India US Strategic Partnership

Why in News?

The Indian Prime Minister was on a significant visit to the United States of America.

• The visit aimed to strengthen the strategic partnership between the two countries and focused on addressing common challenges, taking a stand on global issues, collaborating in critical emerging technologies, promoting sustainable development, and transitioning towards clean energy.

What are the Areas of Cooperation Highlighted During the Visit?

• Strengthening Semiconductor Supply Chains: Micron Technology, with support from the India Semiconductor Mission, will invest in a new semiconductor assembly and test facility in India.
  • Applied Materials will establish a Semiconductor Centre for Commercialization and Innovation in India to enhance the diversification of the semiconductor supply chain.
  • Lam Research will train 60,000 Indian engineers through its "Semiverse Solution" to accelerate India's semiconductor education and workforce development goals.
• Advanced Telecommunications: India and the US have established public-private Joint Task Forces on the development and deployment of Open RAN systems and advanced telecoms research and development.
  • Bharat 6G from India and the US Next G Alliance will co-lead the public-private research, aiming to reduce costs, enhance security, and improve the resiliency of telecommunication networks.

• NASA-ISRO Collaboration in Space: India has signed the Artemis Accords, joining 26 other countries committed to peaceful, sustainable, and transparent cooperation for space exploration.
  • NASA will provide advanced training to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) astronauts, with the goal of a joint effort to the International Space Station in 2024.
  • A strategic framework for human spaceflight cooperation between NASA and ISRO is being developed by the end of 2023.
• Quantum, Advanced Computing, and Artificial Intelligence: The Joint Indo-US Quantum Coordination Mechanism has been established to facilitate joint research on quantum technology , Artificial Intelligence (AI), and advanced wireless technologies.
  • Joint collaboration on trustworthy and responsible AI, including generative AI, will promote AI education, workforce initiatives, and commercial opportunities.
  • India's leadership as Chair of the Global Partnership on AI was commended, and Google's investment in Indian startups and AI research centre was appreciated.
• Fibre Optics Investments: Sterlite Technologies Limited from India has invested USD 100 million in constructing a optical fibre cable manufacturing unit near Columbia, South Carolina, facilitating USD 150 million in annual exports of optical fiber from India.
• Cutting-edge Research: The US National Science Foundation has joint research collaborations with India's Department of Science and Technology.
  • A cooperative arrangement has been signed with India's Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology to promote emerging technologies.
• Innovation Handshake: The US-India Commercial Dialogue will launch an "Innovation Handshake" to connect the startup ecosystems of both countries, supporting the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
• Critical Minerals Partnership: India has become the newest partner of the US-led Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), focused on developing diverse and sustainable critical energy minerals supply chains globally.
  • Epsilon Carbon Limited, an Indian company, will invest in a greenfield electric vehicle battery component factory in the US.
• Defense Partnership: A groundbreaking proposal has been welcomed to co-produce GE's F414 combat aircraft engines in India, allowing for greater transfer of US jet engine technology.
  • India intends to procure armed MQ-9B SeaGuardian UAVs from General Atomics to enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities.
  • Agreements have been reached for service and repair of US Navy ships at Indian shipyards, fostering closer cooperation.
    • Master Ship Repair Agreements with Indian shipyards will expedite contracting processes for mid-voyage and emergent repair.
  • The India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X) has been inaugurated, fostering joint innovation on defence technologies and integrating India's private sector defence industry with the US defence sector.
  • The adoption of a Defense Industrial Cooperation Roadmap will provide policy direction for defence industries.
    • The roadmap aims to enable co-production of advanced defence systems and collaborative research, testing, and prototyping.

