AI's Role in India's Health Ecosystem

• 14 Sep 2024

This editorial is based on “Health care using AI is bold, but much caution first” which was published in The Hindu on 13/09/2024.The article highlights the potential of AI to address India's healthcare challenges, while emphasizing the need to balance technological advancements with ethical considerations, human empathy, and foundational improvements in the healthcare system.

For Prelims: India's healthcare system, Artificial intelligence, Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms, WHO’s Sarah, Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), Electronic health records, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ethical Guidelines for Application of AI in Biomedical Research and Healthcare, National Digital Health Mission, Aarogya Setu app

For Mains: Significance of AI in Healthcare, Major Challenges of AI in Healthcare in India.

India's healthcare system faces significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, shortage of healthcare professionals, and uneven access to quality care across its vast and diverse population. In recent years, there has been growing interest in leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to address some of these persistent healthcare gaps. AI technologies promise to increase efficiency, improve access to medical expertise, and potentially revolutionize healthcare delivery in a country where resources are often stretched thin.

However, the integration of AI in healthcare, particularly in a country as complex as India, raises critical questions about feasibility, sustainability, and ethical implications. While AI excels at processing data and automating repetitive tasks, it lacks crucial human qualities essential for healthcare, such as empathy, cultural understanding, and the ability to navigate nuanced patient conditions. As India explores the potential of AI in healthcare, it must carefully weigh the potential benefits against the need to address foundational healthcare issues and develop comprehensive regulations to ensure AI tools adhere to the core medical ethic of "Do No Harm."

What is the Significance of AI in Healthcare?

• Revolutionizing Diagnostics:Artificial Intelligence is transforming medical diagnostics with unprecedented accuracy and speed.
  • In radiology, AI algorithms can detect subtle abnormalities in medical images that might escape the human eye.
  • For instance, a study published in Nature in 2020 showed that AI systems resulted in absolute reductions of 1.2% and 2.7% in the rates of false-positive and false-negative detection of biopsy-confirmed breast cancer.
  • As AI continues to evolve, it promises to enhance diagnostic accuracy across various medical fields, from ophthalmology to pathology.
• Personalized Treatment Plans: AI is ushering in an era of precision medicine by analyzing vast amounts of patient data to create personalized treatment plans.
  • By considering an individual's genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and medical history, AI can recommend targeted therapies with higher efficacy and fewer side effects.
  • IBM Watson Oncology, for example, has been used in over 230 hospitals worldwide, assisting oncologists in developing personalized cancer treatment plans.
  • This tailored approach not only improves patient outcomes but also optimizes resource allocation in healthcare systems.
• Drug Discovery and Development: AI is dramatically accelerating the drug discovery and development process, potentially bringing life-saving medications to market faster and at lower costs.
  • Machine learning algorithms can analyze biological data, predict drug-target interactions, and optimize molecular structures, significantly reducing the time and resources required for early-stage drug discovery.
  • In 2020, Insilico Medicine used AI to design, synthesize, and validate a novel drug candidate for fibrosis in just 46 days, a process that traditionally takes years.
• Enhancing Clinical Workflows: AI is streamlining clinical workflows, reducing administrative burdens, and allowing healthcare professionals to focus more on patient care.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms can automatically transcribe and summarize doctor-patient conversations, update electronic health records, and generate clinical notes.
  • Additionally, AI-driven scheduling systems can optimize patient flow, reduce wait times, and improve resource allocation in hospitals.
• Remote Monitoring and Telemedicine: AI is playing a pivotal role in expanding the reach of healthcare through remote monitoring and telemedicine solutions.
  • AI-powered wearables and IoT devices can continuously monitor patient vital signs, detect anomalies, and alert healthcare providers to potential issues before they become critical.
  • During the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of AI in telemedicine surged, with platforms like Babylon Health using AI chatbots to triage patients and provide initial consultations.
  • This technology is particularly significant for rural and underserved areas, where access to specialists is limited.
  • WHO’s Sarah is a prototype of a digital health promoter, available 24/7 in eight languages via video or text.
    • She can provide tips to destress, eat right, quit tobacco and e-cigarettes, as well as give information on several other health topics.
    • However, she is not designed to give medical advice.
• Enhancing Medical Education and Training: AI is revolutionizing medical education and training by providing personalized learning experiences and simulating complex clinical scenarios.
  • Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms powered by AI can create immersive training environments for medical students and professionals.
  • For instance, companies like FundamentalVR offer AI-driven haptic VR systems that allow surgeons to practice procedures with realistic feedback.
  • AI-powered adaptive learning systems can also tailor medical curricula to individual students' needs, potentially accelerating the learning process and producing more competent healthcare professionals.

