Sambhav-2025

Approach In introduction, briefly define Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and their significance. Compare SMRs with conventional nuclear reactors in terms of design, efficiency, safety, and cost. Assess India’s energy needs and how SMRs fit into the energy security framework. Conclude suitably.

Introduction

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors with a capacity of up to 300 MW per unit. Unlike conventional large nuclear reactors, SMRs are compact, factory-built, and scalable, offering a flexible approach to nuclear energy deployment. Given India's growing energy demands, SMRs present a potential solution for enhancing energy security while ensuring safety and cost efficiency.

Body

Comparison of SMRs and Conventional Nuclear Reactors:

• Size & Scalability: SMRs are smaller, modular, and factory-assembled, whereas conventional reactors are large, site-built, and require extensive infrastructure.
• Safety & Reliability: SMRs use passive cooling systems, reducing meltdown risks, whereas conventional reactors need active cooling systems, which are more complex.
• Cost & Deployment: SMRs have lower upfront costs and shorter construction times (3–5 years), whereas conventional reactors are expensive and take 8–10 years to build.
• Siting Flexibility: SMRs can be deployed in remote areas and disaster-prone regions, unlike conventional reactors, which need large, seismically stable sites.

Significance and Feasibility of SMRs for India's Energy Security:

• Rising Energy Demand: India's power demand is projected to grow at 4.7% annually till 2040 (IEA), necessitating reliable, clean, and scalable energy sources.
• Decarbonization Goals: SMRs align with India's Net Zero by 2070 target by providing a low-carbon alternative to coal-based power.
• Land & Water Constraints: Conventional reactors require vast land and cooling water, while SMRs consume less land and water, making them viable for land-scarce regions.
• Grid Independence & Energy Access: SMRs can operate independently of large power grids, improving energy access in rural and remote regions.
• Global Examples: Countries like Canada, the US, and China are investing in SMRs. India can collaborate with global players for technology transfer.
• Regulatory & Economic Challenges: India’s Atomic Energy Act, 1962 restricts private sector participation in nuclear energy. High initial investment and regulatory approval delays may hinder SMR adoption.

Conclusion

SMRs offer a promising solution for India's clean energy transition, ensuring safety, flexibility, and scalability. However, policy reforms, international collaboration, and private sector involvement are essential for large-scale deployment. Strategic adoption of SMRs can enhance India’s energy security while supporting climate commitments.