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Mains Marathon

  • 18 Aug 2023 GS Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture

    Day 29: Why did Manipur initially seek an independent status after India's independence, and what led to its eventual merger with India? (150 words) 

    • Introduce contextually with Manipur state location and its process of integration to India.
    • Discuss why did Manipur seek independent status from India.
    • Discuss what led to its merger in India.
    • Conclude accordingly.

    Answer:

    Manipur is a state located in the northeastern part of India. It became a full-fledged state of the Indian Union on January 21, 1972. Prior to its statehood, Manipur was a union territory.

    • It initially sought an independent status after India's independence due to its historical sovereignty, distinct cultural identity, and aspirations for self-governance. However, several factors led to its eventual merger with India.

    Initial Aspiration for Independence:

    • Historical Sovereignty: Manipur had a history of being a sovereign kingdom before British colonial rule. Its people held a deep sense of pride in their historical identity as an independent entity.
      • The Battle of Khongjom in 1891 showcased Manipur's resistance against British colonial forces, reflecting its strong desire for autonomy.
    • Cultural Distinctiveness: Manipur possessed a unique cultural heritage, distinct language, and traditions that set it apart from the rest of India. Many Manipuris felt that maintaining independence would better preserve their cultural identity.
      • The Nupi Lal movement of 1904, led by Manipuri women, demonstrated the population's determination to protect their distinct culture and way of life.
    • Self-Governance: After experiencing British colonial rule, the Manipuri population was determined to regain control over their governance and administration. They sought to establish a government that represented their interests and ensured local autonomy.

    Factors Leading to Merger with India:

    • Geo-Political Changes: The geopolitical landscape was shifting rapidly after World War II, and the idea of being an independent nation faced challenges due to the complexities of international relations.
      • The global political scenario favored the formation of larger nation-states, which influenced Manipur's decision to align with India for security and stability.
    • Security Concerns: With neighboring countries like China and Myanmar, Manipur faced security threats. Aligning with India seemed to provide a stronger defense against external pressures.
      • The strategic importance of the region was highlighted during the Sino-Indian War of 1962, prompting a reevaluation of Manipur's independence aspirations.
    • Integration of Princely States: India's efforts to integrate princely states into the Indian Union impacted Manipur's status. The Instrument of Accession was signed, leading to closer ties with India.
      • Maharaja Bodhchandra of Manipur signed the Instrument of Accession in 1949, initiating discussions about the region's integration into the Indian Union.
    • Democratic Values and Governance: The promise of democratic governance and civil liberties under the Indian Constitution appealed to Manipur's leadership, who believed that being part of India would ensure greater representation for the people.
      • Manipur's State Constitution Committee drafted a constitution in 1947, reflecting a desire for democratic self-governance.
    • People's Aspirations: Over time, public sentiment in Manipur shifted from complete independence to seeking a special status within India that respected its unique identity and autonomy.
      • The emergence of leaders advocating for cooperative ties with India, like Rishang Keishing, reflected the changing aspirations of Manipur's people.

    Ultimately, in October 1949, Manipur signed a merger agreement with the Indian government, leading to its incorporation as a Union Territory and later as a full-fledged state within the Indian Union. While the aspiration for independence was rooted in historical and cultural factors, the practical challenges of governance, security, and development played a role in shaping Manipur's decision to merge with India.

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