• Fighting Terror and Drugs: The US and India stand united in countering global terrorism, condemning terrorism and violent extremism in all forms.
  • Emphasis is placed on taking action against UN-listed terrorist groups and urging Pakistan to prevent the use of its territory for launching attacks.
  • A counternarcotics framework will be developed to disrupt the production and trafficking of illicit drugs, including synthetic drugs and precursors.
• Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: The US will join the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative, promoting a safe, secure, and stable maritime domain and regional coordination.
  • India will continue to participate as an observer in the Partners in the Blue Pacific.
  • A Indian Ocean Dialogue will be held, bringing together experts and stakeholders to enhance regional coordination.
• Strengthening and Reforming the Multilateral System: Both countries supported a comprehensive UN reform agenda, including expansion of the UN Security Council's permanent and non-permanent membership.
  • The U.S. endorsed India's permanent membership on a reformed UN Security Council and India's candidature as a non-permanent member for the 2028-29 term.
• Initiatives on Healthcare: Collaboration between US and Indian scientists will be fostered through grants to develop AI-enabled digital pathology platforms and AI-based automated radiotherapy treatment for cancer.
  • Agreements will be signed to further research on diabetes, and a US-India Cancer Dialogue will be hosted to accelerate progress against cancer.
• Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Inclusive Development:
  • Recognizing the potential of DPI approaches, both countries aim to provide global leadership in promoting inclusive development, competitive markets, and protecting individual rights.
    • Collaboration will be pursued to develop and deploy robust DPIs, with safeguards for privacy, data security, and intellectual property.
  • Exploring the establishment of an India-US Global Digital Development Partnership to enable DPI development and deployment in developing countries.
• Strengthening India-US Trade and Investment Partnership:
  • Bilateral trade exceeds USD 191 billion in 2022, with a focus on greater engagement and technical cooperation in emerging technologies, clean energy, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Harmonisation of standards and regulations, lowering barriers to trade and investment, and promoting an innovative digital economy.
  • Resolution of outstanding WTO disputes and market access issues, with further engagement through the India-US Trade Policy Forum.
  • Exploring restoration of India's status under the U.S. Generalised System of Preferences program and recognition as a Trade Agreements Act-designated country.
• Sustainable Development: Collaborative efforts between India and the US will continue to achieve national climate and energy goals, including co-leading the Hydrogen Breakthrough Agenda.
  • Innovative investment platforms will be created to attract international private finance for renewable energy, battery storage, and emerging green technology projects in India.
    • The US Agency for International Development will support Indian Railways' target to become a "net-zero" carbon emitter by 2030.
  • Initiatives are in place to decarbonize the transportation sector and promote biofuels.
• People-Centric Efforts:
  • Initiatives have been taken to simplify visa renewals for certain petition-based temporary work visas, benefiting Indian nationals and reducing the need to leave the country for renewal.
  • Plans are underway to open new consulates in Bengaluru and Ahmedabad, fostering closer diplomatic ties.
  • Student exchanges and scholarships have been enhanced, with a record number of visas issued to Indian students, and increased opportunities for US undergraduate students to study or intern in India.
    • The Leaders welcomed the establishment of the Tamil Studies Chair at the University of Houston and reinstating the Vivekananda Chair at the University of Chicago to further research and teaching of India’s history and culture.

Source: HT

Custodial Torture and Ethical Concerns

Why in News?

Recently, the Delhi High Court has upheld the conviction and 10-year sentence (awarded in 2019) of five Uttar Pradesh policemen for Custodial Torture of a 26-year-old man causing his death in 2006.

What is Custodial Torture?

• About:
  • Custodial torture is the infliction of physical or mental pain or suffering on a person who is in the custody of the police or other authorities.
  • It is a grave violation of human rights and dignity and often leads to custodial deaths, which are deaths that occur while a person is in custody.
• Types of Custodial Death:
  • Death in Police Custody: Can result from excessive force, torture, denial of medical care, or other forms of abuse.
  • Death in Judicial Custody: May occur due to overcrowding, poor hygiene, lack of medical facilities, inmate violence, or suicide.
  • Death in the Custody of Army or Paramilitary Forces: Can happen through torture, extrajudicial killings, encounters, or crossfire incidents.

What are the Ethical Arguments against Custodial Torture?

