70^th BPSC Mains

Approach Begin with a brief definition of nanotechnology and its cross-sectoral relevance. In the body, explain its role in agriculture, food processing, medicine, and environmental protection, with specific and real-world examples. Conclude suitably.

Introduction

Nanotechnology, the science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), has emerged as a disruptive technology with wide-ranging applications. It plays a critical role in enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and precision across multiple sectors including agriculture, food systems, healthcare, and environmental management.

Body

Applications in Agriculture:

• Nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides improve nutrient uptake and reduce chemical runoff into the environment.
  
  • Example: ICAR and IFFCO developed nano urea, which enhances nitrogen-use efficiency and reduces soil toxicity.
• Nanosensors help detect soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pests in real time for precision farming.
  • These enable data-driven decisions, minimizing input waste and enhancing crop yields.
• Nanoformulations of pesticides offer controlled release and targeted delivery, reducing the frequency of application.
  • Example: CSIR is working on nano-pesticide formulations to minimize harmful residues and maximize effectiveness.

Applications in Food Processing:

• Nanocoatings and nano-packaging enhance shelf-life, freshness, and contamination resistance of food products.
  • Example: Water Filters uses nano-silver in filters, which is also applied in food packaging to reduce spoilage.
• Nanosensors in food packaging can detect spoilage, pathogens, or gas leaks, ensuring real-time food safety monitoring.
• Nanoencapsulation helps in the delivery of nutraceuticals and functional foods with improved bioavailability.
  • Example: Various global firms use nanotech for encapsulating omega-3 fatty acids in health drinks.

Applications in Medicine:

• Targeted drug delivery systems use nanocarriers to deliver medicines directly to infected or cancerous cells, reducing side effects.
  • Example: Liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) is a nano-drug used in cancer therapy for controlled release.
• Nano-diagnostics allow early detection of diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular issues using biomarkers at the molecular level.
  • Example: Nano gold particles are used in rapid COVID-19 detection kits in India for quicker results.
• Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine benefit from nanomaterials used in scaffolding for cell growth and healing.
  • Example: CSIR-NCL has developed nanofibers used in wound healing and skin regeneration.

Applications in Environmental Protection:

• Nanomaterials like nano-iron and carbon nanotubes are used for pollutant removal from soil and water.
  • Example: Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) is employed for groundwater decontamination in industrial zones.
• Nanofiltration membranes in water purification plants remove heavy metals, bacteria, and organic contaminants efficiently.
  • Example: Arsenic removal filters using nanotechnology are being deployed in arsenic-prone areas of West Bengal.
• Nanosensors detect pollutants like NO_₂, CO, and pesticides at low concentrations for better air and water quality monitoring.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology holds immense potential in addressing pressing challenges in agriculture, health, food security, and environmental protection. With responsible regulation and innovation, it can serve as a powerful tool for sustainable and inclusive development in India and beyond.