 
      • Strengthening Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): Many ULBs lack the technical and financial capacity to manage large-scale projects under SCM. 
        • Third-party assessments can identify best practices to enhance urban planning and governance while providing data-driven insights for informed policymaking and efficient resource allocation. 
      • Future Planning and Sustainability: It will provide valuable insights for planning future phases of the SCM, ensuring sustainability and alignment with urban growth needs.  
        • They also contribute to a more integrated approach to urban development, considering economic, social, and environmental factors. 

      What is the Smart Cities Mission (SCM)? 

      • About: SCM is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in June 2015 with the aim to transform 100 cities of India by providing them with necessary core infrastructure.  
        • Additionally, to provide a clean and sustainable environment in cities to enable a decent quality of life to their citizens through the application of "Smart Solutions. 
      • Objectives: 
        • Promote efficient use of resources, green spaces, and environmental sustainability. Ensure access to clean water, electricity, sanitation, healthcare, and public amenities. 
        • Enhance governance through digital platforms, e-governance, and citizen participation. Provide affordable housing solutions, especially for economically weaker sections. 
        • Improve public transport systems and reduce congestion with smart traffic management. 
        • Ensure the safety of citizens, particularly vulnerable groups, through surveillance and emergency services. Create robust IT infrastructure for seamless access to services and information. 
        • Develop model cities to showcase best practices for other cities to replicate. 
      • Key Components: 
        • Area-Based Development: 
          • Redevelopment: Upgrading existing urban areas with enhanced infrastructure (e.g., Bhendi Bazaar, Mumbai). 
          • Retrofitting: Modernizing infrastructure in existing localities (e.g., Ahmedabad’s Local Area Development). 
          • Greenfield Development: Building new, sustainable urban spaces (e.g., New Town Kolkata, GIFT City). 
        • Pan-City Solutions: 
      • Governance Structure: Implementation through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) established under the Companies Act, 2013, led by bureaucrats or industry representatives. 

      Note: Key Developments Under SCM 

      • Projects Completed: 
        • Initially set for completion by 2020, the SCM deadline was extended to March 2025.  
        • As of 3rd July 2024, out of 8,000+ multi-sectoral projects worth Rs 1.6 lakh crore, 7,188 projects (90%) amounting to Rs 1,44,237 crore have been completed. 
        • The remaining 830 projects worth Rs 19,926 crore are in advanced stages of implementation. 
      • Financial Progress: 
        • The Government of India allocated Rs 48,000 crore, of which Rs 46,585 crore (97%) has been released to the cities. 
        • 93% of the released funds have been utilized. 
        • 74 cities have received full financial support under the mission. 

       What are the Challenges in Implementing SCM Projects? 

      • Cost and Funding: The development of smart city infrastructure requires significant investment in upgrading existing systems, deploying sensors, and maintaining networks. 
        • While 74 cities have received 100% of their central share, 26 cities are yet to get the full funding due to the slow progress of projects. 
      • Displacement and Social Impact: According to the World Bank, in urban areas of India more than 49% of the population live in slums.  
        • The execution of smart city projects has led to the displacement of residents in poorer areas, such as street vendors, disrupting the fabric of urban communities. 
      • Delay in Project Completion: Despite the extension of the deadline, a significant number of projects (around 10%) are still incomplete, indicating delays in execution. 
        • This can be attributed to factors such as inadequate planning, lack of technical expertise, and issues in land acquisition and clearances. 
      • Privacy and Data Security: The collection and analysis of vast amounts of data from sensors, devices, and citizens raise concerns about data breaches, unauthorized access, and misuse.  
        • Ensuring robust cybersecurity, safeguarding privacy, and implementing clear data governance policies are essential for building public trust. 
      • Lack of Coordination: Effective coordination between the central, state, and local governments has been a challenge due to differences in priorities, bureaucratic hurdles, and lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities that have hindered the seamless implementation of the mission. 
      • Sustainability Concerns:There are doubts about the long-term sustainability of the smart city projects, as many of them focus on technology-driven solutions rather than addressing the fundamental issues of urban planning and governance.   
        • The SCM acknowledges the absence of a universal definition for smart city.  

      What are the Other Government Initiatives Related to Urban Development? 