• Violates Human Rights and Dignity:
  • Every individual possesses inherent dignity and should be treated with respect and fairness. Custodial violence violates this fundamental principle by subjecting individuals to physical and psychological harm, stripping them of their dignity, and denying them the basic Human Rights.
• Undermines Rule of Law:
  • Custodial violence undermines the principles of the rule of law and due process.
  • Law enforcement officers have a duty to uphold and enforce the law, but engaging in violence contradicts the very principles they are meant to uphold - justice, equality, and protection of human rights.
• Presumption of Guilty:
  • Custodial torture undermines the principle of "innocent until proven guilty”. Torturing individuals before they have been convicted of a crime violates their right to a fair trial and due process.
  • It is the responsibility of the justice system to determine guilt or innocence, not to inflict punishment through torture.
• Against Professionalism and Integrity:
  • Police officers and authorities are expected to adhere to high ethical standards, including professionalism, integrity, and respect for human rights.
  • Custodial violence violates these ethical principles and tarnishes the reputation of the profession as a whole.
• Targets Vulnerable Individuals:
  • Custodial violence often targets individuals who are already vulnerable, such as suspects, detainees, or prisoners. This includes marginalised populations, minorities, or those lacking social power.
  • Ethically, it is crucial to protect and support the rights of these vulnerable individuals rather than subjecting them to further harm.
• Betrays Legal and Moral Responsibility:
  • Law enforcement officers and authorities have a legal and moral responsibility to protect the welfare and rights of those under their custody. Engaging in violence or abuse represents a betrayal of this responsibility and a violation of the ethical obligations inherent in their roles.

Way Forward

• Strengthening legal systems involves enacting comprehensive legislation that explicitly criminalizes custodial torture, ensuring prompt and impartial investigations, these measures can be taken to combat custodial torture.
• Police reforms should focus on training programs that emphasise protection of human rights besides maintaining professionalism and instilling empathy.
• Oversight mechanisms should be established to monitor and address such cases effectively.
• Civil society and human rights organizations should advocate for victims, provide support and legal assistance, and collaborate with international bodies for redress and justice.

Source: IE

Ethical Concerns of Organ Donation and Transplantation

Why in News?

Recently a man from Odisha, who was declared brain dead after a severe head injury, has given a new lease of life to four people in three different states.

• While organ transplantation gives new life to someone it also surfaces ethical issues such as the consent of the donor, human rights violation, organ trafficking etc.

What is the Scenario of Organ Donation and Transplantation in India?

• Donation and Transplantation: India conducts the 3^rd highest number of transplants in the world. Organs from deceased donors accounted for nearly 17.8% of all transplants in 2022.
  • The total number of deceased organ transplants climbed from 837 in 2013 to 2,765 in 2022.
  • The total number of organ transplants – with organs from both deceased and living donors – increased from 4,990 in 2013 to 15,561 in 2022.

How is Organ Donation Regulated in India?

• In India, Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 provides various regulations for the removal of human organs and its storage. It also regulates the transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes and for the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs.
• In February 2023, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notified National Organ Transplantation Guidelines, allowing those above 65 years of age to receive an organ for transplantation from deceased donors.
  • The guidelines have removed the age limit for organ recipients, eliminated the domicile requirement, and abolished registration fees previously charged by certain states like Gujarat, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Kerala.

What are the Ethical Concerns Related to Organ Donation and Transplantation?

• Living Persons:
  • Violates the Traditional Rule of Medicine:
    • Kidney donors are known to live healthy lives. However, studies in the European Union and China have shown that a third of them are vulnerable to urinary and chest infections, which violates the first traditional rule of medicine, primum non nocere (above all, do no harm).
    • One person becomes a patient to benefit another person who is already a patient.
  • Donation is Prone to Trafficking:
    • Organ donation is susceptible to trafficking when there is illegal and unethical activity involved in the acquisition, transportation, or transplantation of organs.
    • In its 1991 document "Guiding Principles on Human Organ Transplantation," the World Health Organisation (WHO) expresses concern over "the rise of commercial traffic in human organs, particularly from living donors who are unrelated to recipients."
  • Emotional Coercion:
    • The relationship between the donor and recipient influences the donor's motivation for organ donation. Living related donors are genetically related to the recipient and often feel obligated due to family ties and emotional bonds.
    • Ethical concerns include the potential for undue influence, emotional pressure, and coercion.
• Deceased Person:
  • Consent and Autonomy:
    • It is important to determine whether the person had expressed their consent or refusal for organ donation while they were alive.
    • If the person's wishes are unknown, it can be ethically challenging to make decisions on their behalf.
  • Allocation and Fairness:
    • Determining how organs are allocated fairly and equitably is an ongoing ethical concern.
    • Ethical concerns can emerge when there are disparities in access to transplantation based on factors such as wealth, social status, or geographical location.
  • Transparency and Public Trust:
    • The ethical concerns related to disclosure of information, the handling of organ procurement and transplantation procedures, and the management of organ donation registries are important considerations.

