Warning (2): Could not check compatibility between App\Controller\AppController::beforeFilter(App\Controller\EventInterface $event) and Cake\Controller\Controller::beforeFilter(Cake\Event\Event $event), because class App\Controller\EventInterface is not available [APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 102]Code Context*/
class AppController extends Controller
{
$file = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/vendor/composer/../../src/Controller/AppController.php'include - APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 35 Composer\Autoload\includeFile - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 444 Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader::loadClass() - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 322 spl_autoload_call - [internal], line ?? include - APP/Controller/DownloadsController.php, line 32 Composer\Autoload\includeFile - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 444 Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader::loadClass() - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 322 spl_autoload_call - [internal], line ?? class_exists - [internal], line ?? Cake\Core\App::_classExistsInBase() - CORE/src/Core/App.php, line 152 Cake\Core\App::className() - CORE/src/Core/App.php, line 64 Cake\Http\ControllerFactory::getControllerClass() - CORE/src/Http/ControllerFactory.php, line 88 Cake\Http\ControllerFactory::create() - CORE/src/Http/ControllerFactory.php, line 36 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 90 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104
Warning (2): Could not check compatibility between App\Controller\ErrorController::beforeFilter(Cake\Event\Event $event) and App\Controller\AppController::beforeFilter(App\Controller\EventInterface $event), because class App\Controller\EventInterface is not available [APP/Controller/ErrorController.php, line 42]Code Context*/
class ErrorController extends AppController
{
$file = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/vendor/composer/../../src/Controller/ErrorController.php'include - APP/Controller/ErrorController.php, line 24 Composer\Autoload\includeFile - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 444 Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader::loadClass() - ROOT/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php, line 322 spl_autoload_call - [internal], line ?? class_exists - [internal], line ?? Cake\Core\App::_classExistsInBase() - CORE/src/Core/App.php, line 152 Cake\Core\App::className() - CORE/src/Core/App.php, line 64 Cake\Error\ExceptionRenderer::_getController() - CORE/src/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 124 Cake\Error\ExceptionRenderer::__construct() - CORE/src/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 91 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::getRenderer() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 174 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::handleException() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 116 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 100 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 81 [main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 40
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=850 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]Code Contextif (Configure::read('debug')) {
trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);
} else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) { 'status' => (int) 500, 'contentType' => 'text/html', 'headers' => [ 'Content-Type' => [ [maximum depth reached] ] ], 'file' => null, 'fileRange' => [], 'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {}, 'cacheDirectives' => [], 'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4105321775414527" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="T8BPOWVB3_clU2T2Wap2B9I4tEthojpBZYEgp2zW7Tk" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers" hreflang="en-in" /> <link href="https://www.drishtiias.com/drishti/img/drishti_logo_new_eng.png" type="image/x-icon" rel="icon"/> <!--[if ie]><meta content='IE=edge,chrome=1' http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible'/><![endif]--> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers" /> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Error" /> <meta property="og:description" content="" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.drishtiias.com/drishti/img/drishti-dual-logo.jpg" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Drishti IAS" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Error"> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.drishtiias.com/drishti/img/drishti-dual-logo.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="Drishti IAS"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="Drishti IAS"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="sxa6keafeqv68530rmdvc3suj228cb" /> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-BWKXYCN4T4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BWKXYCN4T4'); </script> <style> .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a { width: 32.5%; } .statepcs .paper-menu.quiz a { width: 100%; background:linear-gradient(to right, #ed4757, #dd4c76); } .statepcs .paper-menu.quiz a:hover { width: 100%; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #27adb9 0%, #27b999 76%); } .