70^th BPSC Mains

Approach Briefly explain 5G technology. Mention the challenges associated with its rollout. Provide a way forward involving redressal of issues associated with 5G technology.

Introduction

5G technology, the fifth generation of mobile communication, is a leap forward from previous generations, offering high-speed, low-latency, and massive device connectivity. It has the potential to revolutionize India’s digital ecosystem, but its implementation is fraught with infrastructural and regional challenges, especially in underdeveloped states like Bihar.

Body

Key Features of 5G Technology:

• High-Speed Internet Access: 5G offers data speeds up to 20 Gbps, compared to 1 Gbps in 4G, enhancing real-time digital services.
• Millimeter Wave Spectrum Usage: It operates on 30–300 GHz frequencies, enabling large data transfer with minimal signal interference.
• Three Spectrum Bands: It includes Low Band (wide coverage, low speed), Mid Band (moderate speed and coverage), and High Band (ultra-fast speed, limited range).
• Supports Next-Gen Tech: 5G enables integration with AI, IoT, AR/VR, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and remote robotic surgeries.
• Ultra-Low Latency: With response times as low as 1 millisecond, it facilitates mission-critical applications in healthcare and defence.

Challenges in Implementation, Especially in States like Bihar

• Weak Digital Infrastructure: Only 30% of telecom towers in India are fiberized, with Bihar lagging further behind in digital connectivity.
• Capital Constraints: Telecom operators face financial stress, slowing rollout, especially in economically weaker states.
• High Cost for Consumers: Upgrading to 5G-ready devices is expensive, affecting rural consumers and deepening the digital divide.
• Low Private Investment in Backward Regions: Private telecom players prefer metro and tier-1 cities, leaving Bihar with delayed access and limited coverage.
• Geographical and Structural Limitations: Poor electricity supply and frequent floods in Bihar hinder 5G infrastructure deployment.
• Security Concerns: Increased device connectivity raises risks of cyber-attacks like DDoS and data interception.
• Spectrum Pricing Challenges: High spectrum costs deter investment, especially in low-income states with fewer revenue prospects.

Conclusion

5G holds the key to inclusive digital growth, but its success hinges on bridging regional and economic disparities. For states like Bihar, focused efforts are needed to expand fiber networks, reduce device costs, and incentivize private participation. Only then can India unlock the true potential of 5G as a tool for equitable development and digital empowerment.