Mains Practice Questions

Introduction

The quotation by H. L. Mencken underscores the distinction between morality and obedience. Morality stems from an individual’s intrinsic sense of right and wrong, while obedience is adherence to external authority, often devoid of ethical evaluation.

• In the current context of increasing challenges—ranging from bureaucratic complacency to authoritarianism—the quote prompts reflection on the balance between ethical autonomy and the obligation to follow orders.

Body

Significance of Morality in Today’s World

• Ethical Leadership: Leaders with moral courage prioritize the greater good over blind allegiance to norms.
  • Example: IAS officer Armstrong Pame built a road in Manipur without government funds, demonstrating moral responsibility over bureaucratic inaction.
• Social Justice Movements: Morality drives individuals to stand up against societal injustices, even when laws or systems remain indifferent.
  • Example: Medha Patkar’s leadership in the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) exemplifies how morality drives individuals to stand up against societal injustices, even when laws or systems remain indifferent.
• Role in Governance: Morality helps civil servants and policymakers navigate ethical dilemmas where legal provisions may conflict with human values.

Obedience: A Double-Edged Sword

• Positive Role of Obedience: Following lawful instructions is essential for maintaining order and discipline in society.
  • Example: Obedience to Covid-19 lockdown protocols during the pandemic helped save lives.
• Blind Obedience and Ethical Failures: Unquestioning compliance with authority can lead to moral catastrophes.
  • Example: The Nuremberg Trials highlighted how Nazi officers defended their actions as mere obedience to orders, ignoring their moral implications.
• Corporate and Bureaucratic Malfeasance: Employees or officials blindly adhering to unethical instructions often perpetuate corruption and malpractice.
  • Example: The 2008 financial crisis saw professionals in banking comply with high-risk, unethical financial practices despite knowing the potential harm.

Morality vs. Obedience: Finding the Balance

• Ethical Autonomy in Public Service: Civil servants are often faced with the choice between implementing harmful policies and standing up for what is just.
  • Example: Whistleblowers like Suchir Balaji prioritizing morality over obedience.
• Critical Thinking and Education: Cultivating ethical reasoning helps individuals evaluate orders critically before acting on them.
  • Example: Programs in ethics and governance within public administration training can bridge the gap between moral values and institutional obedience.
• Reforms in Institutional Culture: Organizations must encourage ethical decision-making alongside compliance to foster accountability.

Conclusion

Mencken’s quote is a powerful reminder that morality must serve as the compass for human actions, while obedience should be guided by ethical reasoning rather than blind conformity. In the current context, where societal, environmental, and political challenges demand principled actions, the need for morally courageous individuals is more pressing than ever.