Mains Practice Questions

1. Tradition is Not a Burden, But a Foundation for Progress

Quotes to Enrich Your Essay:

• Mahatma Gandhi: "A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people."
• Confucius – "Study the past if you would define the future."

Theoretical and Philosophical Dimensions:

• Continuity and Change: Traditions provide a sense of identity and continuity while allowing room for progress and adaptation over time.
• Philosophy of Conservatism: Burke's reasoning for valuing tradition is rooted in his belief in the importance of intergenerational wisdom, which he sees as being naturally grounded and passed down through time.
• Cultural Resilience: Traditions help societies adapt by preserving their core values while embracing change. For example, the Japanese concept of Kaizen (continuous improvement) balances traditional discipline with innovation.

Policy and Historical Examples:

• India’s Panchayati Raj System: A modern governance framework rooted in traditional village councils, exemplifying progress built on cultural foundations.
• Cultural Renaissance Movements: The Bengal Renaissance in India harmonized traditional values with modern intellectual pursuits, fostering socio-cultural progress.

Contemporary Examples:

• Yoga and Ayurveda: India’s ancient practices have found global relevance in modern wellness industries.
• Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Environmental conservation efforts increasingly rely on the traditional practices of indigenous communities, such as Amazonian tribes’ sustainable agriculture.
• Festivals and Economy: Traditional festivals, like Diwali and Christmas, drive economic activity while preserving cultural values.

2. Real Development Begins When the Last Mile Is Reached

Quotes to Enrich Your Essay:

• Mahatma Gandhi: "The soul of India lives in its villages."
• John F. Kennedy: "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."

Theoretical and Philosophical Dimensions:

• Inclusive Development: Amartya Sen’s capability approach emphasizes expanding freedoms for the marginalized as the true measure of development.
• Sustainability and Equity: Development is not just about economic growth but ensuring benefits percolate to the last citizen.
• Social Justice Theory: John Rawls’ principles of justice highlight prioritizing the welfare of the least advantaged in society.

Policy and Historical Examples:

• Green Revolution in India: While it boosted agricultural productivity, its real success was in extending benefits to small and marginal farmers in rural areas.
• Antyodaya Philosophy: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s vision of uplifting the poorest resonates with the principle of last-mile development.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Focused on providing employment and livelihood at the grassroots level, especially for marginalized communities.

Contemporary Examples:

• Digital India Initiative: Efforts to bring internet connectivity to rural and remote areas highlight last-mile inclusivity in technology.
• Aspirational Districts Program: Targeted development in underdeveloped districts ensures equitable distribution of resources.