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  • 22 Jan 2024
  • 53 min read
Governance

Recommendations of Vijay Raghavan Panel

For Prelims: Defence Research and Development Organisation, Parliamentary Standing Committee, CAG Reports, India’s investment in R&D, Drone development, Light Combat Aircraft Tejas.

For Mains: Major Issues Related to DRDO, Major Recommendations of Vijay Raghavan Committee.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The nine-member Vijay Raghavan panel, established by the government, has recently submitted a comprehensive report addressing concerns about the functioning of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

What are the Major Recommendations of the Vijay Raghavan Committee?

  • Background:
    • A recent Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) on Defence's Report expressed concerns about 23 out of 55 mission mode projects of DRDO facing significant delays.
    • CAG Report (December 2022) indicated that 67% (119 out of 178) of the projects examined failed to adhere to proposed timelines.
      • Multiple extensions were cited, primarily due to design alterations, user trial delays, and supply order issues.
  • Major Recommendations of Vijay Raghavan Committee:
    • Refocusing on Research and Development (R&D): Suggested that DRDO should return to its original goal of focusing on research and development for defense.
      • Advised against involving itself in productization, production cycles, and product management, tasks deemed more suitable for the private sector.
    • Narrowing Focus and Expertise: Emphasized that DRDO should identify specific areas of expertise rather than engaging in diverse technologies.
      • Questioned the necessity for DRDO's involvement in drone development, proposing a need to recognize expertise both domestically and internationally.
    • Role of Defence Technology Council (DTC): Advocated a pivotal role of the Defence Technology Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, in identifying suitable players for specific defense technologies.
      • DTC should be instrumental in steering the direction of defense technology development.
    • Creation of a Dedicated Department: Proposed the establishment of the Department of Defence Science, Technology, and Innovation under the Ministry of Defence.
      • Recommended that the proposed department should act as the secretariat for the Defence Technology Council.

Note

DRDO is the R&D wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, with a vision to empower India with cutting-edge defense technologies and a mission to achieve self-reliance in critical defense technologies. It was established in 1958 by amalgamating existing establishments from the Indian Army and Directorate of Technical Development & Production.

What are the Major Issues Related to DRDO?

  • Project Timelines and Cost Overruns: DRDO projects are notorious for exceeding estimated timelines and budgets by significant margins.
    • This leads to delays in crucial defense capabilities and raises concerns about efficiency and resource allocation.
    • Examples include the Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, which took over 30 years to develop.
  • Lack of Synergy with Armed Forces: DRDO's internal decision-making processes hinder innovation and adaptation.
    • Additionally, reported lack of smooth collaboration with the Armed Forces in terms of defining requirements and incorporating feedback, results in technologies not fully meeting operational needs.
  • Technology Transfer and Private Sector Integration: Efficient transfer of developed technologies from DRDO to private industries for mass production still remains a challenge.
    • This hinders faster deployment and commercialization of indigenous defence technology, leading to dependence on foreign imports.
  • Transparency and Public Perception: Limited public awareness and transparency regarding DRDO's activities and achievements lead to negative perception and criticism.

Way Forward

  • Stronger Project Management: DRDO should implement stricter project management methodologies, including clear milestones, resource allocation, and accountability measures.
  • Enhanced Collaboration with Armed Forces: Establish dedicated channels for communication and feedback exchange, involving Armed Forces personnel in development stages.
  • Streamlined Technology Transfer: Develop clear protocols and incentives for technology transfer to private companies, fostering closer public-private-partnerships.
  • Foster a culture of Experimentation and Open Innovation: DRDO should collaborate with universities, startups, and international partners to leverage diverse expertise and access cutting-edge technologies.
  • Increase Public Awareness: DRDO must actively engage with the media, organize public outreach events, and share success stories to raise awareness about DRDO's contributions to national security.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Years Questions (PYQs)

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)

(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

Ans: c

Governance

In-Flight Unruly Behaviour of Passengers

For Prelims: Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), FIR (First Information Report), The Aircraft Act, 1934, International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

For Mains: Unruly Behaviour of Passengers in Flight.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, IndiGo, an Indian airline, has started the procedure to add a passenger to the no-fly list. The individual assaulted a pilot due to unruly behaviour after the flight faced significant delays amid heavy fog in Delhi.

  • The airline declared the passenger “Unruly”, and further action will be guided by the Civil Aviation Requirements (CAR) on “Handling of unruly passengers” issued by the aviation watchdog Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).

What is Unruly Behaviour?

  • About:
    • Unruly behaviour includes, but is not limited to, consuming alcohol or drugs resulting in disruptive behavior, smoking, not obeying pilot instructions, using threatening or abusive language, physically threatening or abusive behavior, intentional interference with crew duties, and endangering aircraft safety.
  • Levels of Disruptive/Unruly Behavior:
    • Level 1: Verbal harassment, Physical gestures, Unruly inebriation.
    • Level 2: Physically abusive behaviour, including pushing, kicking, hitting, inappropriate touching, or sexual harassment.
    • Level 3: Life-threatening behaviour, such as damaging aircraft systems, physical violence, or attempting to breach the flight crew compartment.

