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  • 04 Dec 2024
  • 52 min read
Indian Polity

Demand for Holding Parliament Sessions Outside Delhi

For Prelims: Lok Sabha, Parliament, Member of Parliament (MP), Constitution of India, President of India, Prime Minister  

For Mains: Issue of Holding Parliament sessions outside Delhi, Related concerns, implications and way forward. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Recently, a YSR Congress Member of Parliament (MP) proposed the idea of conducting two Parliament sessions every year in south India highlighting the logistical and climatic challenges faced by MPs during the harsh winters and scorching summers in Delhi. 

  • The idea, which has historical support from figures like B.R. Ambedkar and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, are now under fresh scrutiny. 

What was the Previous Demand for Holding Parliamentary Sessions Outside Delhi? 

  • Idea Supported by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: 
    • The idea of decentralizing parliamentary sessions was proposed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who suggested holding sessions outside Delhi.  
    • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, in his book “Thoughts on Linguistic States”, proposed two capitals, arguing that Delhi is most inconvenient to the people of South due to cold and distance, making them feel ruled by the North. 
    • He also highlighted Delhi's vulnerability to attacks, being within bombing range of neighboring countries, as a critical defense concern. 
    • He proposed Hyderabad as a second capital for India, particularly for summer months, citing its central location and suitability for year-round parliamentary sessions, unlike Delhi's extreme climate.  
  • Private Member’s Resolution: 
    • In November 1959, Independent Gurgaon MP Prakash Vir Shastri introduced a Private Member’s Resolution that proposed holding a Session of the Lok Sabha in South India, suggesting Hyderabad or Bangalore. 
    • Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who was then a first-time MP backed the proposal, saying it had “been made to strengthen the unity of the country” and shouldn’t be looked at through a “political prism”. 

Constitutional Status of Holding Parliament Sessions 

  • The Constitution of India does not mandate a specific location for holding Parliamentary sessions.  
  • Article 85 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to summon each House of Parliament at such time and place as deemed fit, ensuring that no more than six months elapsed between two sessions.  
  • However, traditionally, all sessions are held at the Parliament House in New Delhi, the nation's capital. 

What are the Arguments for Holding Parliament Sessions Outside Delhi? 

  • Enhanced Regional Representation: Holding sessions in South India could enhance the visibility and representation of southern states in national policy making. 
    • It would symbolize a commitment to inclusivity, ensuring that the voices from all regions are heard and considered. 
  • Climate Considerations: The extreme weather conditions in Delhi can hinder effective governance. A more favourable climate could lead to better health and productivity among MPs, thereby improving legislative efficiency. 
  • Decentralization of Power: This initiative could be a step towards decentralizing political power, aligning with the democratical principle that governance should be accessible to all citizens, regardless of their geographical location. 
  • Historical Precedent: The support from historical figures for similar proposals lends credibility to the current initiative, suggesting that this is a longstanding concern that merits serious consideration. 

What Challenges Might Arise from Shift? 

  • Logistical Hurdles: Relocating parliamentary machinery, infrastructure, and personnel to another region would be complex and resource-intensive. 
    • This has been termed as "tedious" and wastage of time and resources by critics. 
  • Political Polarization: Critics argue that this move might deepen the North-South divide by reinforcing regional identities over national unity. 
  • Institutional History: Parliament has operated from Delhi for over 75 years without impacting southern states’ integration into the Union. Critics suggest that existing mechanisms are sufficient for regional representation. 

What are the Countries with Multiple Capitals? 

  • South Africa: South Africa operates with three capitals—Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). This division geographically decentralizes power, promotes regional representation, and reflects the country's diverse cultural and historical contexts. 
  • Malaysia's Dual Capitals: Malaysia has Kuala Lumpur as its administrative capital and Putrajaya as the administrative and judicial hub. The development of Putrajaya as a planned city has eased congestion in Kuala Lumpur while providing a more organized setting for government functions. 
  • Switzerland's Decentralized Model: Switzerland designates Bern as its federal city while maintaining a decentralized political structure. This system ensures significant regional autonomy, balancing the interests of its diverse linguistic and cultural groups, fostering national harmony. 
  • Australia's Purpose-Built Capital: Canberra, purpose-built and strategically located between Sydney and Melbourne, serves as Australia's capital. This decision ensured neutrality and unity between the two largest cities, reflecting thoughtful planning for national governance. 