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:none; } .statepcs .paper-menu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:none; } .statepcs .submenu ul li { width: auto; display: inline-block; position: relative; margin: 0 0 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 0px; background: transparent; font-size: 18px; color: #000; line-height: 1.6; } .statepcs .submenu ul li a { color: #000; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; background-color: #efc08c; border-radius: 4px; padding: 5px 8px; } .statepcs .submenu ul li a:hover { color: #000; } .statepcs .submenu ul { margin: -7px 0 20px; padding-left:0px; } .starRating{ margin-top: -13px; 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} .map-box.mobile { display:none; } .online-pendrive-course.online-course .content-block .part-register .btn-block a.btn.red { margin-top:40px; } #councellingfrm select,input[type="text"], input[type="email"], input[type="tel"], input[type="password"], textarea { font-size:14px; } #councellingfrm textarea { font-size:14px; } .bookcouncelling .form-row input[type="checkbox"], .teacherreg .form-row input[type="checkbox"] { height:36px; } .bookcouncelling #interested_block, .teacherreg #interested_block { background-color: aliceblue; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; } .online-pendrive-course.online-course-truecaller { min-height: 765px; padding: 60px 0 90px; background: none; text-align: left; } @media all and (max-width:767px) { .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:block; width:100%; background:linear-gradient(to right, #ed4757, #dd4c76); } .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a:hover.state-pcs-quiz { background:linear-gradient(135deg, #27adb9 0%, #27b999 76%); } .statepcs .paper-menu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:block; width:100%; background:linear-gradient(to right, #ed4757, #dd4c76); } .statepcs .paper-menu a:hover.state-pcs-quiz { background:linear-gradient(135deg, #27adb9 0%, #27b999 76%); } .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a { width: 49%; margin-bottom:5px; } .statepcs .paper-menu a{ width:49%; margin-bottom:5px; } .statepcs .paper-menu.downloads a{ width:100%; margin-bottom:5px; } .part-register{ width: 100%; } .part-register-left{ width: 100%; display: block; } .part-register-left .button-block .btn.red{ width:100%; } .article-list.desktop{ display:none; } .article-list.mobile{ display:block; } ..feature-text.online-course-truecaller h2{ font-size:20px; } .online-pendrive-course.online-course-truecaller .content-block .text-block{ width:100%; } .online-pendrive-course.online-course .content-block .part-register .btn-block a.btn.red { margin-top:15px; line-height:1; margin:15px 0px 9px!important; } .webinar .agree_chk { height: 18px; } .map-box.mobile { display:block; } .map-box.desktop { display:none; } .contact-block.webinar { margin-top: 0px; } .contact-block.teacherreg { margin-top: 0px!important; } #interested_block .field { margin-bottom:0px !important; } /* .otpfield { width: 100%; } .orotp { width:100%; margin-top:10px; } .contact-form .orotp p { margin-bottom: 10px; } */ #resendotp { width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; } } </style> <script>(function(w,d,t,r,u){var f,n,i;w[u]=w[u]||[],f=function(){var o={ti:"17388975"};o.q=w[u],w[u]=new UET(o),w[u].push("pageLoad")},n=d.createElement(t),n.src=r,n.async=1,n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=function(){var s=this.readyState;s&&s!=="loaded"&&s!=="complete"||(f(),n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=null)},i=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],i.parentNode.insertBefore(n,i)})(window,document,"script","//bat.bing.com/bat.js","uetq");</script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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max-width: 109%; } } @media (min-width: 310px) and (max-width: 319px) { body { max-width: 113%; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 309px) { body { max-width: 117%; } } /* End body width */ .mobile-bar .fixed{ padding: 5px 0 5px !important; } nav #menu ul li a { font-size: 13px !important; } .col-social { padding-top: 0px !important; } body, html { margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow-x: hidden; } .article-list { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 10px; margin-left: -10px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) { .popup-cont .intro.app-coming-soon { padding: 8px !important; } .next-post { margin-top: 10px !important; } .article-list .list-category article .btn-group{ padding: 5px !important; } } /* added beacuse of responsive issue dated 18-06-2024 */ /* html, body { overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; } */ .article-list .list-category article .article-detail table { margin: 0 0px !important; } /* .header .header-right { text-align: right; font-size: 4px; margin-top: -38px; } */ .mobile-bar .fixed{ font-size: 11px !important; } /* .header .header-right .upper-section .top-links { margin-top: -30px !important; margin-right: -125px !important; } */ @media (max-width: 1024px) { .section-banner .banner-static .slider .slick-slide img { width: auto; max-width: 100%; height: 100%; } } @media (max-width: 768px) { .top-bar--anouncements { height: 25px; margin-left: 20px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; } .article-list .list-category article ol li .slide .content a { padding: 120px 0px 20px !important; } nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(1) ul li ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(2) ul li ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(3) ul li ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(4) ul li ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(1) ul li:hover ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(2) ul li:hover ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(3) ul li:hover ul, nav #menu ul li:nth-last-child(4) ul 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location='https://www.drishtiias.com/search/'+search; e.preventDefault(); }); $(document).ready(function(){ $('.comin-soon').colorbox({innerWidth: 1100, innerHeight: 530}); if(screen.width < 1199){ $('.comin-soon').colorbox({innerWidth: 800, innerHeight: 530}); } if(screen.width < 801){ $('.comin-soon').colorbox({innerWidth: 300, innerHeight: 350}); } $('.youtube').colorbox({ iframe:true, innerWidth:640, innerHeight:390 }); if(screen.width < 768){ $('.youtube').colorbox({innerWidth:280, innerHeight:177}); } }); </script> <!-- Floating Social Media bar Starts --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <div class="float-sm"> <!-- Removed class sur-move --> <!-- Removed ondragover="allowDrop(event)" ondrag="dragging(event)" ondrop="drop(event)" --> <!-- Removed draggable="true" --> <!-- onclick="show_social_float_icons();" --> <div id="float-plus" style="cursor:pointer;" class="fl-fl float-plus"> <!-- <i style="color:red;" class="fa fa-plus fa-social"></i> --> <img src="https://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1637393581_social-media-expand.png"> </div> <div style="cursor:pointer;" onclick="remove_social_float_icons();"class="fl-fl float-cross"> <i style="color:red" class="fa fa-close fa-social"></i> </div> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers" target="_blank"> <div class="fl-fl float-fb"> <i style="color:#4267B2" class="fa fa-facebook fa-social"></i> </div> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers&text=Drishti IAS English!" target="_blank"> <div class="fl-fl float-tw"> <!-- <i style="color:#00acee!important;" class="fa fa-twitter fa-social"></i> --> <img src="https://vault.drishtijudiciary.com/english_file_uploads/1735195613_twitter-new-remove.png" alt="images-2" border="0" style="max-height:25px;padding-top: 8px;"> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers&title=&summary=Drishti IAS English!&source=" target="_blank"> <div class="fl-fl float-rs"> <i style="color:#0077b5!important;"class="fa fa-linkedin fa-social"></i> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/drishtiiasenglish/?utm_medium=copy_link" target="_blank"> <div class="fl-fl float-ig"> <i style="color:#cd486b!important;" class="fa fa-instagram fa-social"></i> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCafpueX9hFLls24ed6UddEQ/featured" target="_blank"> <div class="fl-fl float-pn"> <i style="color:red!important;" class="fa fa-youtube-play fa-social"></i> </div> </a> <a href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers" target="_blank"> <div style="" class="fl-fl float-wp"> <i style="color:#25D366!important;"class="fa fa-whatsapp fa-social"></i> </div> </a> <a href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/free-downloads/download-previous-year-papers&text=Drishti IAS English!" target="_blank"> <div style="" class="fl-fl float-tg"> <i style="color:#0077b5!important;"class="fa fa-telegram fa-social"></i> </div> </a> </div> <script> // For desktop - DRAGGABLE var screen_width_resize_before = window.innerWidth; var screen_width_resize_before = parseInt(screen_width_resize_before, 10); window.addEventListener("resize", function(){ var screen_width_resize_after = window.innerWidth; var screen_width_resize_after = parseInt(screen_width_resize_after, 10); var current_location = box.style.left; var current_location = parseInt(current_location, 10) var screen_middle = (screen_width_resize_after /2); var xx = (screen_width_resize_after*0.04); var x = (screen_width_resize_after*0.009); if(screen_width_resize_after > screen_width_resize_before){ //Zoom out if(current_location > screen_middle){ box.style.left = (screen_width_resize_after-xx) + 'px'; } else { box.style.left = x + 'px'; } } else { //Zoom in if(current_location > screen_middle){ box.style.left = (screen_width_resize_after-xx) + 'px'; } else { box.style.left = x + 'px'; } } var screen_width_resize_before = screen_width_resize_after; }); document.addEventListener('scroll',(event) => { var box_top=parseInt(box.style.top, 10); var window_height=parseInt(window.innerHeight, 10); 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},10); var width = (window.innerWidth > 0) ? window.innerWidth : screen.width; if(width >= 700){ setTimeout(function(){ $( ".float-tg" ).show("slow"); },10); } setTimeout(function(){ $( ".float-cross" ).show("slow"); },10); $(".float-fb").animate({ top: "+=8%", }, 500 ); $(".float-tw").animate({ top: "+=16%", }, 600 ); $(".float-rs").animate({ top: "+=24%", }, 700 ); $(".float-ig").animate({ top: "+=32%", }, 800 ); $(".float-pn").animate({ top: "+=40%", }, 900 ); $(".float-wp").animate({ top: "+=48%", }, 1000 ); if(width >= 700){ $(".float-tg").animate({ top: "+=56%", }, 1000 ); } sessionStorage.setItem("remove_social_icons", "0"); } $(document).ready(function(){ var value = sessionStorage.getItem("remove_social_icons"); if(value == '1'){ remove_social_float_icons(); } }); </script> <!