General Studies-I

• 15 Jun 2022

(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society)

• Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
• Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
• The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
• Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.
• History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, Redrawal of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.
• Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
• Role of Women and Women’s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
• Effects of Globalization on Indian society.
• Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.
• Salient features of World’s Physical Geography.
• Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
• Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Art & Culture

Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times

Indian Art Forms Indian Paintings Mural Paintings Miniature Paintings Mughal, Rajput, Pahari Paintings Dances in India Classical Dance Forms Folk Dance Forms Modern Dance Music Classical Music Folk Music Puppetry String Puppets Shadow Puppets Rod Puppets Glove puppets Modern Puppetry Tribal Puppetry Pottery Ochre Coloured Pottery(OCP) Black and Red Ware (BRW) Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) Glazed and Unglazed Pottery Drama/Theatre Classical Sanskrit Theatre Regional Theatre Modern Theatre Martial Arts Thang Ta Gatka Kalaripayattu Mallakhamb Silambam Other Important Martial Arts Visual Art Sculptures of Harappan Civilization Sculptures of the Mauryan Age Post-Mauryan Period Jain Sculptures Buddhist Sculpture Gupta Sculpture Medieval School of Sculpture Modern Indian Sculpture

Bhakti & Sufi Movements Spread of Bhakti and Sufi Movements Women Poets of Bhakti Literature Classical Sanskrit Literature Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas Books written by Kalidasa, Vishakhadatta etc Ancient Buddhist Literature Ancient Jainism Literature Early Dravidian Literature (eg Sangam Period) Medieval Literature Trends in Medieval Literature Modern Indian Literature Architecture Harappan Architecture Mauryan Architecture Post-Mauryan Period Gupta Period Temple Architecture Nagara Style Dravida Style Vesara Style Cave Architecture Buddhist Cave Jaina Caves Gupta Period Caves Medieval and Indo-Islamic Architecture Imperial Style Delhi Sultanate Provincial Style Mughal Style Sikh Style of Architecture Rajput Architecture Salient features Colonial Architecture & Modern Architecture European Influence Indo-Saracenic Architecture Post-Independence Period Contribution of Buddhism & Jainism to the Development of Indian Architecture Rock Cut Architecture South Indian Western Indian Eastern Indian

Ancient History

Pre-Historic Stone Age  Chalcolithic Age  Iron Age  Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)  Town Planning  Harappan Society  Characteristics of Major Centers  Harappan Art & Architecture  Decline of Harappan Culture  Vedic Society  Original Home of Aryans  Socio- Economic Characters of Vedic Society  Vedic Literature  Social Organization and Varna System   Religion and Thought  Pre-Mauryan Period  Mahajanpadas  Haryanka dynasty   Shishunaga dynasty   Nanda dynasty  Jainism and Buddhism  Gautam Buddha  Mahavira   Growth of Jainism and Buddhism Mauryan Empire  Chandragupta and Bindusara   Arthasastra (Book by Kautilya)  Megasthenes  Asoka and His Successors   Asoka’s Inscriptions and Sites   Asoka’ a Dhamma   Mauryan. Administration, Economy, Society and Art  Decline of Maurya

Post-Mauryan India   Arrival of Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Parthians & Kushana  Satavahanas and Other Indigenous Dynasties  Schools of Art: Gandhara; Mathura; Amravati  Imperial Guptas  Political history of Guptas   Gupta Administration   Development of Art & Culture  Age of Golden age  Economic Conditions   Urban centres in Gupta period  Harshavardana  Sources for Harsha’s Period   Early life of Harsha  Harsha’s Administration  Important Officials of the empire  Economy under Harsha  Huen Tsang  Society  Religion  The Southern Dynasties  Satavahanas (230 BC TO AD 225)   Pallavas (AD 330–796)   Chalukyas (AD 535–1190)  Pandyas of Madurai (AD 590–1323)   Chola Dynasty (AD 850–1310)   Rashtrakutas (AD 753–973)

Medieval History

Delhi Sultanate  Slave (Ghulam) or Mamluk Dynasty  Khilji Dynasty  Tughluq dynasty  Sayyid Dynasty  Lodi dynasty  Struggle for Empire in North India (Afghans, Rajputs and Mughals)  Mughals  Babur  Humayun  Akbar  Jahangir  Shah Jahan  Aurangzeb  Later Mughals  Decline of Mughal Empire

Sur Dynasties Maratha Empire Deccan Sultanate  Ahmednagar Sultanate  Bijapur Sultanate  Berar Sultanate  Golconda Sultanate  Bidar Sultanate

