Nutrient Based Subsidy

• 28 Oct 2023

For Prelims: Nutrient Based Subsidy, Rabi and Kharif Season, Fertilizers, DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate), Black Marketing.

For Mains: Significance of Nutrient Based Subsidy and Challenges, Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices.

Source:PIB

Why in News?

Recently, the union cabinet has approved Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for the various nutrients of Rabi and Kharif Season for 2022-23.

• For Rabi Season 2022-23: NBS approved for various nutrients i.e. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P),Potash (K) and Sulphur (S)
• For Kharif Season 2023: NBS rates approved for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) Fertilizers.

What is a Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Regime?

• About:
  • Under the NBS regime – fertilizers are provided to the farmers at the subsidized rates based on the nutrients (N, P, K & S) contained in these fertilizers.
  • Also, the fertilizers which are fortified with secondary and micronutrients such as molybdenum (Mo) and zinc are given additional subsidy.
  • The subsidy on P&K fertilizers is announced by the Government on an annual basis for each nutrient on a per kg basis – which are determined taking into account the international and domestic prices of P&K fertilizers, Exchange Rate, inventory level in the country etc.
  • NBS policy intends to increase the consumption of P&K fertilizers so that optimum balance (N:P:K= 4:2:1) of NPK fertilization is achieved.
    • This would improve soil health and as a result the yield from the crops would increase, resulting in enhanced income to the farmers.
    • Also, as the government expects rational use of fertilizers, this would also ease off the burden of fertilizer subsidy.
  • It is being implemented from April 2010 by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.

• Significance:
  • Availability of Subsidized P&K Fertilizers will ensure the availability of DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate and other P&K fertilizers to farmers at subsidized, affordable, and reasonable prices during the Kharif season. This is essential to support agricultural productivity and food security in India.
  • NBS subsidy is crucial for effective resource allocation and ensuring that subsidies are directed toward the farmers who need them the most, promoting efficient and sustainable agricultural practices.

What are the Issues Related to NBS ?

• Economic and Environmental Costs:
  • The fertilizer subsidy, including the NBS policy, imposes a significant financial burden on the economy. It ranks as the second-largest subsidy after food subsidy, straining fiscal health.
  • Additionally, imbalanced fertilizer usage due to the pricing disparity has adverse environmental consequences, such as soil degradation and nutrient runoff, impacting long-term agricultural sustainability.
• Black Marketing and Diversion:
  • Subsidized urea is susceptible to Black Marketing and diversion. It is sometimes illegally sold to bulk buyers, traders, or non-agricultural users like plywood and animal feed manufacturers.
  • Moreover, there are instances of subsidized urea being smuggled to neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Nepal, leading to the loss of subsidized fertilizers intended for domestic agricultural use.
• Leakage and Misuse:
  • The NBS regime relies on an efficient distribution system to ensure that subsidized fertilizers reach the intended beneficiaries, i.e., farmers.
  • However, there may be instances of leakage and misuse, where subsidized fertilizers do not reach farmers or are used for non-agricultural purposes. This undermines the effectiveness of the subsidy and denies genuine farmers access to affordable fertilizers.
• Regional Disparities:
  • Agricultural practices, soil conditions, and crop nutrient requirements vary across different regions of the country.
  • Implementing a uniform NBS regime may not adequately address the specific needs and regional disparities, potentially leading to suboptimal nutrient application and productivity variations.

Way Forward

• A uniform policy for all fertilizers is necessary, as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are crucial for crop yields and quality.
• In the long term, NBS could be replaced by a flat per-acre cash subsidy that allows farmers to purchase any fertilizer.
• This subsidy should encompass value-added and customized products that provide efficient nitrogen delivery and other essential nutrients.
• It is crucial to strike a balance between price control, affordability, and sustainable nutrient management to achieve the desired outcomes of the NBS regime.

What are the Major Cropping Seasons?

Kharif Crops	Rabi Crops
Crops that are sown during the southwest monsoon season are called kharif or monsoon crops.	Those that are sown around the Retreating Monsoon and Northeast monsoon season, which begins by October are called rabi or winter crops.
These crops are sown at the beginning of the season around end May to early June and are harvested post the monsoon rains beginning October.	The harvest for these crops happens typically during April and May, during the summer season.
These crops depend on the rainfall patterns.	These crops depend on the rainfall patterns.
Rice, maize, pulses such as urad, moong dal and millets are among the key kharif crops.	Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
It requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow.	A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.
Zaid Crops Sown and harvested: March-July (between Rabi and Kharif) Important Zaid crops include: Seasonal fruits, vegetables, fodder crops etc

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (a)

Q. Consider the following crops: (2013)

1. Cotton
2. Groundnut
3. Rice
4. Wheat

Which of these are Kharif crops?

(a) 1 and 4 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 3 
(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (c)