Way Forward 

  • Pilot Regional Sessions: There is a need for conducting occasional parliamentary committee meetings or winter sessions in southern cities like Bengaluru or Hyderabad to assess logistical challenges and public response.  
    • Gradually increase the frequency of sessions held outside Delhi. 
  • Strengthening Regional Representation: Addressing underrepresentation through increased parliamentary seats for southern states post-census reforms could balance regional equity without logistical disruptions. 
  • Enhancing Accessibility: Investments in better communication technology and streamlined logistics could ensure smoother integration for MPs from all regions, reducing travel and climate challenges. 

Conclusion 

The proposal to hold parliamentary sessions in South India underscores ongoing debates about regional representation and political decentralization. While it highlights valid concerns about inclusivity and climate challenges, its feasibility remains contested. A balanced approach with strengthening existing systems, leveraging technology, and conducting regional pilot sessions can address these issues effectively without compromising efficiency. This debate is an opportunity to reimagine governance structures for a more inclusive and resilient India.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Evaluate the arguments for and against holding Parliament sessions in South India. How could this impact national integration and regional representation?

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha? (2022)

  1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency. 
  2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers. 
  3. To impeach the President of India. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 3 
(d) 3 only 

Ans: B

Mains

Q. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (2021)

Governance

Rising Road Accidents in India

For Prelims: Road accident fatalities, United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety, Stockholm Declaration, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019, The Carriage by Road Act, 2007, National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2000, National Highways Authority of India Act, 1998, Third High Level Global Conference on Road Safety for Achieving Global Goals 2030. 

For Mains: State of Road Accidents in India, Causes and Way Forward for Mitigation of Road Accidents in India. 

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, data from the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has highlighted the severity of India’s road safety challenges, showing a rise in road accidents and fatalities despite the government's commitment to reduce road accident deaths by 50% by 2030. 

What is the Current State of Road Accidents in India? 

  • Total Accidents and Fatalities:  
    • India records the highest number of road accident fatalities globally with a reported road death rate of 250 per 10,000 km, higher than the rates in the United States (57), China (119) and Australia (11). 
    • In 2023, India recorded over 4.80 lakh road accidents which resulted in over 1.72 lakh deaths, marking a 2.6% increase compared to 1.68 lakh fatalities in 2022. 
    • In 2023, around 54,000 fatalities occurred due to two-wheeler riders not wearing helmets, 16,000 deaths were linked to non-use of seat belts, and 12,000 fatalities were attributed to vehicle overloading.  
      • Additionally, around 34,000 accidents involved drivers without valid licenses. 
  • Accident Rate:  
    • The number of crashes increased by 4.2% in 2023 as compared to 2022. 
    • On average, India experienced 1,317 road crashes and 474 fatalities each day, translating to 55 crashes and 20 fatalities every hour. 
    • The road crash severity, measured as fatalities per 100 crashes, marginally declined from 36.5 in 2022 to 36 in 2023. 
  • Demographic Insights: 
    • In 2023, India saw 10,000 minors and 35,000 pedestrians killed in road accidents.  
    • Pedestrians and two-wheeler users account for a significant proportion of deaths 44.8% and 20%, respectively. 
  • Regional Disparities: 
    • Uttar Pradesh (UP) has the highest number of road accident deaths in India.  
      • In 2023, UP saw 44,000 accidents resulting in 23,650 fatalities, including 1,800 minors, 10,000 pedestrians, and two-wheeler users.  
    • Over-speeding contributed to 8,726 deaths.

Road_Accidents_in_India

What are the Causes for High Road Accidents in India? 

  • Human Behavior: A primary cause of road accidents in India is human error, particularly reckless driving and over-speeding 
    • Over-speeding was responsible for 68.1% of deaths in 2023. 
    • Additionally, non-compliance with traffic laws such as not wearing helmets and seat belts has led to thousands of fatalities. 
  • Infrastructure Deficiencies: Road design flaws, such as potholes, lack of proper underpasses, foot overbridges, and poorly maintained roads, significantly contribute to accidents.  
  • Lack of a Crash Monitoring System: The national road safety data systems in India are inadequate for informing public policy. At present, there is no national database at the crash level for detecting accidents. 
  • Vehicle-Related Issues: Inadequate safety features in vehicles, such as substandard engineering and old technology, also contribute to the high fatality rate.  
  • Lack of Awareness and Enforcement: Despite interventions, India still faces significant gaps in enforcing road safety regulations.  
    • Many Indians have limited knowledge about the importance of safety features such as airbags, anti-lock braking systems, and the proper use of seat belts. 
    • Public awareness campaigns, though ongoing, have not been able to instill a consistent culture of road safety.

