Agricultural Distress in India

Last Updated: December 2022

India is one of the biggest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the primary occupation of nearly half the population of the country. Over the past few decades, the manufacturing and services sectors have increasingly contributed to the growth of the economy, while the agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased. The unprecedented agrarian crisis in India has now been affecting farmers across the country for nearly a decade.

What are the Reasons Behind Agricultural Distress?

• Poor Policy and Planning: In the past, Government strategy primarily focused on raising agricultural output and improving food security rather than recognising the need to raise farmer’s income,
  • The absence of direct measures to promote farmers’ welfare is also one of the main reasons for agricultural distress.
• Declining Average Size of Farm Holdings: Increasing demographic pressure, disguised employment in agriculture and conversion of agricultural land for alternative uses, have drastically reduced the average land holding.
• Dependence on Rainfall and Climate: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon and ever-increasing global temperature has made agriculture more prone to extreme weather events.
• Collapsing Farm Prices: Low global prices have affected exports and the cheaper imports have hurt domestic prices in the country.
  • Lack of easy credit to agriculture and dependence on money lenders.
• Fragmented supply chains:
  
  • Large gaps in storage, Cold chains
  • Limited connectivity
  • Absence of marketing infrastructure
• Lack of Mechanisation: Introduction of latest technology has been limited due to various reasons like accessibility for credit and low awareness.
• Other Reasons: Crop production is always at risk because of pests and diseases.
  • Shortage of inputs like seeds and irrigation facilities.
  • Deficiencies in Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC) Act.
  • Profiteering by middlemen.

What are the Impacts of Agricultural Distress?

• Adverse Effect on Farmers’ Income: The above factors have resulted in low income for farmers which is evident from the incidence of poverty among farm households.
  • The low and highly fluctuating farm income is causing a detrimental effect on the interest in farming and farm investments and is also forcing more and more cultivators, particularly younger age group, to leave farming.
• Cases of Suicides: The country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides in the last decades.
  • This can cause an adverse effect on the future of food security and the state of agriculture in the country.

What Steps can be Taken?

• Development Initiatives: Initiatives including infrastructure, technological interventions, farmer friendly policies and institutional mechanisms can increase agricultural growth and farmers income.
• Need for Technology can help to reduce ‘yield gaps’ and thus improve productivity.
  • The water-use efficiency can be improved significantly with better use of technologies that include drip irrigation.
• The quantitative framework for doubling farmers income has the following seven sources of growth:
  
  • Increase in productivity of crops
  • Increase in production of livestock
  • Improvement in the efficiency of input use (cost saving)
  • Increase in crop intensity
  • Diversification towards high-value crops
  • Improved price realization by farmers
  • The shift of cultivators to non-farm jobs
• Improvements in Allied Sectors: Many small farmers cannot leave agriculture because of a lack of opportunities in the non-farm sector. Hence, allied sectors like horticulture, food processing, poultry etc needs to be pushed. For instance, government initiatives like the Coordinated programme on Horticulture Assessment and MANagement using geoinformatics (CHAMAN), AGRI-UDAAN programme, Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters (SAMPADA) etc.
• Cooperative Farming: In this context, consolidation of land holdings also becomes important to raise farmer incomes. Farmers can voluntarily come together and pool land to gain the benefits of size. Through consolidation, farmers can reap economies of scale both in input procurement and output marketing.
• Policy Developments: There is a need to make a  shift from rice and wheat-centric policies to millet, pulses, fruits, vegetables, livestock and fish.
• Need for Market Reforms: The creation of a competitive, stable and unified national market is needed for farmers to get better prices.

What are the Government Initiatives taken in this Regard? 

• Doubling Farmer’s Income by 2022-23: The goal set to double farmers' income by 2022-23 is central to promote farmers welfare, reduce agrarian distress and bring parity between the income of farmers and those working in non-agricultural professions.
• Initiatives of Central Government: In recent years, the Central government has taken various measures like the PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), electronic National Agricultural market (e-NAM), Soil health card, Neem-coated urea etc.
• Agriculture is a major component of Priority Sector Lending (PSL), and the target for bank lending to agriculture has been revised upwards every year.
• Fertilizer Subsidies: In addition to food subsidies under PDS, the government also provides fertilizer subsidy year after year.
• In the 2018-2019 budget for farmers, the Union budget has announced Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) at 50% above the production cost.
  • It also proposed to launch “Operation Greens” in the agriculture sector on the same lines of the milk sector’s “Operation Flood”.
• Budget Initiatives: In the 2022 budget, various steps were taken to support the farm sector.

• Farm Support Schemes: Some States have introduced farm support schemes, examples being the Rythu Bandhu Scheme (Telangana) and the Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation (KALIA) scheme (Odisha)

What are the Other Initiatives?

• Palm Oil Mission
• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana
• AgriStack
• Unified Farmer Service Platform
• National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture
• Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization

What Steps can be taken?

• The ever-changing agriculture sector requires proactive policy management which can maximize benefits for all stakeholders.
• Raising the MSP, price deficiency payments or income support schemes can only be a partial solution to the problem of providing remunerative returns to farmers.
• A sustainable solution is market reforms to enable better price discovery combined with long-term trade policies favourable to exports.
• For better prices for farmers, agriculture has to go beyond farming and develop a value chain comprising farming, wholesaling, warehousing, logistics, processing and retailing.
• The most effective and least distortionary way to support farmers would be through direct benefit transfers (DBTs).
• What is abundantly clear is that loan waivers aren’t the panacea they’re made out to be politically. Those who want to help India’s farmers should be working much harder to figure out what they really need.