Way Forward

• Surveys in most parts of the world show that people do appreciate the ethical need for organ donation. But their altruism is also premised on the presumption that organs will be distributed in a fair manner to those in need.
• Regulations in organ transplant policy are crucial to uphold ethical principles, protect the rights of donors and recipients, prevent organ trafficking, and maintain public trust.
• They provide a framework for a well-functioning, transparent, and morally sound organ donation and allocation system.

Source: IE

Protecting India's Forest Frontline

Why in News?

Recently, poachers killed a forester in Odisha's Simlipal tiger reserve, marking the second such death in a span of a few weeks when another forest guard was shot dead.

• India's frontline forest staff, including contract laborers, guards, foresters, and rangers, have been engaged in a longstanding and uneven battle against poachers, illegal miners, tree-fellers, mass encroachers, and insurgents.

What are the Concerns Associated with Foresters’ Safety?

• Conditional Armed Status of Forest Guards: Forest guards are not always unarmed. Depending on the state, they may be equipped with various weapons. However, due to uncertain law and order situations, especially in insurgency-affected regions, forest guards often face restrictions on carrying these weapons.
  • In the case of Simlipal, which falls within the red corridor stretching from Chhattisgarh's Indravati to Bihar's Valmiki tiger reserves, forest staff had discontinued carrying guns for the same reason.
• Limited Authority for Proactive Use of Weapons: Furthermore, forest officials do not possess the authority to proactively use their weapons. Like any other citizens, they are only entitled to exercise their right of private defense as outlined in Sections 96 to 106 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
  • This means they can use force, including weapons, only to protect themselves or others from imminent harm or danger.
• Risks and Considerations of Carrying Firearms: Weapons can indeed pose a risk even in situations without the presence of insurgents as there are certain challenges (potential accidents or misuse of weapons) and considerations that arise when it comes to carrying and using firearms.
• Wildlife-Human Conflict: Foresters often encounter conflicts between wildlife and human populations. This includes instances of crop raiding by animals, attacks on humans by wild animals, and encroachment of forest habitats by human settlements.
• Lack of Manpower: Forest establishments in India tend to prioritise cumbersome bureaucratic processes and administrative matters over the welfare and support of the frontline workforce.
  • This can be problematic as it creates a situation where there are too many vacant positions within forest departments across the country.
  • As a result, there are insufficient numbers of personnel on the ground to effectively protect the forests and ensure their own safety.
• Lack of Effective Defense: According to the International Ranger Federation, a total of 31 forest field staff members lost their lives while on duty in India in 2021. Out of these cases, only 8 were classified as homicides and the rest were attributed to factors like forest fires, elephant/rhino attacks and motor accidents.
  • In some instances, the casualties occurred not because they were unarmed, but because they did not know how to fire their weapons.

Why are Foresters not Provided with Excess Powers in Terms of Using Weapons?

• Protection of Ecosystems and Wildlife: Foresters have a critical role in safeguarding forests, wildlife, and their habitats. Excessive powers could lead to unintended harm to ecosystems and wildlife if firearms are used indiscriminately or without proper justification.
• Potential for Misuse: Excessive powers could increase the risk of misuse or misconduct by foresters. It is important to maintain checks and balances to prevent misuse of firearms and ensure that foresters act in accordance with the law.
• Civilian Law Enforcement Perspective: Foresters are primarily tasked with conservation and environmental protection, rather than law enforcement.
  • Providing them with excessive powers in using weaponry could blur the line between their conservation roles and the responsibilities of law enforcement agencies, potentially leading to confusion and conflicts in their duties.
• Balancing Safety and Potential Risks: Arming foresters with guns in remote jungle areas may increase the vulnerability of the local population.
  • The presence of firearms in the hands of foresters could potentially escalate conflicts and result in unintended consequences, especially in areas where tensions already exist between foresters and local residents.