      Way Forward 

      • Addressing Funding Issue: There is a need to explore the PPP model and seek central, state, and international financial support. Ensure transparent fund allocation and regular monitoring for efficient utilization and timely project progress. 
      • Capacity Building: Strengthening Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) through capacity-building programs and central government support for restructuring and skill development will enhance governance and project execution, especially in smaller cities. 
        • India should leverage its leadership in sustainable urban development by collaborating with other developing nations and establishing knowledge-sharing platforms to accelerate smart city initiatives regionally and globally. 
      • Timely Project Completion: There is a need to prioritize detailed planning, address bottlenecks like land acquisition, and deploy specialized project management teams. Streamline bureaucratic processes to ensure timely approvals and clearances for faster execution. 
      • Ensuring Data Security: Establish a comprehensive data protection policy with robust cybersecurity measures and clear governance frameworks to ensure transparency and privacy.  
        • Also public awareness should be promoted to build trust and address concerns about data misuse. 
      • Sustainability and Long-Term Planning: Smart city projects should prioritize sustainability by integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations in planning.  
        • Developing long-term Operation and Maintenance (O&M) strategies will be key to ensuring the longevity and adaptability of smart city infrastructure. 

      Conclusion 

      The recommendations for third-party assessments and capacity-building in smaller cities highlight the need for robust mechanisms in the Smart Cities Mission. Timely interventions, governance reforms, and actionable insights from impact assessments can address existing challenges and pave the way for a more inclusive and effective urban transformation in India.  

       Drishti Mains Question: 

      Discuss the challenges faced by the Smart Cities Mission in India. Suggest measures to address these challenges and ensure the mission's effectiveness in promoting sustainable urban development.

      UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

      Mains: 

      Q. With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme.’ (2016)

      Important Facts For Prelims

      3 Years of Open Network for Digital Commerce

      Source: TH 

      Why in News?  

      The Prime Minister of India highlighted the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) for its transformative impact on e-commerce and its role in empowering small businesses. 

      • ONDC recently completed 3 years with over 15 million monthly transactions, making strides in combating platform monopolies and promoting a level playing field. 

      What is Open Network for Digital Commerce? 

      • About: ONDC Launched in April 2022 by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. It  aims to democratize digital commerce through an open, inclusive, and interoperable platform. 
        • ONDC was incorporated as a non-profit company  in December 2021, with the Quality Council of India and Protean eGov Technologies Limited as Founding Members.  
      • Objectives:  
        • Democratization of Commerce: Promoting interoperability to reduce the dominance of monopolistic e-commerce platforms. 
        • Cost Efficiency: Lowering costs for customer acquisition and transaction processing. 
        • Market Expansion: Bridging regional and linguistic gaps for wider market participation. 
        • Consumer Empowerment: Providing diverse product and service options to buyers,  with lower prices through discounts and promotions, enhancing choices and fostering competitive pricing. 

       Benefits_ONDC

      • Key Features:  
        • Open Protocol: Built on open-source methodology (which can be accessed by everyone) and protocols, ONDC allows buyers and sellers to transact seamlessly across different platforms and applications. 
        • Role Segregation: Participants include Buyer Apps (Connect consumers and sellers), Seller Apps (Interfaces for businesses to list and manage products), Logistics Providers (Ensure efficient transport), Tech Enablers (Provide IT tools). 
      • Sectoral Scope: ONDC facilitates diverse domains, from food, grocery, and fashion to financial services, agriculture, and health. 
      • ONDC Benefits: 
        • MSMEs: ONDC empowers Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) by enhancing nationwide visibility, reducing reliance on high-cost platforms, and lowering operational expenses.  
        • Startups: The ONDC Startup Mahotsav fosters collaboration, offering startups opportunities in logistics, IT, and seller-buyer platforms to integrate into a vast e-commerce network.  
      • ONDC Initiatives for Awareness: 
      • Achievements of ONDC: ONDC has successfully piloted in cities like Bengaluru and Delhi, with the Department of Food and Public Distribution launching a Fair Price Shop pilot in Himachal Pradesh.  
        • Initially starting with Food and beverage (F&B) and Grocery, ONDC has expanded to categories like Mobility, Fashion, Health, and B2B.  
        • As of January 2024, it covers over 616 cities, broadening its geographical reach. 

       Achievements_of_ONDC

      • Awards and Recognition:  In 2024, ONDC received "Application of Emerging Technologies for providing Citizen Centric Services" at the National Awards for e-Governance and it was recognized as the "Start-up of the Year" at the 14th India Digital Awards (IDA). 
        • In 2023, ONDC was recognized as the "FinTech Company of the Year" at the Global Fintech Awards. 

