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Sambhav-2025

  • 18 Jan 2025 GS Paper 1 Geography

    Day 42: Population Migration is a complex phenomenon shaped by interrelated factors and carrying diverse consequences in India.Comment. (150 Words)

    Approach

    • Begin with a brief introduction defining population migration and its significance.
    • Use the body to address causes and consequences, with examples and data.
    • Conclude by summarizing key impacts and suggesting balanced measures.

    Introduction

    Migration, the movement of people across regions or countries, is a result of various push and pull factors. It plays a critical role in shaping economies and societies, impacting both origin and destination areas.

    Migration Factors

    Body

    Causes of Population Migration

    • Economic Factors: Economic factors, such as job opportunities and better living standards, drive population migration.
      • High out-migration from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh has been highlighted, with limited employment opportunities being a significant factor.
      • Migration to states like Delhi, Maharashtra, and Gujarat continues to be driven by better job prospects and infrastructure, as evidenced by the EAC-PM Report on Domestic Migration 2023.
      • In 2023, districts like Mumbai, Bengaluru Urban, and Howrah accounted for the highest levels of migration, underlining their role as major economic hubs.
    • Social Factors:
      • Improved access to education and healthcare facilities in urban areas remains a key driver.
      • Marriage is the predominant cause of female migration, with 86.8% of female migrants moving for this reason, as per the Migration in India Report 2020-21.
    • Political Factors:
      • Displacement due to conflicts remains relevant globally, such as the Syrian refugee crisis or Rohingya migration.
    • Environmental Factors:
      • Climate change, including sea-level rise and flooding, continues to drive migration from vulnerable areas like the Sundarbans in West Bengal.
      • Seasonal migration patterns show peaks in April-June and November-December, influenced by agriculture, festivals, and marriages, while January has the lowest migration activity.

    Consequences of Population Migration

    • Positive Impacts:
      • Economic growth in recipient states, such as West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Karnataka, as noted in the EAC-PM report.
      • Remittances remain vital for rural economies in states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
    • Negative Impacts:
      • Brain drain from states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh hampers their development.
      • Migration can lead to regional discrimination and violence, often fueled by the "son of the soil" doctrine.
      • Overcrowding and infrastructure strain in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru are significant challenges, with urban areas continuing to absorb the majority of migrants.
      • Gender disparities persist, with migration dominated by marriage-related reasons for females (47.9%) compared to employment-driven male migration (49.6%).
    • Environmental Effects:
      • Unplanned urbanization contributes to pollution and loss of green spaces in major urban centers.
      • Agricultural lands in origin areas are abandoned, leading to reduced productivity and food security concerns.

    Conclusion

    Migration, a multifaceted phenomenon, is driven by economic, social, and environmental factors. While it facilitates economic development and cultural exchange, challenges like urban overcrowding and regional disparities necessitate targeted policies. A balanced approach that promotes equitable development and migration-friendly infrastructure is vital for achieving sustainable outcomes.

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