Way Forward

• Professional Training: Forest frontline staff in India require comprehensive training to effectively carry out their duties.
  • This training should equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle the complexities and risks associated with their work.
  • Foresters need adequate support, both in terms of resources and infrastructure, to effectively carry out their duties.
• Adequate Compensation: Forest staff should be provided with fair and sufficient compensation and incentives for their services.
  • Considering the demanding nature of their job and the risks they face; it is crucial to ensure they are adequately rewarded for their efforts.
• Strengthening Legal Framework: Ensuring a strong legal framework that protects foresters and enables them to perform their duties without unnecessary interference or intimidation is essential.
  • However, the framework should be formed in such a way that besides ensuring foresters’ security, it also ensures that the officials are not exploiting their power and showing unnecessary force on forest communities.

Source: IE

Wagner Mutiny in Russia

Why in News?

Recently, the chief of Russia's Wagner Private Military Company staged a short-lived Mutiny against the country's defense establishment, pushing Russia into an unprecedented internal security crisis.

What is the Background?

• Accusations on MoD:
  • The chief of the Wagner Group (Prigozhin) leveled serious accusations against the leadership of Russia's Ministry of Defense (MoD), claiming corruption and incompetence.
  • Wagner Group also released a video accusing the defense leadership of ordering airstrikes on Wagner and taking control of the Southern Military District headquarters in Rostov-on-Don.
  • In an attempt to address their grievances, Wagner forces embarked on a "march of justice" towards Moscow, resulting in clashes and significant damage.
• Labeled Treason:
  • The Russian President condemned the mutiny, labeling it a "Treason".
  • He ordered the security services to suppress the rebellion. However, he faced a dilemma due to Wagner’s past alliance and its effectiveness.
• Negotiation:
  • Russian President with the help of President of Belarus negotiated with Prigozhin. As per negotiation Prigozhin agreeing to retreat and relocate to Belarus.

What can be the Implications on Russia over the Wagner Events?

• Internal Division:
  • The mutiny has exposed internal divisions within Russia's security and military forces. The fact that the Wagner troops were able to initiate an armed uprising and make significant advancements towards Moscow before their retreat highlights vulnerabilities within the Russian security apparatus.
  • This could have long-term implications and potentially encourage similar actions in the future.
• Weakening Authority of President:
  • The incident has also exposed the weakening authority of President Putin. Despite making promises on national television to crush the rebellion, Putin ultimately resorted to indirect communication and pardoning the mercenaries in exchange for their retreat.
  • If the war continues without yielding any tangible results, Putin could face increasing challenges from within his own ranks.
• Currency Volatility:
  • The mutiny and the resulting uncertainty led to significant volatility in the Russian ruble exchange rate. The currency experienced a sharp decline against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level in 15 months. This volatility can have broader implications for the Russian economy, including increased costs of imports, inflationary pressures, and reduced investor confidence.
• Future operations in Syria and Libya:
  • The disbandment of the Wagner Group leaves Russia with a challenge as armed and trained Russians remain scattered in various parts of the world, particularly Africa and the Middle East.
  • It is likely that the group will resurface under a different name. However, pulling out these individuals without addressing the agreements and responsibilities they had with local governments could create complications.

Source: TH

Lab-Grown Meat

Why in News?

Recently, there has been a significant development in the world of sustainable food production with the United States' approval of lab-grown meat, specifically cell-cultivated chicken, by two California-based companies.

• Two California-based companies, Good Meat, and Upside Foods received U.S. government approval to produce and sell the ‘cell-cultivated chicken’.

What is Lab-Grown Meat?