-- Floating Social Media bar Ends --> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 700px) { .float-sm { display:none; } .fl-fl { width: 40px !important; height: 40px!important; } .fa-social{ padding: 5px 0!important; } .float-plus{ /* Prev 30 px and 30px */ width: 40px !important; height: 40px!important; } .fa-plus{ padding: 5px 0!important; /* Prev 6 px and 10px */ /* font-size:20px!important; */ } } @media only screen and (min-width: 700px) { .float-tg{ display:; } .fl-fl { margin-left: 10px; } } /* Floating Social Media Bar Style Starts Here */ .float-plus{ display: none; } .float-sm { display:; text-align:center; } .fl-fl { background: #dcdcdc; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 4px; width: 50px; height: 50px; position: fixed; /* right: 50px; */ z-index: 1000; font: normal normal 10px Arial; -webkit-transition: all .25s ease; -moz-transition: all .25s ease; -ms-transition: all .25s ease; -o-transition: all .25s ease; transition: all .25s ease; opacity: 0.9; transition: transform .2s; border-radius:10px; } .fa-social { font-size: 20px; color: #fff; padding: 10px 0; /* width: 40px; */ /* margin-left: 8px; */ } /* .fl-fl:hover { */ /* right: 100; */ /* opacity: 1; */ /* transform: scale(1.15); */ /* } */ .fl-fl a { color: #fff !important; text-decoration: none; text-align: center; line-height: 43px!important; vertical-align: top!important; } .float-plus { top: 22%; } .float-cross { top: 22%; } .float-fb { top: 30%; } .float-tw { top: 38%; } .float-rs { top: 46%; } .float-ig { top: 54%; } .float-pn { top: 62%; } .float-wp { top: 70%; } .float-tg { top: 78%; } /* Floating Social Media Bar Style Ends Here */ </style> <script> // function to close the popup function closePopup() { var modal = document.getElementById("myModal"); modal.style.display = "none"; } // function to open the popup function openPopup() { var modal = document.getElementById("myModal"); modal.style.display = "block"; } // Added the code - If user click on anywhere outside the popup $('body').click(function(e) { $('#myModal').hide(); }); $('#popclose').on('click',function(e){ $('#myModal').css('display','none'); }); // automatically open the popup on page load window.onload = openPopup; </script> <style> /* CSS for the popup */ .modals { display: none; position: fixed; z-index: 1000; padding-top: 10%; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(0,0,0); background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8); box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out; } /* The Close Button */ .close { color: white; float: right; font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; } .close:hover, .close:focus { color: #000; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; } /* The Image */ .modal-content_updated { border-radius: 5px; margin: auto; display: block; max-width: 450px !important ; max-width: 90%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 700px){ .modal-content_updated{ margin-top: 35%; } } </style> <script src="/drishti/js/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="/drishti/js/nav.js"></script> <script src="/drishti/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/drishti/js/jquery.datepicker.js"></script> <script src="/drishti/js/jquery.multi-select.js"></script> <script src="/drishti/js/custom.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ if(screen.width < 768){ $('.box-toggle .box-slide p.subheading').click(function(){ $(this).toggleClass('open').next().slideToggle(); }); } }); </script> <!-- search bar javascript --> <script> function createButtons(noOfPages,pageId){ var Buttons = document.getElementById('Buttons'); if(pageId != 1){ var Prev = document.createElement('li'); Prev.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${pageId-1}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Prev</button>`); Buttons.append(Prev); } for(i = 1; i<=noOfPages; i++){ var li = document.createElement('li'); li.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${i}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">${i}</button>`); Buttons.append(li); } if(pageId != noOfPages){ var Next = document.createElement('li'); Next.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${++pageId}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Next</button>`); Buttons.append(Next); } } function activeButtons(id){ allButtons = Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('button')); allButtons.forEach(button => button.style.color = null ) console.log(id); activeButton = document.getElementById(id); activeButton.style.backgroundColor ='#fba113'; activeButton.disabled = true; } var noOfPages = document.getElementById('pagesCount').value; var pageId = document.getElementById('pageId').value; if(!pageId){ pageId = 1; } // alert(noOfPages); createButtons(noOfPages,pageId); activeButtons(pageId); </script> <script> search = document.getElementById('search-text').value; buttons = Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('button')); buttons.forEach(button=>{ button.addEventListener('click', btnEvent => { // console.log(button.id); $.ajax({ method: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/search/", data:{ 'id': button.id, 'search': search }, headers: { 'X-CSRF-TOKEN': $('[name = "_csrfToken"').val() }, success: function(result){ $('body').html(result); }, error: function(error){ console.log(error) } }) }) }) </script> <!-- End of JS for search bar --> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ //alert(getCookie('isLogin')); if(getCookie('isLogin')==1) { $('#myAccountDiv').css('display','inline-block'); $('#loginLink').css('display','none'); $('#registerLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','inline-block'); } else { $('#myAccountDiv').css('display','none'); $('#loginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#registerLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','none'); } }); function getCookie(name) { var match = document.cookie.match(RegExp('(?:^|;\\s*)' + name + '=([^;]*)')); return match ? match[1] : null; } </script> <script> var regex = /^([a-zA-Z0-9_.