Neuroscience of Addiction | 18 Mar 2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

During the Brain Awareness Week (March 10-16), a study revealed that addiction involves a complex neural circuit in the brain affecting craving, emotional regulation, and decision-making.  

• It underscores addiction as a chronic brain condition rather than a moral failing, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies. 

How Does Neuroscience Explain Addiction?

• Role of Brain in Addiction: The study highlights 3 key brain regions involved in addiction i.e., basal ganglia, extended amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. 
  • Basal Ganglia: It teaches the brain to repeat pleasurable activities, whether from food, social interaction, or addictive substances.  
    • It works with neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin to reinforce pleasurable behaviors. 
  • Extended Amygdala: It triggers anxiety, irritability, and unease when substance use stops, pushing continued use despite harm. 
  • Prefrontal Cortex: It explains why substance use continues despite knowing its harmful effects, a key trait of addiction. 
    • The prefrontal cortex, which handles decision-making, time management, and prioritization, completes the triad. 

• Vulnerability to Adolescents: Adolescence represents a critical “at-risk period” for substance use because the brain is still developing.  
  • The prefrontal cortex, which controls impulses and decision-making, matures last. This makes teens more vulnerable to addiction.  
• Other Reasons of Addiction:  
  • Genetic Predisposition: Some individuals are biologically more prone to addiction. 
  • Psychological Factors: Trauma, stress, and mental health disorders increase vulnerability. 
  • Environmental Influences: Family history, peer pressure, and socioeconomic conditions play a significant role. 
  • Age of First Use: Earlier exposure increases the risk of long-term dependency.

What is Brain Awareness Week (BAW)? 

• About: It is celebrated annually in the third week of March highlighting the role of brain science in understanding biology, preventing diseases, and improving healthcare. 
  • It is organised annually by Dana Foundation, a private philanthropic organization in New York that is dedicated to advancing neurosciences. 
• Journey: 

• Purpose and Participation: Educates the public on brain functions, disorders, and research advancements.