National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• Observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei.

The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere

satellite (AIM) Launched: 2007

• Strange Clouds- Astronauts on board the International Space Station have been observing electric blue "noctilucent" clouds from Earth-orbit.
• Noctilucent or "night-shining" clouds (NLCs) are also known as Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC).
• The AIM satellite will orbit Earth at an altitude of 550 km.
• AIM will take wide angle photos of NLCs, measure their temperatures and chemical abundances, monitor dusty aerosols, and count meteoroids raining down on Earth.

• It resulted in American astronauts making a total of 11 space flights and walking on the moon.
• The first Apollo flight happened in 1968. The first moon landing took place in 1969. The last moon landing was in 1972.

• The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first international human spaceflight.

  • This mission brought together two former spaceflight rivals: the United States and the Soviet Union.

• The Americans sent up an Apollo command module, while the Russians launched a Soyuz spacecraft.

• Aqua is an Earth Science satellite mission that collects information on our water systems.
• The satellite has six different Earth-observing instruments on board and streams approximately 89 gigabytes of data per day.

• The joint U.S./Argentinian Aquarius /Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)-D mission was launched June 10, 2011, and ended on June 8, 2015, when an essential part of the power and attitude control system for the spacecraft stopped operating.
• Aquarius/SAC-D mapped the salinity (the concentration of dissolved salt) at the ocean surface, information critical to improving our understanding of two major components of Earth's climate system: the water cycle and ocean circulation.
• By measuring ocean salinity from space, Aquarius provided new insights into how the massive natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice influences ocean circulation, weather and climate.

• The Arctic is undergoing significant environmental changes related to global climate change.
• NASA is extensively studying the role of air pollution in this climate-sensitive region as part of the ARCTAS field campaign, the largest airborne experiment ever to do so.

• The Artemis program, unveiled by NASA, aims to put astronauts on the lunar surface in 2024 — and give us the first female moonwalker.
• The initiative comes as the nation prepares to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing in 1969, which made Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin the first people to set foot on another world.
• The Greek god who became the namesake of NASA's Apollo program in the 1960s and ’70s had a twin sister named Artemis, will lead humans back to the moon.

• Despite its low concentration, stratospheric water vapor has large impacts on the earth’s energy budget and climate.
• Recent studies suggest that even small changes in stratospheric humidity may have climate impacts that are significant compared to those of decadal increases in greenhouse gases.
• The ATTREX will perform a series of measurement campaigns using the long-range NASA Global Hawk (GH) unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to directly address these problems.

• Aura (Latin for breeze) is a program dedicated to monitoring the complex interactions that affect the globe using NASA satellites and data systems.
• Aura's measurements will enable to investigate questions about ozone trends, air quality changes and their linkage to climate change.

• It is a balloon-based Mission that seeks to measure the precipitation of relativistic electrons from the radiation belts during two multi-balloon campaigns, operated in the southern hemisphere (option for third northern hemisphere campaign).
• The BARREL consists of two Antarctic balloon campaigns conducted in Austral summers of 2013 and 2014.

• The CALIPSO satellite provides new insight into the role that clouds and atmospheric aerosols (airborne particles) play in regulating Earth's weather, climate, and air quality.
• It was launched on April 28, 2006 with the cloud profiling radar system on the CloudSat satellite.

• The Cassini mission to Saturn is one of the most ambitious efforts in planetary space exploration ever mounted.
• A joint endeavor of NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Italian space agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Cassini is a sophisticated robotic spacecraft orbiting the ringed planet and studying the Saturnian system in detail.
• Cassini also carried a probe called Huygens, which parachuted to the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, in January 2005 and returned spectacular results.
• It entered Saturn's atmosphere on Sept. 15, 2017 and lost communication with NASA.

• The Chandra X-ray Observatory is part of NASA's fleet of "Great Observatories" along with the Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope and the now deorbited Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
• Chandra allows scientists from around the world to obtain X-ray images of exotic environments to help understand the structure and evolution of the universe.
• It was named in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel Laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Known to the world as Chandra (which means "moon" or "luminous" in Sanskrit), he was widely regarded as one of the foremost astrophysicists of the twentieth century.

• The CINDI studied the elements that influence space weather near Earth’s equator.
• The CINDI investigation is a key component of the science objectives of the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) undertaken by the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Space and Missile Command Test and Evaluation Directorate.

• Clementine was a joint project between the U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization and NASA.
• It was designed to test sensors and spacecraft components under extended exposure to the space environment and to make scientific observations of the Moon and the near-Earth asteroid 1620 Geographos.

• The CATS, is a lidar remote-sensing instrument that measured atmospheric aerosols and clouds from the International Space Station (ISS).

• The CloudSat is an experimental satellite that uses radar to observe clouds and precipitation from space.

• Cluster is currently investigating the Earth's magnetic environment and its interaction with the solar wind in three dimensions.

• NASA's Commercial Crew Program is a partnership to develop and fly human space transportation systems.

