Tackling Global Water Scarcity | 04 Jun 2022

For Prelims: Jal Kranti Abhiyan, National Water Mission, National Rural Drinking Water Programme, NITI Aayog Composite Water Management Index, Jal Jeevan Mission, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Atal Bhujal Yojana

For Mains: Global Water Scarcity and related Steps taken, Water Resources, Conservation of Resources

Why in News?

According to a newly published book, unconventional water sources can help beat global water scarcity.

The book was compiled by experts at the United Nations University’s Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), UNU Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation.
Conventional water sources which rely on snowfall, rainfall and rivers – are not enough to meet growing freshwater demand in water-scarce areas.

What are Unconventional water sources?
Enhancing Rain via Cloud-Seeding:	Global research on cloud-seeding technology indicates that precipitation can be increased up to 15% of the annual norm, depending on the available cloud resources and technical systems used. However, it was acknowledged that greater research was needed on the variability of the technology in different areas.
Fog Harvesting and Micro-Catchment Rainwater Harvesting:	Efficient fog harvesting systems wherein moisture in fog is collected through rocks, flora or mesh nets can yield within 20 litres per square metre per day, for a decade. Only 70 sites have shown to be viable for fog harvesting. Micro-catchments have also shown potential for households or farmlands in dry environments with low rainfall.
Role of Icebergs:	Icebergs, the world’s largest source for freshwater, have also been gaining attention in recent years. Climate change is causing polar ice caps to melt and break, and scientists, scholars, and leaders have discussed "towing" polar ice caps to countries with water shortages. In 2017, faced with massive water shortages, the United Arab Emirates proposed a plan to tow an iceberg into the country, but no action was taken on this front.
Ballast Water:	Ballast water is another transportable resource - freshwater or saltwater held in the ballast tanks and cargo holds of ships to provide stability and maneuverability during a journey. Around 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is discharged globally every year in accordance with international norms, this water needs to be desalinated. When desalination is used to treat ballast water, the end product (desalinated water) is free of invasive aquatic organisms and unhealthy chemical compounds, making it usable for public water supply and irrigation as well.
Municipal Wastewater:	Proper treatment of municipal wastewater — already underway in several countries is a major resource of water for agriculture. Several countries have launched successful initiatives to treat wastewater to meet demand.
Drainage Water:	Drainage water used in irrigation agriculture also has potential for reuse, but is hindered due to its high salinity. Careful management and promotion of salt-resistant crops can be the solutions for this.
Brackish Water:	Research has shown that continental shelves have around 5 million cubic km brackish water and 300,000-500,000 cubic km freshwater within their sedimentary deposits. Development of brackish water resources is already underway in countries in West Asia, Africa, Europe and the US and India.

What is the Current State of Water Scarcity?

World:
- Only 3% of the world’s water is freshwater, and two-thirds of that is tucked away in frozen glaciers or otherwise unavailable for our use.
- As many as 87 countries are projected to become water-scarce by 2050.
- One in four people on Earth face shortages of water for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and economic development.
  - Water scarcity is expected to intensify in regions like the Middle East and North Africa region, which has 6% of the global population but only 1% of the world’s freshwater resources.
India:
- About:
  - Although India has 16% of the world’s population, the country possesses only 4% of the world’s freshwater resources.
  - In recent times, the water crisis in India has become very critical, affecting millions of people across India.
  - As many as 256 of 700 districts in India have reported ‘critical’ or ‘overexploited’ groundwater levels according to the most recent Central Ground Water Board data (from 2017).
  - Three-fourths of India’s rural families lack access to piped, drinkable water and must rely on unsafe sources.
  - India has become the world’s largest extractor of groundwater, accounting for 25% of the total. Some 70% of our water sources are contaminated and our major rivers are dying because of pollution.
- Related Initiatives:

What are the Recommendations?

Unconventional water resources can provide major relief, provided the following strategies are followed:
- Promoting further research and practice on both technical and nontechnical aspects of unconventional water resources.
- Ensuring that unconventional waters provide benefits, not cost to the environment.
- Positioning unconventional waters as a reliable source of water in times of uncertainty.
- Supporting complementary and multidimensional approaches such as addressing water scarcity and climate change together.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question

Q. If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country? (2012)

Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste-water.
The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water.
All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India.
The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore-wells and for installing motors and pumpsets to draw ground-water will be completely reimbursed by the Government.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)

Exp:

The National Water Mission is one of the eight missions in the National Action Plan on Climate Change to tackle the threats of global warming. The objective of National Water Mission is “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management”.
The mission has provisions for the capacity building in areas like:
- Adaptation and Management planning for judicious utilization of water resources.
- Exploring new sources. Hence, 2 is correct.
- Using Reverse Osmosis for sea water and brackish water desalinization.
- Recycle of water and reuse wherever possible. Hence, 1 is correct.
- Technologies for water purification.
- Mandating water harvesting.
However, it does not have provisions related to the interlinking of rivers or for the reimbursement of expenditure related to digging bore wells and buying pumps. Hence, 3 and 4 are not correct. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Source: DTE