What are the Initiatives For Road Safety in India? 

Sundar Committee Recommendations on Road Safety 

The Sundar Committee recommended several key measures to improve road safety in India: 

  • National Road Safety & Traffic Management Board: Creation of an apex body at the national level through a Parliamentary Act, comprising experts from road engineering, automobile engineering, traffic laws, and medical care. 
  • State Road Safety & Traffic Management Boards: Establishment of similar boards at the state and union territory levels to coordinate with local authorities on road safety and traffic management. 
  • National Road Safety Plan: Development of a comprehensive plan with targets, strategies, and actions to reduce accidents and fatalities. 
  • Post-Accident Care: Improvement of trauma management and establishment of a national accident database for data collection and analysis. 
  • Funding: Earmarking 1% of the total cess proceeds on diesel and petrol for a Road Safety Fund.

Way Forward 

  • Safe Driving Techniques: Adhering to traffic rules, maintaining safe distances, and ensuring regular vehicle maintenance are vital for road safety. Defensive driving, caution at intersections, and adapting to road conditions can significantly reduce accidents. 
    • In Australia, the three-second rule suggests keeping a safe distance from the vehicle ahead to allow enough time for a safe stop and prevent rear-end collisions. 
  • Raise Awareness and Strict Enforcement: Comprehensive public awareness campaigns on road safety, along with strict enforcement of traffic rules, are critical. 
    • Standardized driving licenses, enhanced penalties for violations, and better public understanding of traffic laws will ensure safer driving practices. 
    • This also includes mandatory helmet use, vehicle maintenance, and regular road safety audits by state governments, as recommended by the KS Radhakrishnan panel. 
  • Improvement in Infrastructure: Upgrading road infrastructure, such as fixing potholes, improving signage, and creating separate lanes for different vehicles, is essential.  
    • Vehicles must meet global safety standards, like those prescribed by the European Union, including advanced features like emergency braking systems. 
  • National Database and Technology Integration: Establishing a national crash database for real-time tracking of road accidents and integrating emerging technologies, like AI-driven traffic monitoring, can enhance data-driven policy-making and enforcement. 
  • Prioritize Road Safety Interventions: A coordinated approach across sectors transport, health, and law enforcement should prioritize road safety measures. 
  • Proactive Role of State Government: As the majority of the roads are state, district and rural roads, state governments must ensure road maintenance, enforce traffic laws, improve safety infrastructure, and provide trauma care to reduce road accidents. 

Conclusion 

The current state of road accidents in India is alarming, necessitating immediate action from both the government and the public. Adopting a multi-pronged approach encompassing the 4E’s- Education, Engineering (of roads and vehicles), Enforcement, and Emergency Care can address the root causes and significantly improve road safety. By prioritizing these measures, India can reduce the high rate of road fatalities and create safer roads for all.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key factors contributing to road accidents in India and suggest effective measures to improve road safety. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains:

Q. NationalUrban Transport Policy emphasises on ‘moving people’ instead of ‘moving vehicles’. Discuss critically the success of the various strategies of the Government in this regard. (2014)

Governance

NMCM and Monuments of National Importance

For Prelims: National Mission on Cultural Mapping, Monuments of National Importance, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar, Article 49, Archaeological Survey of India, National Monuments Authority 

For Mains: Government initiatives for cultural preservation and empowerment, National Mission on Cultural Mapping, Cultural mapping as a tool for rural economic development 

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Culture highlighted the progress made under the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) and India’s efforts to protect Monuments of National Importance (MNI). 

  • These initiatives aim to document the country's rich cultural heritage, revitalize rural economies, and ensure the preservation of historical sites for future generations.  

What is the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)?