• The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) was a sophisticated satellite observatory dedicated to observing the high-energy Universe.
• Compton, at 17 tons, was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at the time of its launch on April 5, 1991 aboard the space shuttle Atlantis.
• Compton was safely deorbited and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on June 4, 2000.

• The purpose of the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission was to take precise measurements of the diffuse radiation between 1 micrometer and 1 cm over the whole celestial sphere.

• The CHIPS is a NASA astrophysics spacecraft that targets the hot and diffuse nebulae at about a million degrees temperature.

• CubeSats are a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites.
• CubeSats are built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm.
  • They can be 1U, 2U, 3U, or 6U in size, and typically weigh less than 1.33 kg (3 lbs) per U.

• A rover named Curiosity is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the red planet.
• Curiosity was designed to assess whether Mars ever had an environment able to support small life forms called microbes.
  • In other words, its mission is to determine the planet's "habitability."

• The CYGNSS mission will use eight micro-satellites to measure wind speeds over Earth's oceans, increasing the ability of scientists to understand and predict hurricanes.
• Each satellite will take information based on the signals from GPS satellites.

• The DART is a planetary defense-driven test of technologies for preventing an impact of Earth by a hazardous asteroid.

• The Dawn was a mission to the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt – Vesta and Ceres.
• Vesta is rocky, while dwarf planet Ceres is icy.
  • Each followed a very different evolutionary path, constrained by the diversity of processes that operated during the first few million years of the solar system.
• When Dawn visited Ceres and Vesta, the spacecraft brought us back in solar system time.

• The ERBS was designed to investigate how energy from the Sun is absorbed and re-radiated by the Earth.
• Understanding this process helps reveal patterns in Earth's weather. It was launched on the Space Shuttle Challenger.

Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS)
Launched: 2018

• The ECOSTRESS measures the temperature of plants and use that information to better understand how much water plants need and how they respond to stress.
  • It uses a multispectral thermal infrared radiometer to measure the surface temperature.
• The radiometer was deployed on the International Space Station in 2018.
  The radiometer will acquire the most detailed temperature images of the surface ever acquired from space and will be able to measure the temperature of an individual farmers field.

FAST (the Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer)
Operation: 1996 to 2009

• The FAST investigated the behavior of ionized gas, called plasma, and particles during auroras.
• As the FAST flew over the poles—the most common regions where auroras form—it took quick, high-resolution bursts of data on particles, electric and magnetic fields, and plasma.

Galileo
Operation: 1989 to 2003

• The Galileo spacecraft orbited Jupiter for almost eight years, and made close passes by all its major moons.
• Its camera and nine other instruments sent back reports that allowed scientists to determine, among other things, that Jupiter’s icy moon Europa probably has a subsurface ocean with more water than the total amount found on Earth.

Hubble Space Telescope
Launched: 1990

• The NASA named the world's first space-based optical telescope after American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953).
  
  • Dr. Hubble confirmed an "expanding" universe, which provided the foundation for the big-bang theory.
• The observatory is the first major optical telescope to be placed in space and has made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of astronomy since its launch (into Low Earth orbit in 1990).
  • It is said to be the “most significant advance in astronomy since Galileo’s telescope.”
• It is a part of NASA's Great Observatories Program - a family of four space-based observatories, each observing the Universe in a different kind of light.
  • The other missions in the program include the visible-light Spitzer Space Telescope, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO).

IceBridge Mission
Launched: 2009

• The IceBridge is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice ever flown.
• It yields an unprecedented three-dimensional view of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, ice shelves and sea ice.
• Data collected during IceBridge will help scientists bridge the gap in polar observations between NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) - launched in 2003 and de-orbited in 2010 and ICESat-2, launched in 2018.

International Space Station (IIS)

• The ISS is a multi-nation construction project that is the largest single structure humans ever put into space.
• Its main construction was completed between 1998 and 2011, although the station continually evolves to include new missions and experiments.
• The NASA , Roscosmos (Russia) and the European Space Agency are the major partners of the space station.

The James Webb Space Telescope
Launched: 2021

• The James Webb Space Telescope (sometimes called JWST or Webb) will be a large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror.
  • It was launched in December 2021.
• It will find the first galaxies that formed in the early universe and peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems.

• The rover will search for signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past and for signs of past microbial life itself.

• The Orion is a new NASA spacecraft for astronauts.
• The spacecraft will play an important part in the journey to Mars.
• Orion will serve as the exploration vehicle that will carry the crew to space, provide emergency abort capability, sustain the crew during the space travel, and provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities.

PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) Launching: 2022

• The PACE is NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission, currently in the design phase of mission development.
• It will extend and improve NASA's over 20-year record of satellite observations of global ocean biology, aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere), and clouds.

Rosetta
Operation: 2004 to 2016

• Rosetta was a spacecraft on a ten-year mission to catch the comet "67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" (C-G) and answer some of our questions about comets.
• This was a European Space Agency mission with support and instruments from NASA.
• Rosetta was the first spacecraft to soft-land a robot on a comet.