+-])+\@(([a-zA-Z0-9-])+\.)+([a-zA-Z0-9]{2,4})+$/; var phonex = /^([0-9 ])+$/; $('#newsletterfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#txtnname').val(); var txtnemail=$('#txtnemail').val(); $('#nmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#txtnname').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#txtnname').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnemail.trim()==''){ $('#txtnemail').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!regex.test(txtnemail)){ $('#txtnemail').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#txtnemail').removeClass('input-error'); } if(msg){ var form=$('#newsletterfrm').serialize(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/pages/newsletterfrm", data: form, success: function(data){ if(data=='already'){ $('#nmsg').html('Email address already in use'); }else if(data=='add'){ $('#nmsg').html('Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter.'); $('#txtnname').val(''); $('#txtnemail').val(''); }else{ $('#nmsg').html('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } //$('#nloader').hide(); }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ alert(errortype); //$('#nloader').hide(); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); $('#smsalertfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnmobile=$('#txtnmobile').val(); $('#nmmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnmobile.trim()==''){ $('#txtnmobile').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(txtnmobile.trim().length!=10){ $('#txtnmobile').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!phonex.test(txtnmobile)){ $('#txtnmobile').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#txtnmobile').removeClass('input-error'); } if(msg){ var form=$('#smsalertfrm').serialize(); //$('#nmloader').show(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/pages/smsalertfrm", data: form, success: function(data){ if(data=='already'){ $('#nmmsg').html('Phone number already in use'); }else if(data=='add'){ $('#nmmsg').html('Thank you for subscribing to our SMS Alerts.'); $('#txtnmobile').val(''); }else{ $('#nmmsg').html('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } //$('#nmloader').hide(); }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ alert(errortype); //$('#nmloader').hide(); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); $('#subscriptionfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#name').val(); var txtnemail=$('#emailaddress').val(); var txtnmobile=$('#phone').val(); $('#contactmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#name').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#name').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnemail.trim()==''){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!regex.test(txtnemail)){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#emailaddress').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnmobile.trim()==''){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(txtnmobile.trim().length!=10){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!phonex.test(txtnmobile)){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#phone').removeClass('input-error'); } if($('#dailyupdates').prop("checked") == false && $('#examnewsletter').prop("checked") == false && $('#fullnewsletter').prop("checked") == false && $('#sms').prop("checked") == false) { $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').addClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('No option selected, please select at least one option.'); msg=false; } if(msg){ $('.loader').css('display','block'); var form=$('#subscriptionfrm').serialize(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/subscription", data: form, success: function(data){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); if(data=='success'){ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').removeClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Thank you for subscribing to our subscription. You will hear from us soon.'); $('#name').val(''); $('#emailaddress').val(''); $('#phone').val(''); }else{ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').addClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); alert(errortype); //$('#nloader').hide(); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); $('#testseriesfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#firstname').val(); var txtnemail=$('#emailaddress').val(); var txtnmobile=$('#phonenumber').val(); $('#contactmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#firstname').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#firstname').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnemail.trim()==''){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!regex.test(txtnemail)){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#emailaddress').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnmobile.trim()==''){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(txtnmobile.trim().length!