Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 | 12 Oct 2024

Recently, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024.

One half of the prize was given to David Baker for computational protein design while the other half was jointly given to Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper for protein structure prediction.

Revolutionising Protein Engineering: Baker’s research group has used computational methods to design novel proteins from scratch, reshaping the possibilities of protein engineering.
- By manipulating the 20 different amino acids that form proteins, his team has created new proteins that do not exist in nature.
Applications in Medicine and Technology: These artificially designed proteins have vast potential, particularly in the development of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, nanomaterials, and biosensors.
- Baker has successfully designed proteins with new functions, like degrading plastics or performing tasks beyond the capabilities of natural proteins.
First Breakthrough in 2003: Baker’s first major success came in 2003 when his team designed a protein completely different from any found in nature.

Protein Folding Problem: Since the 1970s, scientists have struggled to predict how strings of amino acids fold into their three-dimensional shapes.
- The structure of a protein is crucial because it determines its function.
- Understanding these structures is essential for advances in fields like drug discovery, disease treatment, and biotechnology.
Breakthrough with AlphaFold2: In 2020, Hassabis and Jumper introduced AlphaFold2, an AI-driven system that revolutionised protein structure prediction.
- The model was able to predict the structure of nearly every known protein, approximately 200 million.
- This achievement solved a 50-year-old problem in structural biology.
- Traditional approaches to decoding protein structures, such as x-ray crystallography, are slow, laborious, and time-consuming.
Widespread Use and Impact: AlphaFold2 has been used by over two million researchers worldwide, enabling breakthroughs in numerous fields.
- For example, it has been instrumental in understanding antibiotic resistance and creating enzymes capable of breaking down plastics.

Amino Acids as Building Blocks: Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, which are organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulphur.
- There are 20 different amino acids, and different combinations of these, folded into three-dimensional structures, form the various proteins needed for biological processes.
Structural Role of Proteins: The three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its function.
- In 1972, Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Christian Anfinsen for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence.
Proteins as Essential Molecules: Proteins are fundamental to virtually every biological process in living organisms and perform diverse functions such as speeding up biochemical reactions, providing structural support, aiding in immune responses, and storing nutrients.

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)