Mains Practice Questions

Introduction

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors with capacities ranging from less than 30 MWe to over 300 MWe. Their modular design, enhanced safety features, and adaptability make them a viable solution for India's clean energy transition. India’s focus on SMRs aligns with its net-zero targets and energy security goals.

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Prospects of SMRs in India’s Nuclear Energy Strategy:

• Energy Security & Reliability: SMRs provide a stable, low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels, reducing India's dependence on coal and oil imports.
• Scalability & Grid Flexibility: Due to their smaller size and modular nature, SMRs can be deployed quickly and integrated into existing grids or used in off-grid locations.
• Decarbonization & Climate Commitments: SMRs align with India's COP26 commitment to achieving 50% non-fossil fuel-based power by 2030 and its net-zero target by 2070.
• Repurposing Coal Power Plants: BARC is developing indigenous SMRs to repurpose retiring coal-based power plants, reducing carbon emissions while utilizing existing infrastructure.
• Private Sector Participation & Investment: The Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat encourages private investment in SMRs, fostering technological innovation and commercial viability.
• Efficient Land & Water Use: SMRs require less land and cooling water than large reactors, making them suitable for industrial clusters like steel and aluminum plants.

Challenges for SMRs in India

• Regulatory & Policy Hurdles: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 imposes liability on suppliers, discouraging private investment in nuclear energy.
• High Initial Costs & Funding Issues: Developing indigenous SMRs requires significant capital investment.
  • Estimates suggest that CAPEX costs for these reactors can be up to $5,000/kW
• Technological Challenges: SMRs involve complex designs and novel fuel cycles, requiring advanced research and expertise.
• Radioactive Waste: SMRs generate spent fuel waste, needing storage, while some SMR designs increase waste due to neutron reflectors and specialized fuels.
• Public Perception and Engagement: Nuclear power faces opposition because of potential consequences of nuclear disasters. The scars iof Bhopal gas tragedy are green even today.

Solutions & Steps Taken by the Government:

• Regulatory Reforms: The government plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act to allow private sector participation.
• Financial Support: ₹20,000 crore allocated in Budget 2025-26 for SMR R&D and deployment.
• Technological Development: BARC is developing indigenous SMRs to support coal power plant repurposing.
• Public Awareness Initiatives: NPCIL and DAE are conducting awareness campaigns to build public trust in nuclear energy.
• Global Collaborations: India is exploring partnerships with Russia, France, and the USA for SMR technology transfer and fuel supply.

Conclusion

SMRs offer a transformative opportunity for India's nuclear energy sector with scalable and clean power. Overcoming regulatory, financial, and technological challenges through policy support, private investment, and global collaboration is crucial for success.