  • About: The NMCM, launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Culture, aims to document, preserve, and promote India’s cultural heritage by creating a comprehensive database of cultural assets, artists, and art forms to enhance cultural vibrancy nationwide. 
  • Key Objectives: Define and document the unique cultural characteristics of each village. 
    • Launch cultural awareness programs like “Hamari Sanskriti Hamari Pahchan” (Our Culture, Our Identity). 
    • Utilise cultural mapping to empower rural communities and boost economic development. 
    • Establish a National Cultural Working Place (NCWP) portal for information sharing, participation, performance, and awards across all art forms. 
    • Identify locations for Kala Grams, Craft Melas, and other cultural hubs for idea exchange and promotion of cultural tourism. 
  • Implementation: NMCM is administered by the Ministry of Culture and executed under the guidance of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). 
    • Common Services Centres (CSC) e-Governance Services India Limited (CSC), a special purpose vehicle (SPV) under the Ministry of Electronics & IT (Meity), is given the task by the Ministry of Culture to carry out the NMCM. 
  • Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD): NMCM in 2023 as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, launched the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) portal that documents the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh villages in India.  
    • Under the MGMD, information is collected in seven broad categories.  
      • Arts and Crafts Village,  
      • Ecologically Oriented Village,  
      • Scholastic Village linked with Textual and Scriptural Traditions of India, 
      • Epic Village associated with the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and/or Puranic legends,  
      • Historical Village connected to Local and National History,  
      • Architectural Heritage Village, 
      • Any other characteristics that may need highlighting, such as fishing villages, horticulture villages, shepherding villages, etc. 
    • Currently, 4.5 lakh villages live on the portal, showcasing elements like oral traditions, art forms, food, festivals, and local landmarks.  
    • The initiative strengthens cultural identity, empowers rural communities, and promotes economic development through the documentation and promotion of cultural assets.  

CSC e-Governance Services India Limited 

  • CSC e-Governance Services India Limited, SPV set up under the Companies Act, 1956 oversees the implementation of the CSC scheme, providing a framework for service delivery to citizens.  
    • The vision of CSC is to create an Information technology (IT)-enabled network connecting local populations with essential services, promoting a socially, financially, and digitally inclusive society, especially in rural areas. 

Cultural Mapping

  • Cultural mapping records the unique cultural aspects of a region, including local stories, rituals, arts, languages, heritage, and cuisines, defining local culture.  
    • It documents both tangible and intangible assets to create cultural resource mapping.

What are Monuments of National Importance?

  • Monuments of National Importance:  Monuments are remnants of India's rich past, showcasing culture, art, and architecture.  
    • They include a variety of sites such as prehistoric locations, rock-shelters, temples, churches, mosques, tombs, forts, and more, representing our diverse cultural heritage across the country. 
    • The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958 (amended in 2010), provides for the declaration, conservation, and protection of ancient and historical monuments, archaeological sites, and remains of national importance.  
      • A monument or site must be at least 100 years old to be considered for this status. 
  • Process of Declaration: The Central Government notifies its intention to declare a site of national importance, inviting public objections within two months. After considering objections, it may officially declare the site through a gazette notification. 
  • MNI in India: Currently, there are 3697 ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains declared as of national importance in the country. 
  • Efforts to Protect MNI:  
    • Directive Principles of State Policy: Article 49 of the Indian Constitution mandates that the State should protect monuments, places, and objects of national importance from destruction, disfigurement, removal, or export, as per laws made by Parliament. 
    • Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) : The ASI under the Ministry of Culture, is responsible for conserving and maintaining MNIs.  
      • A 100-meter radius around the monument is a 'prohibited area' with a construction ban, while the next 200 meters is a 'regulated area' with construction restrictions. 
      • The ASI can delist monuments (Section 35 of AMASR Act, 1958), if it is no longer nationally important, which means they will no longer be protected or maintained.  
        • Once delisted, construction and urbanisation activities can proceed around the site. 
    • National Monuments Authority (NMA): The NMA, established under the AMASR Act, 2010, grants permissions for construction in the prohibited and regulated areas around centrally protected monuments to ensure their protection and preservation. 

India’s Other Initiatives Related to Art and Culture: 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Examine the role of the National Mission on Cultural Mapping in promoting India’s cultural heritage and rural empowerment.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q.1 Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (2018) 

Q.2 Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (2020)

Governance

One Rank One Pension (OROP)

For Prelims:  One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme,  Supreme Court  

For Mains:  Key Features of OROP, Challenges and Implications of OROP 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

Recently, the Prime Minister commemorated the implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme. The scheme was officially implemented on 7th November 2015, with benefits effective from 1st July 2014. 

  • OROP aims to provide uniform pension benefits to armed forces personnel based on their rank and length of service, reaffirming the government's commitment to veterans and their families. 

What is OROP? 

