Sambhav-2024

• Start the answer with a discussion that sets a context for the question.
• Discuss the evolution of the Indian National Congress along with its early leaders and key milestones.
• Elaborate on the impact of the Indian National Congress.
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction

The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885, marking the initiation of a significant political movement against British colonial rule. Its evolution can be traced through distinct phases, each characterized by key milestones and influential leaders.

Body

Evolution of the INC, early leaders and key milestones:

• Formation and Early Years (1885-1905):
  • The INC was established in Bombay in 1885, to promote a platform for political dialogue and representation.
  • A.O. Hume played a pivotal role in its formation. Early leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, and Dinshaw Wacha.
  • The INC initially aimed at seeking constitutional reforms within the British framework.
• Moderate Phase (1885-1905):
  • Prominent leaders during this phase, known as the Moderates, advocated constitutional methods, petitions, and dialogue.
  • Dadabhai Naoroji's demand for 'Drain of Wealth' and the representation of Indians in the civil services were notable.
  • The INC's influence grew, and its demands were articulated through platforms like the Congress sessions.
• The Swadeshi Movement and Extremist Phase (1905-1919):
  • The partition of Bengal in 1905 sparked widespread protests and marked a shift toward more radical approaches.
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai emerged as leaders advocating for more direct action.
  • The Swadeshi Movement and the use of 'Boycott' gained momentum. This phase laid the groundwork for a more assertive and direct anti-colonial stance.
• Role in the Freedom Struggle (1919-1947):
  • Post the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, the INC saw a resurgence of mass involvement. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi brought in a new era of non-violent civil disobedience.
  • The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) were pivotal in intensifying the struggle for independence.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad emerged as influential figures.
• Quit India Movement and Independence (1942-1947):
  • The Quit India Movement in 1942 was a turning point, with leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel demanding an end to British rule.
  • The INC played a crucial role in negotiations leading to Independence.
  • The Mountbatten Plan in 1947 marked the culmination of INC's efforts in securing India's freedom.

Evaluation of INC's Impact:

• Mass Mobilization: The INC successfully mobilized a diverse population, cutting across linguistic, religious, and social lines. This played a crucial role in building a united front against colonial rule.
• Contribution to Constitutional Development: The INC's advocacy for constitutional reforms and representation of Indians in governance paved the way for subsequent constitutional developments.
• Non-violent Resistance: Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence, adopted by the INC, not only demonstrated moral strength but also influenced global movements for civil rights and independence.
• Formation of National Identity: The INC played a pivotal role in shaping the Indian national identity, emphasizing unity in diversity and promoting a collective sense of belonging.
• Socio-economic Reforms: INC addressed social issues through leaders like B.R. Ambedkar. Post-independence policies aimed at economic development and social justice.

Conclusion

The Indian National Congress played a crucial role in India's history, transforming from a political platform to a key force in the fight for independence and nation-building. Its leaders and movements have left a lasting impact on India's socio-political landscape.