Sambhav-2024

• Give a brief introduction to Sangam Literature.
• Discuss the Political insights in this Literature.
• Discuss the Economic insights in this Literature.
• Discuss the Social insights in this Literature.
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction

Sangam literature refers to a collection of ancient Tamil texts that were produced during the Sangam period, which is estimated to have spanned from approximately 300 BC to 300 AD. It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings of Madurai.

Sangam literature is characterized by its rich poetic content, exploring various themes on Aham (inner field of human aspects) and Puram (outer field of human experiences).

Body

Political Insights

• Political Organization:
  • The Sangam literature sheds light on the political organization of the time.
    • During the Sangam Age, each kingdom was divided into many units for proper administration like Mandalam, Nadu, Ur, Perur, Sirur, Valanadu, and Koottram. The villages were run by a group of elder people who met as a council. Manram, Avai, Podiyil, and Ambalam were the village councils.
• Heroic Kings and Chieftains:
  • The Sangam poems glorify heroic kings and chieftains who were patrons of poets and warriors.
    • The Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle.
• Social Conflicts and Wars:
  • The Sangam literature reflects the existence of social conflicts and wars. Poems describe battles between different rulers, providing insights into the military and political dynamics of the time.
    • The Tamil saint Thiruvalluvar made significant contributions to Sangam literature, particularly through his renowned work, the "Tirukkural" which discusses the epics, governance and love.

Economic Insights:

• Trade and Commerce:
  • The Sangam texts offer insights into the economic activities of ancient Tamil society. They describe vibrant trade and commercial activities, with references to bustling markets, prosperous trade routes, and various commodities.
    • The city of Puhar (Kaveripattinam) is often mentioned as a major trade center.
• Agriculture:
  • Agriculture was a vital aspect of the economy during the Sangam period. The poems celebrate the importance of agriculture and depict the life of farmers.

Social Insights:

• Social Structure:
  • The Sangam texts depict a society divided into various occupational groups or classes, such as warriors, farmers, traders, and others. These divisions suggest a structured and organized society.
• Language:
  • Tolkapiyyam was written to elaborate on the nuances of Tamil grammar and poetry.
• Role of Women:
  • The Sangam literature highlighted intrinsic feminine qualities, notably Achcham, Madam, and Naanam.
    • Among these virtues, chastity was regarded as their paramount and essential virtue.
  • Women play a significant role in Sangam literature. The poems often portray women as knowledgeable, independent, and assertive.
    • Avvaiyar was a Tamil poet who lived during the Sangam period and wrote 59 poems in the Purananuru (Puram)
• Ethical and Moral Values:
  • Sangam literature emphasises ethical and moral values. The poems often convey the importance of virtue, honesty, and integrity.
    • The concept of "Aham" is frequently discussed, reflecting the moral standards upheld in the society of that time.

Conclusion

Sangam literature provides a comprehensive view of the people's way of life, their values, and the dynamics of the socio-political and economic landscape during the Sangam period. The literature continues to be a valuable source for historians and scholars studying the cultural history of South India.