Mains Practice Questions

Introduction

The Sanchi Stupa, commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, stands as one of the oldest stone structures in India and a remarkable symbol of Buddhist philosophy, architectural evolution, and dynastic patronage.

• Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1989, it reflects the syncretic legacy of Buddhism and Indian art history over several centuries.

Body

Historical Significance

• Built by Ashoka (3rd century BCE) after his conversion to Buddhism to house relics of the Buddha.
  • Supervised by his queen Devi and daughter Vidisha, reflecting early royal and local mercantile patronage.
• The Stupa represents the effort to disseminate the Buddha’s teachings through monumental architecture.
  • Centre for Buddhist learning and art until the 12th century AD, even though the Buddha never visited the site.
  • Houses an Ashokan Schism Edict, symbolising efforts to preserve unity in the Buddhist Sangha
• Rediscovered in 1818 by British officer Henry Taylor; excavated and restored by Sir John Marshall in the early 20th century.

Artistic and Architectural Features

• Structural Components of the Stupa
  • Anda: Hemispherical dome symbolising the cosmic mountain (Mt. Meru), housing Buddha’s relics.
  • Harmika: Square railing atop the dome signifying the abode of gods.
  • Chattra: Triple umbrella structure atop a yashti (central pillar) representing the Three Jewels of Buddhism.
  • Medhi and Pradakshinapatha: Raised circular terrace and circumambulatory path to facilitate ritual movement.
  • Vedica (Railing): Separates sacred space from the secular world.

• Toranas (Gateways):
  • Added during the 1st century BCE under the Satavahanas.
  • Four gateways aligned to cardinal directions, richly carved with:
    • Jataka tales and Buddha’s life events (e.g., Great Departure, Enlightenment).
    • Nature motifs and mythical figures (elephants, lions, shalabhanjika yakshis).
    • Aniconic representation of the Buddha through symbols like Bodhi tree, footprints, and empty throne.
• Philosophical layers:
  • Upper beam: Seven Manushi Buddhas.
  • Middle: Great Departure.
  • Lower: Ashoka’s visit to Bodhi tree.

Technical and Artistic Merit

• Exquisite reliefs carved on sandstone with high technical finesse and storytelling depth.
• Influenced later Buddhist art in Amaravati and Gandhara.

Contributions of Dynasties in its Development

Conclusion

The Sanchi Stupa is not just a religious monument but a living chronicle of India’s civilisational ethos, dynastic contributions, and architectural sophistication. From Mauryan beginnings to Satavahana sculptures and colonial preservation efforts, Sanchi reflects the continuity and resilience of Indian cultural and spiritual traditions.