Massive Mountains Discovered under Earth’s Crust | 18 Feb 2019

Scientists have discovered massive mountains in the Earth’s mantle.

• The mountains were located at the boundary of the outer and lower mantle at a depth of 660 km.
• Lacking a formal name for this layer, the researchers simply call it “the 660-km boundary.”

How it was Discovered?

• Scientists have used the earthquake data from the 8.2 magnitude earthquake which shook Bolivia in 1994.
• This earthquake was the second-largest deep earthquake ever recorded, with a focal point estimated at a depth of 650 kilometers.
• This earthquake was also the first big earthquake to be measured on a modern seismic network, providing researchers with unprecedented data.
• Data was gathered from earthquakes waves that travel in all directions and can travel through the core to the other side of the planet.

Findings

• From earthquake waves, the researchers came to know that the upper and lower mantle boundary at 660 km depth is rough.
• The researchers also examined a layer 410 km down, at the top of the mid-mantle “transition zone,” and the surface is not similarly rough.

Significance

• Due to technical limitations, scientists were not able to determine the height of these mountains, but there’s a chance that these mountains are bigger than anything on the surface of the Earth.
• This discovery is also important for understanding how the earth formed and continues to function.

Interior of the Earth

• The Earth has three layers: a crust, mantle, and core, which is subdivided into an inner and outer core.

Information about Interior of the Earth

• There are two sources of information for scientists about the interior of the earth: Direct and Indirect.
• Direct Sources
  • Surface rock or the rocks from mining.
  • Deep Ocean Drilling Projects: The deepest drill is at Kola, in the Arctic Ocean, which has reached a depth of 12 km.
  • Volcanic eruptions.
• Indirect Sources
  • Meteors from space.
  • Gravitation, magnetic field.
  • Seismic activity: Seismic activity is one of the most important sources of information about the interior of the earth.

Earthquake

• An earthquake in simple words is shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to the release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.
• Focus and Epicenter
  • The release of energy occurs along a fault. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake.
  • The energy waves traveling in different directions reach the surface of the earth. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called Epicenter.
• Earthquake Waves
  • Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves.
  • Body waves
    • Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions traveling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves.
    • There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves.
    • P-waves: P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called primary waves.
      • The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials.
    • S-waves: S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves.
      • An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials.
      • This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth.
  • Surface waves
    • The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves.