70^th BPSC Mains

Approach In introduction, provide a brief overview of biotechnology and its applications. Discuss the key areas of biotechnology application in various fields with relevant examples. Conclude suitably.

Introduction

Biotechnology harnesses biological systems to develop solutions for a variety of challenges. It plays a significant role in sectors like agriculture, waste management, biodiversity protection, clean energy, and pollution control. This model answer discusses the applications of biotechnology in these areas, highlighting examples from India.

Body

Biotechnology in Agriculture:

• Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Bt cotton in India has successfully reduced pesticide use and increased yields, significantly benefiting farmers.
• Drought-resistant Crops: Drought-resistant maize varieties developed by ICAR help tackle water scarcity in dry regions of India, promoting sustainable farming.
• Biofertilizers & Biopesticides: The Pusa Decomposer technology, developed by ICAR, converts crop residues into organic compost, promoting eco-friendly farming and reducing pollution.

Biotechnology in Waste Management:

• Bioremediation: Bioremediation has been used to clean up oil spills in coastal regions like Mumbai and treat industrial effluents in cities like Delhi.
• Waste-to-energy: Industries use bioreactors to treat waste while generating biogas, which is then used for energy production, showcasing the synergy between biotechnology and waste management.

Biotechnology in Biodiversity Protection:

• Endangered Species Conservation: The Project Tiger initiative in India uses biotechnology to track tiger populations and conserve their habitats. DNA analysis aids in understanding species genetics and preventing poaching.
• DNA Barcoding for Species Identification: The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau uses DNA barcoding to track illegal wildlife trade, ensuring better conservation of species like the Indian rhinoceros.

Biotechnology in Clean Energy:

• Biofuels Production: The National Biofuels Policy promotes bioethanol and biodiesel production.
  • For example, Bihar produces bioethanol from sugarcane, contributing to cleaner fuel options.
• Algae-based Biofuels: IIT Madras is researching algae-based biofuels as an alternative clean energy source, aiming to reduce India’s dependence on fossil fuels.

Biotechnology in Pollution Control:

• Air Pollution Control: The use of phytoremediation to absorb air pollutants like NOx and SO2 is being explored in urban centers like New Delhi to reduce air pollution.
• Wastewater Treatment: Bioreactors treat industrial effluents, improving water quality and enhancing public health.

Conclusion

In conclusion, biotechnology provides practical solutions to significant challenges in agriculture, waste management, biodiversity protection, clean energy, and pollution control. India’s active use of biotechnology, from Bt cotton to bioethanol, is driving sustainability and innovation. The continued advancement of biotechnology offers promising solutions for the future of environmental conservation and sustainable development.