=10){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!phonex.test(txtnmobile)){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#phonenumber').removeClass('input-error'); } if(msg){ $('.loader').css('display','block'); var form=$('#testseriesfrm').serialize(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/test-series-registration", data: form, success: function(data){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); //alert(data); if(data=='success'){ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').removeClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Thank you for choosing our test series. 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}); } }); </script> <!-- search bar javascript --> <script> function createButtons(noOfPages,pageId){ var Buttons = document.getElementById('Buttons'); if(pageId != 1){ var Prev = document.createElement('li'); Prev.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${pageId-1}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Prev</button>`); Buttons.append(Prev); } for(i = 1; i<=noOfPages; i++){ var li = document.createElement('li'); li.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${i}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">${i}</button>`); Buttons.append(li); } if(pageId != noOfPages){ var Next = document.createElement('li'); Next.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${++pageId}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Next</button>`); Buttons.append(Next); } } function activeButtons(id){ allButtons = Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('button')); allButtons.forEach(button => button.style.color = null ) console.log(id); activeButton = document.getElementById(id); 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$('#loginLink').css('display','none'); $('#registerLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','inline-block'); } else { $('#myAccountDiv').css('display','none'); $('#loginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#registerLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','none'); } }); function getCookie(name) { var match = document.cookie.match(RegExp('(?:^|;\\s*)' + name + '=([^;]*)')); return match ? match[1] : null; } </script> <script> var regex = /^([a-zA-Z0-9_.+-])+\@(([a-zA-Z0-9-])+\.)+([a-zA-Z0-9]{2,4})+$/; var phonex = /^([0-9 ])+$/; $('#newsletterfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#txtnname').val(); var txtnemail=$('#txtnemail').val(); $('#nmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#txtnname').addClass('input-error'); 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Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitStatusLine() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148 Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 54 Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 106 [main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 40
Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php:850) [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 177]Code Contextforeach ($values as $value) {
header(sprintf(
'%s: %s',
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function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BWKXYCN4T4'); </script> <style> .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a { width: 32.5%; } .statepcs .paper-menu.quiz a { width: 100%; background:linear-gradient(to right, #ed4757, #dd4c76); } .statepcs .paper-menu.quiz a:hover { width: 100%; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #27adb9 0%, #27b999 76%); } .statepcs .paper-menu.paper-submenu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:none; } .statepcs .paper-menu a.state-pcs-quiz { display:none; } .statepcs .submenu ul li { width: auto; display: inline-block; position: relative; margin: 0 0 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 0px; background: transparent; font-size: 18px; color: #000; line-height: 1.6; } .statepcs .submenu ul li a { color: #000; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; background-color: #efc08c; border-radius: 4px; padding: 5px 8px; } .statepcs .submenu ul li a:hover { color: #000; } .statepcs .submenu ul { margin: -7px 0 20px; padding-left:0px; } .starRating{ margin-top: -13px; 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}); } }); </script> <!-- search bar javascript --> <script> function createButtons(noOfPages,pageId){ var Buttons = document.getElementById('Buttons'); if(pageId != 1){ var Prev = document.createElement('li'); Prev.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${pageId-1}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Prev</button>`); Buttons.append(Prev); } for(i = 1; i<=noOfPages; i++){ var li = document.createElement('li'); li.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${i}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">${i}</button>`); Buttons.append(li); } if(pageId != noOfPages){ var Next = document.createElement('li'); Next.innerHTML = (`<button type = "button" name="submit" id= "${++pageId}" class = "button btn btn-secondary">Next</button>`); Buttons.append(Next); } } function activeButtons(id){ allButtons = Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('button')); allButtons.forEach(button => button.style.color = null ) console.log(id); activeButton = document.getElementById(id); 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$('#loginLink').css('display','none'); $('#registerLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','inline-block'); } else { $('#myAccountDiv').css('display','none'); $('#loginLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#registerLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteLoginLink').css('display','none'); $('#makeNoteLink').css('display','inline-block'); $('#makeNoteOptionDiv').css('display','none'); } }); function getCookie(name) { var match = document.cookie.match(RegExp('(?:^|;\\s*)' + name + '=([^;]*)')); return match ? match[1] : null; } </script> <script> var regex = /^([a-zA-Z0-9_.