  • Background: 
    • The K.P. Singh Dev Committee (1984) recommended addressing 'One Rank One Pension', based on the established pension principles for Supreme Court and High Court judges. 
    • The 4th Central Pay Commission found equalizing pensions challenging, requiring major administrative efforts without ensuring consistent benefits for all pensioners. 
    • The 5th Central Pay Commission opposed 'One Rank One Pension', arguing that additional benefits shouldn't extend to pensioners due to changes in job roles and qualifications. 
    • The Cabinet Secretary Committee (2009) rejected 'One Rank One Pension', but suggested measures to reduce the pension disparity between retirees. 
    • The Rajya Sabha Petition Committee recommended the implementation of 'One Rank One Pension' for all Defence Forces personnel. 
  • Definition: OROP ensures that all armed forces personnel retiring at the same rank receive the same pension, regardless of their retirement date. Eg, a General who retired in the year 1980 will be receiving the same pension as a General who retired in the year 2015. 
    • OROP addresses long-standing demands from veterans for equitable pension distribution, recognising their sacrifices and service to the nation. 
  • Key Features of OROP: 
    • Pensions are determined by rank and length of service, ensuring fairness among retirees, while also protecting those already receiving above-average amounts. 
    • Pension Revision: The pension will be re-fixed every five years to account for changes in salaries and pensions of serving personnel. The first revision took place on 1st July 2019. 
    • Financial Implications: The estimated cost for implementing OROP revisions is approximately Rs 8,450 crore annually. 
    • Beneficiaries: Over 25.13 lakh armed forces pensioners and their families will benefit from this scheme. 
      • Includes provisions for family pensioners, war widows, and disabled pensioners. 
      • Uttar Pradesh and Punjab have the highest number of OROP beneficiaries. 
  • Supreme Court Ruling on OROP: 
    • The Supreme Court in Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement v Union of India Case, affirmed the constitutional validity of the OROP scheme, determining that different pensions for personnel of the same rank based on their retirement dates are not arbitrary. 
      • It emphasized that differences in pensions arise from various factors such as Modified Assured Career Progression (MACP) and base salary calculations. 

One_Rank_One_Pension

What are the Socio-Economic Implications of OROP? 

  • Welfare Enhancement: OROP significantly improves the financial security of veterans and their families, contributing to their overall well-being. 
  • Economic Impact: Increased pensions can lead to higher disposable income for veterans, stimulating local economies through increased spending. 
  • Social Recognition: Implementing OROP serves as a public acknowledgment of the sacrifices made by armed forces personnel, fostering a sense of pride and respect within society. 
  • Uniform Pension: Ensures equal pensions for personnel retiring in the same rank with the same length of service, irrespective of retirement date. 
    • Pension is re-fixed every five years to keep up with current standards. 

One_Rank_One_Pension

What are the Issues in Implementation of the OROP Scheme? 

  • High Cost: Implementation cost is significantly higher than initially estimated, impacting the exchequer. 
    • Example: Initially estimated at Rs. 500 crore, the actual cost is between Rs. 8000-10000 crore. 
  • Administrative Challenges: Difficulties in retrieving and verifying past records for eligible personnel. 
    • Example: Challenges in accessing historical service records to provide accurate benefits. 
  • Complex Implementation: Administrative, financial, and legal complications in executing the scheme effectively. 
    • Example: Legal and logistical issues in ensuring seamless delivery of pension benefits to all eligible individuals. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Assess the One Rank One Pension scheme's impact on the welfare of India's armed forces personnel.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ):

Prelims 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: c 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State

Ans: (b)

Important Facts For Prelims

Rashtriya Gokul Mission

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying highlighted the role of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) in the conservation of indigenous bovine breeds and the enhancement of milk production in the Lok Sabha. 

What is the Rashtriya Gokul Mission? 