Modern History

Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country

Important Modern History Events Before 1857  Later Mughals   Regional powers in 18th  Century   Carnatic Wars  Battle of Plassey & Buxar   Anglo-Mysore War   Anglo Punjab War   Socio-economic Condition of People  European Penetration of India  British Conquest of India  British Policies & Their Impact – Economic, Administrative & Socio-cultural  Socio-cultural Reform Movements  Uprisings Against British Pre-1857  Revolt of 1857  Causes, Leaders, and Nature of revolt of 1857   Suppression of revolt of 1857   Consequences of Revolt of 1857  Act of Good Governance 1858  Growth of Nationalism in India (1858-1905)  Political, Economic & Administrative Unification of the Country  Role of Western Education  Role of Press  Rediscovery of India’s Past  Early Political Movements  Formation of INC  Era of Moderates  Growth of Militant Nationalism & Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)  Swadeshi & Boycott Movement  Surat Split  International Influence  Morley – Minto Reforms  Growth of Communalism

Beginning of Mass Nationalism (1919-1939)  Mahatma Gandhi – His Ideas & Leadership  Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms  Rowlatt Act, Satyagrah and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre  Non-cooperation & Khilafat Movement  Swarajists & No-Changers  Emergence of New Forces – Socialistic Ideas, Youth & Trade Unionism  Revolutionary Activity  Simon Commission & Nehru Report  Civil Disobedience Movement  Round Table Conferences  Communal Award & Poona Pact  Participation in Elections to Central Legislature (1934) & Provincial Assemblies (1937)  Government of India Act, 1935  Towards Freedom & Partition (1939-1947)  National Movement During World War II  August Offer  Individual Satyagraha  Growth of Communalism  Peasant Movements  State People’s Struggle  Cripps Mission  Quit India Movement  Wavell Plan  INA & Subhash Chandra Bose  Cabinet Mission  Nationalist Upsurge Post-World War II  Independence with Partition

Post-Independence India

Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country

Nation Building Partition and Its Aftermath Integration of Princely States Linguistic Regionalism in India Reorganisation of States Issue of Official Language Tribal Consolidation Regional Aspirations Foreign Policy Non-Aligned Movement Panchsheel Wars with Pakistan & China Nuclear Policy Economy Planned Development Green Revolution, Operation Flood & Cooperatives Agrarian & Land Reforms Industrial Reforms LPG Reforms

Polity Era of One-Party Dominance Emergence of Opposition Parties Emergency: Crisis of Democratic Order Rise of Regional Parties Coalition Era Social Popular Movements Communalism Indian Women Since Independence Issue of Women and Evolution of Women Movement Naxalism Post-Independence Policy of Science And Technology India’s Policy in the Field of the Science and Technology Impact of Economic Reform on the Science and Technology in India

World History

History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, Redrawal of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society

Beginning of the Modern World Renaissance Discovery of Sea Routes Reformation Counter Reformation Industrial Revolution European Nations Settle North America Rise of Slave Trade American War of Independence Foundation of American Colonies The Independence of United States of America The American Revolutionary War What was the impact of American Revolution? US Civil War Impact of Civil War on USA Global Impact of US Civil War Impact on India French Revolution Causes The revolution in France France under Napoleon Impact of revolution Significance of revolution Nationalism in Europe Rise of the nation- state system Unification of Italy Unification of Germany Rise of Capitalism, Colonialism & Imperialism Colonialism The age of Imperialism (1870-1914) Imperialism in Asia Analysis of Colonialism World War I Causes of the War Scope & Course of the War Russian Revolution Major events in pre-revolution Russia Causes Course of revolution Consequences Aftermath of the war Post-Lenin Russia End of the War & Peace Treaties Consequences of the War League of Nations

World Between the Two Wars Europe After the War – Fascism & Nazism The Great Depression Emergence of Soviet Union Nationalist Movements in Asia & Africa US as a Strong Power World War II Fascist Aggression & Response of Western Democracies Outbreak of the War Theatres of the War US Entry into the War Global Nature of the War The Holocaust Resistance Movements After-effects of the War Decolonialisation & Redrawal of National Boundaries Europe after World War II Cold War Rise of Asia & Africa Developments in West Asia & North Africa Spread of Communism Korean War Vietnam War Cuban Crisis Collapse of Soviet Union Concept, Types & Social Impact of Political Philosophies Communism Capitalism Socialism