What are the Major Challenges of AI in Healthcare in India?

• Infrastructure Limitations: India's healthcare infrastructure faces significant constraints that challenge the widespread adoption of AI technologies.
  • Many healthcare facilities, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, lack the basic technological infrastructure required to support AI systems.
  • A recent study stated that of the 7,821 Health and Wellness Centres in rural India, only 3,496 (45%) have an electricity back-up facility.
  • This infrastructure gap makes it difficult to implement and maintain sophisticated AI systems
• Data Challenges: India faces a major hurdle in the availability and quality of healthcare data required for training effective AI models.
  • The fragmented healthcare system, comprising both public and private providers, results in inconsistent data collection practices.
  • While many healthcare facilities in India maintain electronic health records (EHRs), there are no provisions for integrating this data for analysis, nor clear guidelines on how long health records should be retained.
  • This issue is further exacerbated by problems related to data quality, standardization, and interoperability.
• Digital Divide: The digital divide in India poses a significant barrier to the equitable implementation of AI in healthcare.
  • While urban centers may benefit from AI-driven healthcare solutions, rural areas often lack the necessary digital infrastructure.
  • 45% of the Indian population do not access the internet as of 2023, according to a joint study by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and Kantar.
  • This disparity in digital access means that AI healthcare solutions may primarily benefit urban populations, potentially widening the existing healthcare gap.
• Regulatory Hurdles: The absence of comprehensive regulations specifically addressing AI in healthcare presents a significant challenge in India.
  • While the Digital Information Security in Healthcare Act (DISHA) was proposed in 2017 by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, to regulate digital health data, it has yet to be enacted.
  • This regulatory vacuum creates uncertainty for AI developers and healthcare providers, potentially slowing innovation and adoption.
  • The lack of clear guidelines on issues such as AI algorithm validation, liability in case of AI errors, and patient data protection poses risks to both patients and healthcare providers.
• Ethical and Cultural Considerations: Implementing AI in healthcare in India raises complex ethical and cultural challenges due to the country's vast diversity.
  • Issues such as algorithmic bias, informed consent, and privacy take on additional dimensions in a multicultural, multilingual society with varying levels of health literacy.
  • AI algorithms used in Indian healthcare settings trained on datasets primarily from Western countries, raises concerns about their applicability to the Indian population.
  • Cultural sensitivities around health issues and data sharing also pose challenges.
• Cost and Resource Allocation: The high costs associated with developing, implementing, and maintaining AI systems in healthcare pose a significant challenge for India's resource-constrained health sector.
  • While AI promises long-term cost savings, the initial investment can be substantial.
  • The average cost to implement AI in healthcare ranges between USD 20,000 and USD 1,000,000, a significant sum for many healthcare providers.
  • This cost barrier is particularly challenging given that India's healthcare spending was only 1.8% of its GDP in 2020-21.
• Language and Localization Issue: India's linguistic diversity presents a unique challenge for AI implementation in healthcare.
  • With 22 official languages and hundreds of dialects, creating AI systems that can effectively communicate with and understand patients across the country is a complex task.
  • This language barrier can lead to misdiagnosis, miscommunication, and reduced effectiveness of AI tools.

ICMR Guidelines for AI Use in the Health Sector

In March 2023, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) released "The Ethical Guidelines for Application of AI in Biomedical Research and Healthcare," outlining 10 key patient-centric ethical principles for AI use in healthcare.

10 Guiding Principles:

• Accountability and Liability: Regular audits ensure optimal AI functioning, made available to the public.
• Autonomy: Human oversight is essential, with patient consent required, informing them of risks.
• Data Privacy: AI must safeguard privacy and personal data at every stage.
• Collaboration: Promotes interdisciplinary, international partnerships.
• Safety and Risk Minimization: Prevents misuse, ensures data security, and requires ethical committee assessments.
• Accessibility, Equity, and Inclusiveness: Aims to bridge the digital divide by ensuring AI infrastructure access.
• Data Optimization: Addresses biases and errors due to poor data quality or representation.
• Non-Discrimination and Fairness: Ensures universal, bias-free AI technology.
• Trustworthiness: AI must be valid, reliable, ethical, and lawful to gain user confidence.
• Transparency: Clinicians need systematic methods to test AI's validity and reliability.

Frameworks: India's frameworks supporting AI in healthcare include the Digital Health Authority under the National Health Policy (2017), DISHA 2018, and Medical Device Rules, 2017.

