Mains Practice Questions

Introduction

Climate change diplomacy has become a cornerstone of international relations, with India playing a pivotal role as both a major emerging economy and a voice for developing nations.

• As the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gasses, India's stance significantly influences global climate action, balancing its developmental needs with environmental responsibilities.

Body

India's Position and Contributions in Global Climate Negotiations:

• Equity and Climate Justice:
  • India consistently advocates for equity-based burden-sharing in climate action.
    • At COP26 (2021), the Indian Prime Minister introduced the concept of "Lifestyle for Environment" (LiFE), emphasizing sustainable lifestyles.
  • India pushes for developed nations to achieve "net-negative" emissions, going beyond just net-zero targets.
• Ambitious Climate Targets:
  • India's five commitments from COP26 in Glasgow have been integrated into the enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and the Long-Term Low Carbon Development Strategies, aimed at achieving net zero emissions by 2070.
• Leadership in Global Initiatives:
  • International Solar Alliance (ISA)
  • Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
• Technology and Innovation:
  • Green Grids Initiative - One Sun One World One Grid (GGI-OSOWOG): Launched at COP26 to create a transnational electricity grid
  • National Hydrogen Mission: Aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export
• Loss and Damage Fund: At COP27, India played a crucial role in the establishment of a "loss and damage" fund for vulnerable countries
  • Promoted the need for a phase-down of all fossil fuels, not just coal
• G20 Presidency (2023): Prioritized climate action and sustainable development
  • Launched the Global Biofuels Alliance to promote the adoption of sustainable biofuels
• Voice of the Global South: India positions itself as a leader of developing nations in climate negotiations
  • Advocates for climate finance (for adaptation measures) and technology transfer to support developing countries' transitions

Challenges:

• Financial Constraints: Implementing climate adaptation and mitigation measures requires substantial financial resources.
  • India argues for increased climate finance from developed nations, which has been a point of contention in negotiations.
• Technological Limitations: Access to and affordability of green technologies remain significant hurdles.
  • Intellectual property rights issues often impede technology transfer from developed to developing countries.
• Energy Transition Complexities: India's heavy reliance on coal for energy poses challenges in transitioning to cleaner sources.
  • The socio-economic impact of phasing out coal, including job losses, presents political and economic challenges.
• Adaptation to Climate Impacts: India's diverse geography makes it vulnerable to various climate change impacts, necessitating region-specific adaptation strategies.
  • Balancing adaptation and mitigation efforts within limited resources is challenging.

Opportunities:

• Renewable Energy Leadership: India's ambitious renewable energy targets present an opportunity to become a global leader in clean energy.
  • The potential to create a robust domestic renewable energy industry can boost economic growth and job creation.
• Green Technology Innovation: Investing in R&D for green technologies can position India as an innovator and exporter of climate solutions.
  • Opportunities for start-ups and entrepreneurs in the cleantech sector can drive economic growth.
• Climate Diplomacy and Soft Power: India's leadership in initiatives like ISA enhances its soft power and diplomatic influence.
  • Potential to bridge North-South divides in climate negotiations, positioning India as a key mediator.
• Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Developing and implementing climate-resilient agricultural practices can enhance food security and rural livelihoods.
  • Potential to become a global leader in sustainable agriculture techniques suitable for tropical and subtropical regions.
• Carbon Market Opportunities: India's large potential for emissions reduction presents opportunities in global carbon markets.
  • Developing a robust domestic carbon market could attract international investment and technology transfer.

Conclusion

India's approach to climate diplomacy reflects the complex balance between national growth and global environmental stewardship. While facing significant challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon economy, India also possesses unique opportunities to lead in sustainable development. As climate negotiations evolve, India's role remains crucial in forging an equitable and effective international climate regime.