Indian Society

Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India Features of Indian society Diversity (Types – caste, linguistic, social and religious, race, tribe and ethnicity, culture) Challenges posed by Diversity Unity Pluralism Unity in Diversity Inequality and Exclusion Family System Examples of above. Role of Women and Women’s Organization Women’s organizations in Indian history Types of women’s organizations Level of penetration 19th Century Social Reform Movements and Early Women's Organisations – Agrarian Struggles and Revolt Participation in Freedom Struggle Women’s organization (With Examples) Problems faced by women’s organizations Is a larger vocal role possible and ways to achieve the same Role of SHGs, Micro finance Institution Population and Associated Issues Basic Demography of India Population Trends in India and their Implications Causes and Effects of Over Population Challenges of Population Explosion Changing Age Structure of Indian Population Demogarphic Dividend: Boon or Bane for India Population Aging in India India's Population Policy & Initiatives Poverty and Developmental Issues Concept of Development and Poverty Types of Poverty Measurement of Poverty – Poverty Line Causes of Poverty Poverty as a Social Problem Socio-economic Spread of Poverty Consequences of Poverty – Inequality Continuation of Vicious Cycle Who is worst affected by poverty? Problem of Rising Urban Poverty Poverty Alleviation Initiatives Policy shifts from “Trickle Down” Economics to Inclusive or Pro-poor Development to Reduce Poverty Relation between Poverty Reduction and Development: Poverty-Inequality-Development Nexus Urbanization, their problems and their remedies Urbanisation Trends in India and Their Implications - Demographic and Social Dimensions Factors Driving Urbanisation State of Service Delivery and Challeges posed by Urbanisation Problems of Urban Areas Social Consequences of Urbanisation Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas Urban Planning and Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Reforms Required and Government Initiatives Taken So Far Problems of Slums

Effects of Globalization on Indian society Understanding Globalisation – Its Different Dimensions Globalisation & Culture - Homogenisation vs. Glocalisation Factors Driving Globalisation Globalisation & India Impact of Globalisation on India - Socio-cultural, economic, on women, agrarian sector etc. Does Globalisation cause Poverty? Social Empowerment Which are the Socially Disadvantaged Groups? Meaning and concept of social empowerment Dimensions of Social Empowerment Why do we need social empowerment? Government Initiatives to Aide Social Empowerment Empowerment in reality and India’s experience Communalism Communalism – Its Characteristics Communalism in India in the Past Communalism in Contemporqary India Causes of Communalism Consequences of Communalism Measures to Control & Eradicate Communalism Secularism as an Antidote to Communalism Regionalism Concept of Region & Regionalism Different Forms of Regionalism Regionalism in India Causes of Regionalism Concept of 'Sons of Soil' Consequences of Regionalism Federalism & Regionalism Role of Regional Parties Measures to Contain Regionalism Regionalism in the International Sphere Secularism Concept of Secularism Indian Model of Secularism Secularism in India Nature & Practice of Secularism in India Uniform Civil Code Challenges faced by Secularism in India Measures to Make India Truly Secular

World and Indian Geography

Salient features of World’s Physical Geography Geomorphology Origin & Evolution of Earth Interior of the Earth Distribution of Continents & Oceans Plate Tectonic Theory Distribution of Earthquakes & Volcanoes Rocks & Rock Cycle Geomorphic Processes – Endogenic & Exogenic Landforms & their Evolution Geological Time Scale Oceanography Hydrological Cycle Seafloor Spreading Ocean Floor Configuration Temperature & Salinity of Oceans Movement of Oceans – Waves, Tides, Currents Climatology Earth’s Atmosphere – Composition & Structure Solar Radiation, Heat Budget & Temperature Atmospheric Circulation & Weather Systems World Climate (examples) Soil Geography Soil & Soil Contents Process of Soil Formation Soil Forming Factors Types of Soils (examples) Soil Erosion & Conservation Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent) Types of Resources On the Basis of Origin, Ownership, Exhaustability etc. Land Resources Land Utilisation Land Use Pattern Land Degradation & Conservation Forest Resources Types & Distribution – Grasslands, Forests etc. Causes of Depletion Conservation of Forests Water Resources Marine & Freshwater Water Scarcity & Need For Conservation Integrated Water Resources Management Agricultural Resources Types of Farming Cropping Patterns Contribution to Economy, Employment & Output Food Security Mineral & Energy Resources Classification of Minerals – Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Occurrence of Minerals Conservation of Minerals Classification of Energy Resources – Conventional & Non-Conventional Occurrence of Energy Resources Conservation of Energy Resources Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India) Classification of Industries Location & Distribution of the Industries on the Basis of Raw Material Labour Market Capital Land Grants & Financial Incentives Power Transport Water Communication Distribution of Major Industries – Iron & Steel, IT, Cotton Textile Agglomeration & Footloose Industries

Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including Water-bodies and Ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes Earthquakes Why Does Earth Shake? Earthquake Waves Shadow Zone Types of Earthquake Measuring Earthquake Effects of Earthquake Tsunami What Causes Tsunami Effect of Tsunami Mitigating the Impact of Tsunami Volcanoes Types of Volcanoes What Causes Volcanoes? Volcanic Landforms Intrusive volcanic Landforms Extrusive Volcanic Landforms Distribution of Volcanoes Cyclone Tropical Cyclones Anti-Cyclone Extra Tropical Cyclones Factors Causing Changes in Critical Geographical Features Examples of Changing Geographical Features - Melting of Ice Sheets, Desertification etc. Impact of Changing Geographical Features Physical Geography of India Physiography of India Drainage System Climate Soils in India Natural Vegetation Human Geography Demography Urbanization Census Economic Geography Agriculture Mineral resource Energy resources Industry Transport and Communication