Sambhav-2024

• Start the answer with a discussion that sets a context for the question.
• Discuss the characteristics of the physiographic divisions of India
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction

The physiography of an area is the outcome of structure, process, and stage of development. The land of India is characterized by great diversity in its physical features, topography, and landforms.

Body

The key physiographic divisions of India include:

• The Northern and North-Eastern Mountains :
  • It consists of the Himalayas and the Northeastern hills (Purvanchal Hills).
  • Home to some of the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest.
  • Young and dynamic mountain range formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.
  • Rich in glaciers, rivers, and alpine vegetation.
  • It stands almost like a strong and long wall between the Indian subcontinent and the Central and East Asian countries.
• Northern Plains: Extends south of the Himalayas
  • The northern plains (Indo-Gangetic plains) are formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
  • These plains extend approximately 3,200 km from the east to the west.
  • From the north to the south, these can be divided into three major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai and the alluvial plains.
  • These plains are ideal for agriculture due to the rich soil and ample water supply.
• Peninsular Plateau: Central part of India
  • Delhi Ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalis), the Rajmahal Hills in the east, the Gir range in the west, and the Cardamom Hills in the south constitute the outer extent of the Peninsular plateau.
  • The Peninsular plateau can be divided into three broad groups:
    • The Deccan Plateau: This is bordered by the Western Ghats in the west, Eastern Ghats in the east and the Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills in the north.
    • The Central Highlands: It is a large geological structure and biogeographic region located between the Deccan plateau and the Indo-Gangetic plains. It consists of a number of mountain ranges, including the Vindhya and Aravali ranges, and the Chota Nagpur and Malwa plateaus.
    • The Northeastern Plateau: The Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau stand detached from the main peninsular Block

• The Indian Desert (Thar): Northwestern part of India
  • Arid region characterized by sand dunes, rocky terrain, and limited vegetation.
  • Receives low annual rainfall, making agriculture challenging.
• Coastal Plains: Eastern and Western coastal areas
  • Narrow plains along the coasts with sandy beaches and estuaries.
  • Formed by the deposition of sediments by the sea.
  • The Malabar coast has certain distinguishing features in the form of ‘Kayals’ (backwaters), which are used for fishing and inland navigation
• Islands: Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
  • Coral islands with diverse marine life especially in Lakshadweep Islands.
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands have hilly terrain and tropical rainforests.
  • Barren Island, the only active volcano in India is also situated in the Nicobar Islands.

Conclusion

Understanding these physiographic divisions is crucial for various aspects, including agriculture, biodiversity, and resource management. The diverse topography and geological features contribute to India's richness in natural resources and cultural diversity.