  • About: The RGM was launched in 2014 for the development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds.  
  • Need: The decline of indigenous bovine breeds, like Punganur(Andhra Pradesh), threatens valuable genetic resources. These breeds are climate-resilient, produce high-quality milk, and adapt well to local environments, highlighting the need for preservation efforts. 
  • Objectives: RGM aims to boost bovine productivity, promote high-quality breeding, strengthen Artificial Insemination (AI) services. 
  • Components of RGM: 
    • High Genetic Merit: Enhances genetic merit through bull production via progeny testing, Pedigree Selection and genomic selection, and germplasm import.  
      • It strengthens semen stations, implements in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology for assured pregnancies, and sets up breed multiplication farms to scale genetic improvement in livestock. 
    • Artificial Insemination Network:  Promotes establishment of Multi Purpose Artificial Insemination Technicians in Rural India (MAITRIs) to expand nationwide AI access. 
    • Conservation of Indigenous Breeds: Support for Gaushalas for the care and preservation of indigenous cattle. 
    • Skill Development and Awareness: Focuses on skill development through capacity-building programs, raising farmer awareness, and supporting research and innovation in bovine breeding. 
  • Funding Pattern: The components of the RGM are largely funded by a 100% grant-in-aid basis, with some specific components involving partial subsidies (e.g., IVF pregnancies, sex sorted semen, breed multiplication farms). 
  • Key Initiatives Under RGM: 
    • Gokul Grams: indigenous cattle, called Gokul Grams for the promotion and conservation of indigenous breeds. 
    • Awards for Farmers: Gopal Ratna Award and Kamdhenu Award to recognize exemplary management of indigenous cattle and herds. 
    • National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre: A center for scientific conservation and development of indigenous breeds. It functions as a national repository of germplasm(genetic material) of Indigenous Breeds of the country 
    • E-Pashu Haat – Nakul Prajnan Bazaar: An e-market portal connecting breeders and farmers. 
    • National Bovine Genomic Center: A center for genomic enhancement to select high-merit bulls using gene-based technology. 

Artificial insemination

  • AI is a reproductive technology that involves manually introducing sperm into a female's reproductive tract to achieve pregnancy.

Other Initiatives Related to Livestock Sector

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us? (2011)

  1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock. 
  2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases. 
  3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)
Important Facts For Prelims

Biomedical Waste Management in India

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Amid concerns related to HIV, recent discussions on biomedical waste management (BMW) have gained attention, highlighting the need for effective waste disposal systems to protect public health and the environment. 

What is Biomedical Waste? 

  • Definition: Biomedical waste refers to human and animal anatomical waste, along with treatment apparatus such as needles, syringes, and other materials used in healthcare facilities during treatment and research. 
  • Treatment and Disposal Methods: Options for managing biomedical waste include, incineration, Plasma pyrolysis, Deep burial, Autoclaving, and recycling. 
  • Current Status of Biomedical Waste Management: 
    • As of 2020, India generated approximately 774 tons of biomedical waste per day.  
    • India has 393,242 healthcare facilities, with 67.8% being non-bedded (clinics, laboratories) and 32.2% being hospitals and nursing homes. 
      • Approximately 79% of these facilities utilize 218 Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBWTF) for waste management. 
      • Out of operational CBWTFs, 208 have adopted the Centralised Bar Code System for Tracking Biomedical Waste (CBST-BMW) to enhance monitoring. 
  • Strategies for Enhancement: 
    • Adoption of Circular Economy Practices: Implementing a circular economy model can promote sustainable practices in healthcare waste management. 
      • IIT Researchers advocate for a 'reduce-reuse-recycle' approach instead of traditional 'take-make-dispose' models.

Circular_Economy

What are the Provisions for Biomedical Waste Management? 

  • Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 
    • The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare activity. 
    • Chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags has been phased out within two years starting from March 2016. 
    • Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples and blood bags through disinfection or sterilisation on-site in the manner prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) or by the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO). 
    • Bio-medical waste has been classified into 4 categories to improve the segregation of waste at source. 
  • Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. 
  • Basel Convention: The Basel Convention, adopted in 1989, and effective from 1992, is an international treaty aiming to reduce trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes. 
    • India is a member of the Basel Convention but has not ratified the Basel ban amendment. 

What is the Influence of HIV/AIDS on Policies? 

  • The late 1980s saw a global crisis with the "Syringe Tide" in the US, leading to stricter regulations like the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988. 
  • In India, significant steps began with the introduction of the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in 1998, recognizing hospital waste as hazardous. 
  • The Supreme Court's ruling in Dr. B.L. Wadehra vs. Union of India (1996) highlighted pollution concerns, influencing regulatory frameworks. 
    • SC said that owners and occupiers of premises in Delhi without a latrine or urinal connected to a municipal drain must collect and remove filth to designated depots, following prescribed guidelines. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct? (2019)

(a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories. 

(b) The Rules are applicable to notified urban local bodies, notified towns and all industrial townships only 

(c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of sites for landfills and waste processing facilities. 