• Lab-grown meat, officially known as cell-cultivated meat, refers to meat that is grown in a laboratory setting using isolated cells derived from animals.
• These cells are provided with the necessary resources, such as nutrients and a suitable environment, to replicate and grow into edible meat.
• The process typically takes place in bioreactors, specialized containers designed to support the cellular cultivation process.
• The first country to approve the sale of alternative meat was Singapore in 2020.

How is Cell-Cultivation Technique Significant for Meat Production?

• Climate Mitigation:
  • Lab-grown meat offers a potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with livestock production.
    • According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), livestock production contributes about 14.5% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, mainly in the form of methane and nitrous oxide.
• Land Use Efficiency:
  • Cell-cultivated meat requires significantly less land compared to traditional meat production methods.
    • A 2021 report estimated that lab-cultivated meat would use 63% less land in the case of chicken and 72% in the case of pork.
• Animal Welfare:
  • The development of cell-cultivated meat aims to minimize the need for animal slaughter.
  • By producing meat directly from cells, cultivated meat offers the possibility of reducing animal suffering and improving animal welfare standards.
• Food Security and Nutrition:
  • Lab-grown meat has the potential to address future food security needs.
  • Cell-cultivated meat can be tailored to be healthier and meet specific dietary requirements such as being designed to contain less fat.

What are the Challenges to Cell-Cultivated Meat?

• Consumer Acceptance:
  • Achieving taste, texture, appearance, and cost parity with conventional meat remains a challenge for cell-cultivated alternatives. Perception of cultured meat as "artificial" or "unnatural" may impact consumer willingness to adopt these products.
• Cost:
  • The cost of cell-cultivated meat is expected to remain high; primarily attributed to the complex and resource-intensive process of cell culturing. Scalability and quality control processes may impose additional costs.
• Scalability:
  • Currently, production is limited to small quantities, and scaling up while maintaining product quality and consistency is a significant challenge. Developing efficient and cost-effective bioreactor systems and finding suitable cell culture media are critical steps in achieving scalability.
• Resources:
  • Researchers require high-quality cells, suitable growth mediums, and other resources to ensure the quality of the final product.
• Environmental Impact Concerns:
  • Some studies suggest that the environmental impact of cell-cultivated meat production could be higher than traditional meat production if highly refined growth mediums are required.
• Intellectual Property and Patent Issues:
  • The field of cultivated meat involves numerous Intellectual Property and Patent considerations. Companies and researchers are filing patents for various techniques and technologies involved in the production of cultivated meat. Resolving intellectual property disputes and ensuring fair access to technology will impact the growth and development of the industry.

Way Forward

• Increase consumer awareness and acceptance through transparent communication about the benefits and safety of lab-grown meat.
• Invest in R&D to improve production processes, taste, texture, and cost efficiency of lab-grown meat.
• Focus on technological advancements and optimize production facilities to reduce costs and meet market demand.
• Encourage international collaboration, harmonize regulations, and facilitate trade to expand the lab-grown meat market worldwide.
• Cultivated meat is a relatively new field, and establishing a clear regulatory framework is essential. Governments and regulatory bodies need to determine how to classify and regulate cultivated meat products to ensure safety, quality, and consumer confidence.

Source: TH

Influence of Y Chromosome on Cancer Outcomes

Why in News?

Recent studies have provided insights into the influence of the Y chromosome on cancer outcomes, highlighting the greater vulnerability of males to certain types of cancer.

• These studies shed light on the role of the Y chromosome in colorectal and bladder cancer, revealing key genetic mechanisms that contribute to tumour progression, immune response, and clinical prognosis.

What is Colorectal and Bladder Cancer?

• About Cancer:
  • Cancer is a complex and broad term used to describe a group of diseases characterised by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.
    • These abnormal cells, known as cancer cells, have the ability to invade and destroy healthy tissues and organs.
  • In a healthy body, cells grow, divide, and die in a regulated manner, allowing for the normal functioning of tissues and organs.
    • However, in the case of cancer, certain genetic mutations or abnormalities disrupt this normal cell cycle, causing cells to divide and grow uncontrollably.
    • These cells can form a mass of tissue called a tumor.
• Colorectal Cancer:
  • Colorectal Cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, refers to cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine.
    • It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide.
  • It typically begins as small, noncancerous growths called polyps on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps can develop into cancer.
• Bladder Cancer:
  • Bladder cancer refers to the development of cancerous cells in the tissues of the urinary bladder, the organ responsible for storing urine.

