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Local Bubbles

  • 14 Jan 2023
  • 4 min read

Why in News?

Recently, new research on a giant cosmic cavity that surrounds the solar system could reveal the universe’s secrets, including questions about the origins of stars.

  • Researchers from the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) | Harvard & Smithsonian have generated a 3D magnetic map of the cavity called Local Bubble.

What are Local Bubbles?

  • The Local Bubble is a 1,000-light-year-wide cavity or a superbubble. Other superbubbles also exist in the Milky Way.
  • The Local Bubble is a large, low-density region in the interstellar medium (ISM) of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
    • The interstellar medium is the material which fills the space between the stars.
  • It's a cavity that is thought to have been created by a series of supernovae explosions that occurred about 30 to 50 million years ago.

What is a Supernova?

  • A supernova is a powerful and luminous explosion that occurs at the end of the life of a massive star.
  • It is caused by the collapse of the core of the star, which can trigger a massive release of energy.
  • Supernovae are also important for the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements and for the propagation of cosmic rays.
  • There are two main types of supernovae:
    • Type I:
      • It is a supernova caused by the thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf star that is part of a binary system.
      • The white dwarf accretes material from its companion star, and when its mass exceeds a certain limit, it becomes unstable and detonates.
    • Type II:
      • It is caused by the gravitational collapse of the core of a massive star.
      • When a star has exhausted the nuclear fuel in its core, its outer layers collapse inward, and the core becomes incredibly hot and dense.
      • This causes a huge release of energy, which causes the star to explode.
      • The explosion is so powerful that it can outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period of time, and the explosion debris can cause the formation of nebulae, dust and heavy elements.

How 3D Map of a Gigantic Cavity of Local Bubbles Observed?

  • They used Gaia and Planck space based observatories launched by the European Space Agency (ESA).
  • Gaia was used to identify the location and local concentration of cosmic dust.
    • This helped them trace the boundaries of the Local Bubble.
  • Planck provided information on the magnetic alignment of cosmic dust.
  • This alignment can indicate the orientation of the magnetic field acting on the dust particles, allowing the researchers to generate a 3D magnetic field orientation on the surface of the Local Bubble.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Q. Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019)

(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’

Ans: (b)

Source: DTE

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