(d) It is mandatory on the part of the waste generator that the waste generated in one district cannot be moved to another district.

Ans: (c)

Rapid Fire

SC's Concern Over Voter Limit Increase

Source: TH 

Recently, Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna emphasised that "no voter should be turned down," indicating the court's commitment to ensuring accessible voting for all citizens. 

  • Earlier, Election Commission of India (ECI) has pushed the maximum limit per polling station from 1,200 (in rural) and 1,400 (urban) to a uniform 1,500 voters, which has raised concerns regarding potential disenfranchisement. 
  • A petition challenged the ECI's decision, arguing that it would lead to overcrowded polling stations and longer wait times. 
    • A voter takes around 90 seconds to cast their vote, allowing 45 voters per hour. Over 11 hours, a polling station can accommodate only 495 voters (660 voters with maximum efficiency). 
    • The petition highlights that ECI's rationale for increasing the limit lacks fresh data like updated census. 
  • Rules for Setting up Polling Station: 
    • Representation of People Act, 1951 mandates the Election Commission to provide for a ‘sufficient number of polling stations for every constituency’. 
    • A polling station should be located so that voters typically travel no more than 2 kilometers to vote, with exceptions for sparsely populated hilly or forest areas. 
  • ECI Programs to Increase Voter Turnouts: 
    • SVEEP 
    • Voter Helpline App 

Read  More:  Increasing Voter Turnouts 

Rapid Fire

DNA Profiles and Levirate Marriages

Source: TH 

Recently, during DNA profiling for an organ transplant, it was discovered that a father was not the biological parent of his son, revealing a case of levirate marriage. 

  • The exposed sensitive family information, raising concerns about genetic privacy and the unintended consequences of DNA analysis. 
  • DNA profiling: DNA profiling is a technique to identify individuals based on unique variations in their DNA sequences.  
    • While 99.9% of human DNA is identical, the 0.1% variation, especially in Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), forms the basis of DNA profiling, enabling precise identification. 
  • Levirate: Levirate marriage is a custom where the brother of a deceased (or physically incapacitated) man can marry to his brother's widow, ensuring the continuation of the family line. 
    • It has been practiced in India by several tribes, including the Santhal and Munda.  
    • During Vedic times, niyoga, the practice of a younger brother or kinsman marrying the widow of an elder brother, was practiced but later disallowed during the Gupta and earlier periods.  
  • Sororate is the custom of a man marrying his wife's sister if his wife dies. 

Read More: DNA Profiling in the Justice System 

Rapid Fire

Reimposition of AFSPA in Manipur

Source: IE 

Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has reimposed the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in six police station areas of Manipur due to a volatile security situation and the active involvement of insurgent groups in violence. 

  • Manipur has been under AFSPA since 1980, with periodic reviews reflecting the changing security landscape.  
  • Background: 
  • A disturbed area is one that is declared under Section 3 of the AFSPA. 
    • Currently, AFSPA is in effect in parts of Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh. 
    • The Governor of State, administrator of Union Territory and MHA can notify AFSPA enforcement and can declare any area as disturbed.  
  • Under the Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976, a region declared 'disturbed' remains so for a continuous three months. 

Manipur

Read more: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) 

Rapid Fire

Indian Navy Day 2024

Source: IE 

Recently, on 4th December, Indian Navy Day was celebrated, honoring the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War and Operation Trident, which highlighted the Indian Navy's strategic success in attacking Pakistan's Karachi port. 

  • The theme for 2024 is "Strength and Power through Innovation and Indigenization". The day underscores the critical role of the Indian Navy in maintaining national security and protecting maritime interests 
  • Indian Navy: 
    • On  1st May 1830, the East India Company came under the British Crown and gained combatant status, becoming the Indian Navy. In 1858, it was renamed Her Majesty's Indian Navy. 
      • The Indian Navy adopted the Vedic invocation to Lord Varuna, "Sam no Varunah," as its emblem motto, meaning "Be auspicious unto us, O Varuna." 
    • On 21st October 1944, Navy Day was celebrated for the first time. 
      • Since 1972, Navy Day has been celebrated on 4th December to honor the successful 1971 naval operations in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Karachi harbor missile attack, and to pay tribute to war martyrs.  
    • The Navy has three Commands, each under the control of a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief: The Western (HQ- Mumbai), Eastern (Visakhapatnam) and Southern Naval Command (Kochi). 

Read More: Indian Navy Day

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