What are the Major Findings of the Study?

• Role of the Y Chromosome in Colorectal Cancer in Males:
  • Studies investigated the sex differences in colorectal cancer using a mouse model driven by a known oncogene called KRAS.
    • They found that male mice had a higher frequency of metastasis (spread of cancer cells from the original site of a tumor to other parts of the body) and worse survival than female mice, mirroring the outcomes seen in humans.
  • They also identified an upregulated gene on the Y chromosome that contributes to colorectal cancer in males by driving tumour invasion and aiding immune escape.
    • It leads to the activation of genes that promote cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), as well as the suppression of genes that stimulate immune response.

• Impact of Y Chromosome Loss on Bladder Cancer Outcomes:
  • In a separate investigation, the impact of Y chromosome loss on bladder cancer outcomes was observed.
    • Loss of the Y chromosome in cells happens as men age, enabling cancer cells to evade their immune system
  • Loss of the Y chromosome was found to be associated with poor diagnosis and more aggressive tumours.
    • The condition generated a more immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by altering the expression of genes involved in immune regulation.
    • For instance, loss of the Y chromosome increased the expression of PD-L1, a protein that inhibits T cell activation and allows tumour cells to evade immune attack.
  • However, Y chromosome loss was found to enhance the response to Anti-PD1 Checkpoint Blockade Therapy, suggesting a potential treatment avenue for a subset of bladder cancers.
    • This suggests that loss of the Y chromosome may be a biomarker for selecting patients who may benefit from this treatment.

Source: IE

Radio Telescope

Why in News?

Telescopes are indispensable tools for astronomers, enabling them to observe and study celestial objects.

• Among the various types of telescopes, radio telescopes are gaining traction by playing a crucial role in unveiling the mysteries of the universe by detecting radio waves.

What is a Radio Telescope?

• About:
  • A radio telescope is a device that detects and analyses radio waves from astronomical objects in the sky.
  • Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation that have wavelengths ranging from about 1 millimetre to 10 metres.
    • They can penetrate dust and gas clouds that block visible light, so radio telescopes can reveal hidden structures and phenomena in the universe.
• Features:
  • They are typically situated on the ground rather than in orbit due to their large size.
  • It consists of two main components: a large antenna and a sensitive receiver.
    • The antenna is usually a parabolic dish that reflects and focuses the incoming radio waves to a focal point.
    • The receiver amplifies and converts the radio signals into electrical signals that can be recorded and analysed by computers.
• Significance:
  • It can operate day and night, unlike optical telescopes that need clear and dark skies.
  • It can observe objects that are too faint or too distant to be seen by optical telescopes, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation, pulsars, quasars, and black holes.
  • It can study the chemical composition and physical conditions of interstellar gas and dust clouds by detecting the spectral lines of various atoms and molecules.
  • It can measure the magnetic fields and rotation rates of stars and galaxies by detecting the polarisation of radio waves.

• Examples of Radio Telescopes:
  • Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (India)
  • SARAS 3 (India)
  • Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) (Atacama Desert, Chile)
  • Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) (China) (one of the biggest with a 500-metre-wide dish.

Source: TH

Evolution of Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes

Why in News?

Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, shedding light on the intriguing question of how complex cells with nuclei and organelles emerged.

• The prevailing theory of endosymbiosis suggests that eukaryotes evolved from a symbiotic relationship between an ancient archaeon (a primitive group of microorganisms that thrive in extreme habitats) and a bacterium.

What are Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

• Organisms on planet earth, based on the type of cells, are broadly divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material, typically a circular DNA molecule, is present in the cytoplasm without being enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Key features include small, simple cells without a nucleus or organelles.

Eukaryotes are organisms that have cells containing a well-defined nucleus enclosed within a membrane. Eukaryotic cells have a variety of membrane-bound organelles  such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a complex network of internal membranes. Eukaryotes include all types of animals, plants and fungi.  Key features include large, complex cells with a nucleus and various organelles.