How India can Effectively Implement AI in Healthcare?

• Strengthen the National Health Resources Database: India can enhance its National Health Resources Repository (NHRR) by incorporating advanced AI technologies.
  • By integrating the National Digital Health Mission with AI-ready data protocols through NHRR, India could build a robust AI Healthcare Model.
  • The success of Estonia's e-Health system, which covers 95% of the population's health data, demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.
• Develop India-specific AI Models: To address the challenge of AI models not being suitable for the Indian population, the government can collaborate with academic institutions and tech companies to develop India-specific AI models.
  • These models should be trained on diverse Indian datasets, considering factors like genetic diversity, regional disease patterns, and socio-economic determinants of health.
  • For instance, IIT-Delhi researchers developed AI-based detectors for malaria, TB, cervical cancer.
  • The government could establish an "AI for Indian Healthcare" challenge, similar to the successful Google AI for Social Good program, inviting researchers and startups to develop solutions tailored to India's unique healthcare challenges.
• Create a Tiered AI Implementation Strategy: To address the digital divide, India can adopt a tiered AI implementation strategy.
  • In urban areas with better infrastructure, advanced AI systems for diagnostics and treatment planning can be implemented in tertiary care hospitals.
  • For rural areas, initially focus on deploying simpler, more robust AI tools that can work with limited connectivity, such as AI-powered mobile apps for basic health screenings or telemedicine platforms with offline capabilities.
  • For example, the 'NITI Aayog AI for All' initiative could be expanded to include healthcare-specific programs for rural areas.
  • The success of the Aarogya Setu app, demonstrates the potential for widespread adoption of mobile health technologies in India.
• Establish a Regulatory Sandbox for Healthcare AI: To navigate regulatory hurdles, India can create a 'Regulatory Sandbox' for healthcare AI, allowing controlled testing of AI solutions in real-world settings under regulatory supervision.
  • This approach would help develop appropriate regulations while fostering innovation.
  • The sandbox could be modeled after the Reserve Bank of India's fintech sandbox, which has successfully incubated several innovative financial solutions.
  • For healthcare AI, the sandbox could initially focus on non-critical areas like administrative processes or low-risk diagnostic tools.
    • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) could oversee this sandbox, collaborating with tech companies and hospitals to test AI solutions before wider deployment.
• Integrate AI Education in Medical Curriculum: To address the skills gap, India should integrate AI and data science modules into medical and nursing education curricula.
  • This could include mandatory courses on AI in healthcare, hands-on training with AI tools, and internships with health-tech companies.
  • Additionally, the government could partner with online learning platforms to offer certified AI in healthcare courses for practicing professionals.
  • The success of initiatives like the Stanford University's AI in Healthcare online course, demonstrates the potential of this approach.
• Establish Ethical Guidelines for AI in Healthcare: To address ethical concerns, India should develop comprehensive ethical guidelines for AI in healthcare, considering its unique cultural and social context.
  • These guidelines should cover issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the role of AI in clinical decision-making.
  • The government could establish an AI Ethics Committee under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, comprising medical professionals, ethicists, AI experts, and patient advocates.
  • This committee could draw inspiration from the European Commission's Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, adapting them to the Indian context.
• Create AI-Ready Healthcare Infrastructure: India needs to focus on creating AI-ready infrastructure in healthcare facilities.
  • This involves ensuring stable electricity supply, robust internet connectivity, and necessary hardware in healthcare centers. T
  • The government could leverage existing schemes like the National Rural Health Mission to include digital infrastructure upgrades.
    • For instance, the successful implementation of solar-powered primary health centers in Chhattisgarh, which ensured 24/7 electricity could be replicated and expanded to include digital infrastructure.
• Launch Public Awareness Campaigns: To address the challenge of patient trust and acceptance, India should launch comprehensive public awareness campaigns about AI in healthcare.
  • These campaigns should focus on explaining the benefits and limitations of AI in simple, relatable terms.
  • Use various media channels, including social media, television, and community outreach programs.
    • For instance, the success of the Pulse Polio campaign, which used celebrity endorsements and grassroots mobilization could be a model for AI awareness.

Drishti Mains Question:

With the increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India's healthcare sector, discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with AI adoption in areas such as diagnosis, treatment, and public health management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q1. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)

Q2. Consider the following pairs: (2018)

Terms sometimes seen in news	Context/Topic
1. Belle II experiment	Artificial Intelligence
2. Blockchain technology	Digital/Cryptocurrency
3. CRISPR–Cas9	Particle Physics

 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

---

Mains:

Q.1 What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. (2015)

Q.2 “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)