Innovative Strategies in Malaria Prevention

• 11 Dec 2024

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Recent advancements in malaria prevention have shifted focus from genetically modified mosquitoes to genetically modified malaria-causing parasites. This innovative approach aims to enhance immune system priming during the liver stage of the parasite's life cycle, potentially leading to more effective malaria vaccines. 

How do Genetically Modified Parasites Help Prevent Malaria? 

• Genetically Modified Parasites: Malaria causing parasites were genetically altered to study their behavior, prevent diseases, or deliver treatments. They are designed to prime the immune system in the liver, preventing disease before entering the bloodstream. 
  • Malaria-causing parasites cause infection and symptoms begin to show only when they move into the bloodstream from the liver stage. 
  • This method allows for better protection against malaria when exposed to unaltered parasites later, improving overall vaccine efficacy.   
    • Additionally, genetically modified mosquitoes can spread resistance to malaria by mating with wild mosquitoes. 
  • Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same – or different – pathogens. 
• Trial Efficacy: In the trial conducted, 89% of participants exposed to late-arresting genetically modified parasites (p falciparum, in this case) were protected from malaria compared to only 13% for early-arresting parasites. 
  • Early-arresting refers to killing the parasite on day 1 of entering the liver whereas late-arresting refers to killing it on day 6.  
• Comparison with Traditional Methods: Traditional methods, such as radiation-sterilized mosquitoes and radiation-attenuated sporozoites (the infective stage of malaria parasites), require significantly higher exposures (up to 1,000 mosquito bites) for similar protection levels. 

What is Malaria?

• About:  
  • Malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Of the five species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most dangerous. 
  • After biting an infected person, a mosquito transmits malaria parasites to the next person it bites. The parasites travel to the liver, mature, and then infect red blood cells. 
• Highlights of Malaria in India: 
  • According to the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), malaria remains a significant public health challenge in India, with approximately 1 million cases reported annually. 
  • Approximately 95% of the population lives in malaria-endemic regions, with 80% of cases occurring in tribal, hilly, and inaccessible areas that house 20% of the population. 
  • In 2022, India represented 66% of malaria cases in the WHO South-East Asia Region, with Plasmodium vivax responsible for nearly 46% of these cases. 
• Treatment: 
  • WHO-recommended malaria vaccine like RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M 
• Global Initiatives:  
  • World Malaria Day – 25th April (launched in 2007) 
  • WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) (launched in 2015) 
• Government Initiatives Related to Malaria: 
  • National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) – 1953 
  • National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme – 2003 
  • Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India) – Launched on the eve of ‘World Malaria Day’ in 2019. 
  • National Strategic Plan: Malaria Elimination 2023-27

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Widespread resistance of malarial parasites to drugs like chloroquine has prompted attempts to develop a malarial vaccine to combat malaria. Why is it difficult to develop an effective malaria vaccine? (2010)

(a) Malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium 

(b) Man does not develop immunity to malaria during natural infection 

(c) Vaccines can be developed only against bacteria 

(d) Man is only an intermediate host and not the definitive host

Ans: (b)