+-])+\@(([a-zA-Z0-9-])+\.)+([a-zA-Z0-9]{2,4})+$/; var phonex = /^([0-9 ])+$/; $('#newsletterfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#txtnname').val(); var txtnemail=$('#txtnemail').val(); $('#nmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#txtnname').addClass('input-error'); 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var txtnmobile=$('#phone').val(); $('#contactmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#name').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#name').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnemail.trim()==''){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!regex.test(txtnemail)){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#emailaddress').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnmobile.trim()==''){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(txtnmobile.trim().length!=10){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!phonex.test(txtnmobile)){ $('#phone').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#phone').removeClass('input-error'); } if($('#dailyupdates').prop("checked") == false && $('#examnewsletter').prop("checked") == false && $('#fullnewsletter').prop("checked") == false && $('#sms').prop("checked") == false) { $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').addClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('No option selected, please select at least one option.'); msg=false; } if(msg){ $('.loader').css('display','block'); var form=$('#subscriptionfrm').serialize(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/subscription", data: form, success: function(data){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); if(data=='success'){ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').removeClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Thank you for subscribing to our subscription. You will hear from us soon.'); $('#name').val(''); $('#emailaddress').val(''); $('#phone').val(''); }else{ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').addClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); alert(errortype); //$('#nloader').hide(); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); $('#testseriesfrm').submit(function(e){ var msg=true; var txtnname=$('#firstname').val(); var txtnemail=$('#emailaddress').val(); var txtnmobile=$('#phonenumber').val(); $('#contactmsg').html(''); //$('.input-error').remove(); if(txtnname.trim()==''){ $('#firstname').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#firstname').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnemail.trim()==''){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!regex.test(txtnemail)){ $('#emailaddress').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#emailaddress').removeClass('input-error'); } if(txtnmobile.trim()==''){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(txtnmobile.trim().length!=10){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else if(!phonex.test(txtnmobile)){ $('#phonenumber').addClass('input-error'); msg=false; }else{ $('#phonenumber').removeClass('input-error'); } if(msg){ $('.loader').css('display','block'); var form=$('#testseriesfrm').serialize(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/test-series-registration", data: form, success: function(data){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); //alert(data); if(data=='success'){ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').removeClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html('Thank you for choosing our test series. You will get an email and message soon.'); $('#firstname').val(''); $('#lastname').val(''); $('#emailaddress').val(''); $('#phonenumber').val(''); }else{ $('#contactmsg').css('display','block'); $('#contactmsg').addClass('error'); $('#contactmsg').html(data); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); alert(errortype); //$('#nloader').hide(); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('.allnotes').click(function(){ $('.fixbtn.notes').removeClass('open'); $('.fixbtn.mynotes').toggleClass('open'); }); $('.mynotes,.notelist').on('click','.readmore',function(){ var noteid=$(this).attr('data-noteid'); $('#note_id').val(noteid); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/articles/setnote", data: 'note_id='+noteid, success: function(data){ if(data){ tinymce.get("mynote").setContent(data); $('#mynotemsg').html(''); $('.fixbtn.notes').toggleClass('open'); }else{ alert('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ alert(errortype); } }); }); $('.notelink').click(function(){ $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/articles/removenote", success: function(data){ if(data=='removed'){ $('#note_id').val(''); tinymce.get("mynote").setContent(''); $('#mynotemsg').html(''); $('.fixbtn.notes').toggleClass('open'); $('.fixbtn.mynotes').removeClass('open'); }else{ alert('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ alert(errortype); } }); }); $('.mynotes,.notelist').on('click','.removenote',function(e){ if(confirm('Are you sure want to remove note?')) { $('.loader').css('display','block'); var noteid=$(this).attr('data-noteid'); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/articles/deletenote", data: 'note_id='+noteid, success: function(data){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); if(data=='removed'){ $('#note-list #'+noteid+',.notelist #'+noteid).css('display','none'); }else{ alert('Oops! something went wrong, Please try again'); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ $('.loader').css('display','none'); alert(errortype); } }); } e.preventDefault(); }); </script> <script> $("#commentfile").change(function(){ $("#file-name").text(this.files[0].name); }); </script> <script src="/drishti/js/jquery.fancybox.