       

       UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

      Prelims 

      Q. With reference to ‘Quality Council of India (QCI)’, consider the following statements: (2017)

      1. QCI was set up jointly by the Government of India and the Indian Industry. 
      2. Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister on the recommendations of the industry to the Government. 

      Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

      (a) 1 only 
      (b) 2 only 
      (c) Both 1 and 2 
      (d) Neither 1 nor 2 

      Ans c 

      Q. Consider the following: (2022)

      1. Aarogya Setu 
      2. CoWIN 
      3. DigiLocker 
      4. DIKSHA 

      Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 

      (a) 1 and 2 only 
      (b) 2, 3 and 4 only 
      (c) 1, 3 and 4 only 
      (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

      Ans: (d)  

      Important Facts For Prelims

      Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978

      Source: IE 

      Why in News? 

      The Arunachal Pradesh government is taking steps to implement the Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978, by framing rules for its enforcement, nearly 46 years after its enactment.  

      • The move aims to address concerns related to forceful conversions in the state. 

      What is the Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act of 1978 ? 

      • About: 
        • The Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978 was introduced to prohibit forceful religious conversions.  
        • The Act was introduced (in 1978) during a period of rapid social and cultural changes in Arunachal Pradesh, aiming to safeguard the traditional religious practices of indigenous communities from external influence or coercion. 
      • Key Provisions: 
        • Definition of Indigenous Faiths: The Act explicitly recognizes indigenous faiths as religions, beliefs, customs, and observances practiced by the native communities of Arunachal Pradesh. These include: 
          • Buddhism: As practiced among the tribal groups such as  Monpas, Membas, Sherdukpens, Khambas, Khamptis, and Singphos. 
          • Nature Worship: Particularly the worship of Donyi-Polo (means “Sun and Moon” ) practiced by several communities in the state. 
            • Donyi-Polo is an indigenous religion of the Tani and other Sino-Tibetan peoples of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in Northeast India. 
          • Vaishnavism: As practiced by the Noctes and Akas. 
        • Prohibition of Forced Conversion: The Act specifically prohibits religious conversion from one religious faith to another, against their will or under coercive circumstances. 
        • Punishment for Violation: The Act prescribes a punishment of up to 2 years of imprisonment and a fine of up to Rs. 10,000 for individuals found guilty of forcibly converting others or attempting to do so. 
        • Mandatory Reporting: The Act mandates that any act of religious conversion be reported to the Deputy Commissioner (DC) of the respective district. 
      • Push for Revival: 
        • The Act’s revival gained momentum after a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in 2022 led to the Gauhati High Court's intervention, prompting the state government to finalize the necessary rules for its implementation.  
        • It has also been supported by organizations like the Indigenous Faiths and Cultural Society of Arunachal Pradesh (IFCSAP) which aims to protect indigenous beliefs, especially as some districts which have seen conversion rates as high as 90%. 
          • The Christian population in Arunachal Pradesh increased from 0.79% in 1971 to 30.26% in 2011. 

      Constitutional Provisions Related to Religious Belief 

      • Article 25: Article 25 ensures the freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.  
        • It permits the state to regulate secular activities related to religious practice and mandates the opening of Hindu religious institutions to all Hindus, irrespective of their caste or class. 
      • Article 26: Article 26 grants every religious denomination the right to manage its religious affairs, subject to considerations of public order, morality, and health. 
      • Articles 27-30: Safeguard the freedom to contribute financially to religious practices, manage religious affairs, and establish and administer educational institutions for religious purposes. 

      State-Level Anti-Conversion Laws 

      • Odisha (1967): It became the first state to pass a law restricting religious conversions, prohibiting conversions through force or fraudulent means. 
      • Madhya Pradesh (1968): Introduced the Madhya Pradesh Dharma Swatantraya Adhiniyam, mandating that any conversion activities be reported to the District Magistrate, with penalties for non-compliance. 
      • Other States: Several other states, including Gujarat (2003), Chhattisgarh (2000 and 2006), Rajasthan (2006 and 2008), Himachal Pradesh (2006 and 2019), Tamil Nadu (2002-2004), Jharkhand (2017), Uttarakhand (2018), Uttar Pradesh (2021), and Haryana (2022), have enacted similar laws prohibiting various forms of religious conversions.  

      UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ)  

      Prelims: 

      Q.What was the exact constitutional status of India on 26th January, 1950? (2021)  

      (a) A Democratic Republic  

      (b) A Sovereign Democratic Republic  

      (c) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic  

      (d) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic  

      Ans: (b) 

      Q. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is (2020)

      (a) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect  

      (b) not a part of the Constitution and has no legal effect either  

      (c) a part of the Constitution and has the same legal effect as any other part  

      (d) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect independently of other parts  

      Ans: (d)  

      Rapid Fire

      Hydrogel for Cancer Therapy

      Source: TH 

      Recently, researchers have developed an injectable hydrogel for localised cancer treatment. 

      • The hydrogel acts as a stable reservoir for anti-cancer drugs, releasing them in a controlled manner to target cancer cells while sparing healthy ones and reducing side effects. 
      • The hydrogel, made of biocompatible and biodegradable ultra-short peptides, responds to elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, a molecule abundant in tumour cells. 
      • The hydrogel ensures localized drug delivery to the tumour site, improving treatment precision. 
        • Conventional chemotherapy and surgery harms healthy cells while treating cancerous cells. 
      • Hydrogels are water-based, three-dimensional polymer networks capable of absorbing and retaining fluids.  
        • Their unique structure mimics living tissues, making them suitable for biomedical applications. 

      Read More: Novel Hydrogel to Remove Microplastics 

      Rapid Fire

      Winter Char Dham

      Source: IE 

      Recently, Uttarakhand has launched the Winter Char Dham circuit to promote year-round tourism and attract visitors to the state during the off-season winter months.  

      • Char Dham shrines (4 revered shrines) are four holy sites i.e., Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath and are located in the Garhwal Himalayas. They are traditionally visited between May and November. 
        • During the winter months, the presiding deities of these temples are brought to shrines at lower altitudes at: 
          • Kedarnath: Omkareshwar Temple in Ukhimath (Rudraprayag) 
          • Badrinath: Pandukeshwar in Chamoli. 
          • Gangotri: Mukhba in Uttarkashi  
          • Yamunotri: Kharsali in Uttarkashi 
      • The Char Dham Project aims to enhance connectivity to the Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri by improving conditions of highways. 
      • Adi Shankaracharya (exponent of the  Advaita Vedanta) established the Char Dhams in four different directions of the country which include Badrinath, Puri, Dwarka and Rameshwaram.  
        • Advaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic philosophy that asserts the ultimate reality (Brahman) is singular and formless, with individual souls (Atman) being identical to it, and liberation (moksha) is achieved through the realization of this oneness. 

      Read More: CharDham Project 

      Rapid Fire

      Sree Narayana Guru

      Source: DH 

      Recently, the head of the Sivagiri Mutt in Kerala, called for the abolition of the practice requiring men to remove their upper garments before entering temples, terming it an "evil" practice. 

      • He held that the practice, originally introduced to ensure men wore the "punool" (sacred thread worn by Brahmins), contradicted the social reform principles of Sree Narayana Guru. 

      Sree Narayana Guru:  

      • Birth: He was born on 22nd August 1856 in Chempazhanthy in Kerala. He belonged to the Ezhava caste, considered 'avarna' by the social norms of the time. 
      • Philosophy: He advocated for equality, education, and social upliftment, transcending caste distinctions.  
        • His core belief was expressed in the slogan "One Caste, One Religion, One God for All". 
        • He became a major proponent of Advaita Vedanta, the non-dualistic philosophy introduced by Adi Shankara. 
      • Social Reforms: He founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP), a philanthropic society for uplifting marginalized 
        • Aruvippuram Movement (1888): He installed a Shiva idol at Aravipuram, symbolizing resistance against social injustice, particularly the caste-based restrictions that barred lower castes from temple entry. 
        • He established Sivagiri Mutt in 1904. 
      • Literary Contributions: He authored several important works, including Advaitha Deepika, Atmavilasam, Daiva Dasakam, and Brahmavidya Panchakam. 

      Read More: Sree Narayana Guru 

      Rapid Fire

      Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0

      Source: TH 

       Recently, the Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 programme was inaugurated by Lok Sabha Speaker on 6th January 2025, commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda. 

      Read More: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas: 15th November 

      close
      SMS Alerts
      Share Page
      images-2

       
      images-2