How did Endosymbiosis Lead to Eukaryotes?

• Endosymbiosis is a process where one organism lives inside another and both benefit from the relationship.
• The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotes evolved from a small archaeon engulfing a bacterium.
  • The archaeon protected the bacterium and provided a stable environment, while the bacterium supplied energy to the archaeon.
• Over time, they became dependent on each other and formed a new type of cell called a eukaryote.
  • The engulfed bacterium became the mitochondrion, which produces energy for the cell.
• In plants, another endosymbiotic event occurred with a cyanobacterium becoming the chloroplast, responsible for photosynthesis.
  • This symbiotic relationship allowed eukaryotes to grow larger, become more complex, and adapt to different environments.

Source: TH

Rapid Fire Current Affairs

Mushroom Cultivation Transforms Assam’s Kokrajhar District

In Assam's Kokrajhar district, through the launch of the Mushroom Mission in 2021, aligning with the 'one district one Product' initiative and the introduction of mushrooms into the midday meal scheme has yielded remarkable results.

The inclusion of nutrient-rich mushrooms in children's meals has reduced the number of underweight, wasted, and anaemic children by 56%, 55%, and 76%, respectively. Maternal mortality rates in the district also decreased by 72.37%, and the infant mortality rate decreased by 30.56%.

Mushrooms are highly nutritious and offer several health benefits. They are low in calories and fat, making them an ideal choice for weight management. Mushrooms are a rich source of vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, copper, selenium, and potassium. They also provide dietary fiber and antioxidants, which support digestive health and strengthen the immune system. Additionally, mushrooms are one of the few non-animal sources of vitamin D, which is essential for bone health.

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DPCGC Takes Action Against Obscene Content on OTT Platform

Recently, the Digital Publisher Content Grievances Council (DPCGC), a self-regulatory body for online curated content providers (OCCPs) in India, has taken action against the Over-the-Top (OTT) platform ULLU for streaming explicit and obscene content. Headed by retired Supreme Court Judge Justice A K Sikri, the council issued an order demanding the removal of such content within 15 days, citing violations of the Information Technology Rules (2021) and complaints raised by a dissatisfied viewer.

DPCGC addresses consumer grievances and content-related issues. It operates under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting and enforces the Code of Ethics and regulations set by the government. The DPCGC consists of an OCCP Council and a Grievance Redressal Board.

Read more: Over-the-Top (OTT) platform, Over-the-Top Challenge

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Fibonacci Spirals in Plants

A recent study has questioned the commonly held belief that plants exhibit ancient and consistent patterns known as Fibonacci spirals. These spirals can be observed in various parts of plants, including leaves and reproductive structures. However, researchers studying fossilised plants dating back 407 million years discovered that the spirals in this particular species did not conform to the Fibonacci sequence.

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. The sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is obtained by adding the two numbers immediately before it. The sequence begins as follows: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, and so on.

The new finding suggests that early plants had a different pattern of spiral arrangement, with non-Fibonacci spirals being more prevalent. It indicates that the evolution of leaf arrangement and Fibonacci spirals had a distinct history in certain plant groups, such as clubmosses, which differs from other living plant groups like ferns and flowering plants.

This research opens up new avenues of exploration and may help unravel the mystery behind the prevalence of these patterns in nature.

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Chandrayaan-3 to Retain Chandrayaan-2 Lander and Rover Names

ISRO has recently announced its decision to use the same names for the lander and rover of the upcoming Chandrayaan-3 mission, following the unfortunate outcome of the Chandrayaan-2 mission, in which the lander named Vikram experienced a crash during its attempted soft landing on the lunar surface

The lander of Chandrayaan-3 will be named 'Vikram' in honour of Vikram Sarabhai, a key figure in India's space program, while the rover will be called 'Pragyan'. The launch is scheduled for mid-July 2023, and the mission will carry out experiments and collect data through various payloads on the lander, rover, and propulsion module.

Read more: Indian Space Research Organisation, Chandrayaan-3 mission.