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function(){ $('.list-toggle').click(function(){ $('.list-category').toggleClass('active'); $(this).toggleClass('active'); $('.value').text(function(i, text){ return text === "Hide Menu" ? "Show Menu" : "Hide Menu"; }); }); $('aside button.close').click(function(){ $('.list-category').toggleClass('active'); $('.list-toggle').toggleClass('active'); }); $('.fixbtn .btn').click(function(){ $('.fixbtn .btn').not(this).parents('.fixbtn').removeClass('open'); $(this).parents('.fixbtn').toggleClass('open'); }); $('.fixbtn a.close').click(function(){ $(this).parents('.fixbtn').removeClass('open'); }); $('.note-btn').click(function(){ $('.fixbtn.notes').toggleClass('open'); }); $('.viewmore a').click(function(){ $('.hide').slideToggle('active'); $(this).text(function(i, text){ return text === "View More" ? "View Less" : "View More"; }); }); }); </script> <script> $('.learning-program .subheading').click(function(){ $(this).next().slideToggle(); $(this).toggleClass('open'); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $('a.register-btn').colorbox(); }); $('.interview-slider').slick({ autoplay: true, arrows: false, dots: true }); </script> <script> $('#bookSession').on('click',function(e){ $.ajax({ type: "POST", data: { 'course': $('#bookSession').data('course') }, url: "https://www.drishtiias.com/book-online-session", success: function(json){ var obj = JSON.parse(json); if (obj.status==200) { alert(obj.message); } else { alert(obj.message); window.location.reload(); } }, error: function(error,errortype,errorstatus){ alert(errortype); } }); e.preventDefault(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(".popup").colorbox({iframe: true, innerWidth: 790, innerHeight: 530}); if(screen.width < 980){ $(".popup").colorbox({innerWidth: 720, innerHeight: 530}); } if(screen.width < 768){ $(".popup").colorbox({innerWidth: 420, innerHeight: 530}); } if(screen.width < 480){ $(".popup").colorbox({innerWidth: 280, innerHeight: 440}); } $("#scroll-top").click(function(){ $('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: $(".header").offset().top }, 1000); }); $(window).scroll(function() { var scroll = $(window).scrollTop(); if (scroll >= 500) { $("#scroll-top").addClass("show"); } else { $("#scroll-top").removeClass("show"); } }); </script> <script> // $('.section-banner .wrapper > div').matchHeight(); $('.slider').slick({ autoplay: true, arrows: false, dots: true, autoplaySpeed:3000 }); $('.services-slider').slick({ arrows: true, slidesToShow: 3, slidesToScroll: 1, prevArrow: '<button type="button" class="slick-prev" title="Previous">Previous</button>', nextArrow: '<button type="button" class="slick-next" title="Next">Next</button>', responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1025, settings: { slidesToShow: 2 } } ] }); $('.loader1').css('display','none'); $('.horizontal-menu').css('visibility','visible'); $('.banner').css('visibility','visible'); $(".editorial-scroll").niceScroll({ cursorcolor:"#c8c7c7", cursorwidth: "8px", autohidemode: false }); $('.services-slider--mobile').slick({ autoplay: true, autoplaySpeed: 2000 }); /* $("#qa-form").steps({ headerTag: "h5", bodyTag: "section", transitionEffect: "slideLeft" });*/ $("#tagcloud a").tagcloud({ size: {start: 14, end: 22, unit: "px"}, color: {start: '#3498DB', end: '#46CFB0'} }); $(".popup-video").colorbox({iframe: true, innerWidth: 850, innerHeight: 600}); $(".feedback").colorbox({iframe: true, innerWidth: 850, innerHeight: 600}); if(screen.width < 980){ $(".popup-video").colorbox({innerWidth: 720, innerHeight: 530}); $(".feedback").colorbox({innerWidth: 720, innerHeight: 530}); } if(screen.width < 768){ $(".popup-video").colorbox({innerWidth: 420, innerHeight: 530}); $(".feedback").colorbox({innerWidth: 420, innerHeight: 530}); } if(screen.width < 480){ $(".popup-video").colorbox({innerWidth: 280, innerHeight: 170}); $(".feedback").colorbox({innerWidth: 280, innerHeight: 440}); } </script> <script> function showarchive(year,month,day=null){ // alert('free-downloads'); return; var url='https://www.drishtiias.com/archives'+'/'+year+'-'+month+'-'+day; location=url; //alert(url+'/archives/'+year+'/'+month+'/'+dat); } </script> <!-- Start of drishtiassist Zendesk Widget script --> <!-- <script id="ze-snippet" src="https://static.zdassets.com/ekr/snippet.js?key=0d2abe95-8f58-4ee7-b91d-318381010961"> </script> --> <!-- End of drishtiassist Zendesk Widget script --> <script id="dsq-count-scr" src="//drishti-english.disqus.com/count.js" ></script> </body> </html> ' } $cookies = [] $values = [ (int) 0 => 'text/html; charset=UTF-8' ] $name = 'Content-Type' $first = true $value = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'header - [internal], line ?? Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitHeaders() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 177 Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 55 Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 106 [main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 40