How do Airlines Respond to Unruly Behaviour?

  • Response to Unruly Behaviour:
    • The airline should inform passengers that unruly behaviour could lead to arrest according to guidelines.
    • In cases where the cabin crew cannot control an unruly passenger in-flight, the pilot must assess the situation and, if necessary, land at the nearest available airport.
    • Upon landing, an FIR (First Information Report) should be lodged with the concerned security agency, and the unruly passenger handed over to them.
  • Procedure After the Incident:
    • The airline must refer the complaint of unruly behaviour to an internal committee, including a retired district and sessions judge, a representative of a different airline, and a representative of a passengers' association.
    • The internal committee must decide on the matter within 30 days, categorize the incident into one of three defined levels, and determine the duration of the ban on the unruly passenger.
  • Penalties for Unruly Behaviour:
    • The airline can impose an immediate ban of up to 30 days.
    • A No-Fly List is maintained by the DGCA based on data shared by airlines.
    • Other carriers can also ban passengers based on the offence level, with varying durations.

What is the Size of India’s Civil Aviation Market?

  • Passenger Traffic Growth:
    • India is the third-largest aviation market globally, trailing behind the United States and China.
    • India’s domestic air passenger traffic hit a record high in 2023 (15.2 crore passengers), surpassing pre-pandemic levels (14.4 crore passengers in 2019).
  • Potential for Growth:
    • India's civil aviation market has significant growth potential, given the large population that remains untapped. As more people join the middle class and air travel becomes more accessible, the demand for flights is expected to rise further.
  • Government Initiatives:
    • The Indian government has also taken steps to promote the aviation sector, such as the UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) scheme, which aims to enhance regional connectivity by making air travel affordable and accessible to a broader population.
  • Forecasted Growth:

What are the Rules Governing the Unruly Behaviour?

  • The Aircraft Rules, 1937:
    • The Aircraft Rules, 1937 were formed in pursuance of the Aircraft Act, 1934. The unruly passengers were governed under this Act conjointly read with the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
    • This legislation lays down the ideal behaviour which is expected from the passengers.
  • Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):
    • The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the principal regulatory body that primarily governs civil aviation in India. It is responsible for dealing with safety issues, regulation of air transport services, enforcement of civil air rules and regulations and other such tasks.
  • Montreal Protocol, 2014:
    • The Montreal Protocol of 2014 is an amendment to the Tokyo Convention of 1963. It specifically addresses the issue of unruly behaviour on board aircraft.
    • The protocol enhances the legal framework for dealing with offenses and other acts committed on board aircraft.
    • It provides for the jurisdiction of the state in which the aircraft is registered and gives that state the authority to take legal action against the offenders.
    • Tokyo Convention:
      • The Tokyo Convention (Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft) was adopted in 1963.
      • It is an international treaty that addresses unlawful acts on board civil aircraft.
      • The convention grants certain powers to the aircraft commander and other relevant authorities to deal with offenses committed on board, especially during flight.

What Needs to Be Done to Contain Unruly Behaviour?

  • Montreal Protocol, 2014, and Tokyo Convention:
    • Prioritize the ratification of international conventions such as the Montreal Protocol of 2014, which amends the Tokyo Convention of 1963.
    • Ratification establishes a clear legal framework for dealing with offenses and unruly behavior on board aircraft, ensuring uniformity in legal responses.
  • Operationalization of CAT III-Enabled Runways:
    • Expedite the operationalization of (Category-III) CAT III-enabled runways at airports to enhance the capability to handle low visibility conditions.
    • Ensure that relevant infrastructure and equipment are in place to support CAT III operations.
  • Issuance of SOP by DGCA:
    • Direct the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to issue a comprehensive Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for better communication and facilitation of passengers during adverse weather conditions.
    • The SOP should focus on minimising passenger discomfort in the event of flight cancellations and delays, providing clear guidelines for airlines, airports, and ground handling agencies.
  • Improved Communication Protocols:
    • Establish robust communication protocols between airlines, airports, and passengers to provide timely and accurate information about flight status and delays.
    • Utilise modern communication channels, including mobile apps, SMS, and social media, to keep passengers informed.
  • Crew Training on Handling Unruly Passengers:
    • Conduct specialised training programs for airline crews to handle unruly passengers effectively and de-escalate potential conflicts.
    • Enhance crew awareness of legal frameworks and procedures for reporting and managing unruly behavior.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? (2017)

Q. International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat. (2014)

International Relations

Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy

For Prelims: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Liberation of Bangladesh, Taliban, Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy, Sunni Militant group, Jaish al-Adl, Terrorism.

For Mains: Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the relationship between Iran and Pakistan has taken serious hits over Iranian missiles and drones that struck two alleged bases of the Jaish al-Adl (JAA), an anti-Iran Baloch militant group, in Pakistan’s Balochistan province.

  • Pakistan reacted strongly to the “blatant breach” of its sovereignty and carried out its own cross-border missile strikes on alleged terrorist sanctuaries in Iran.
  • The JAA came under the scanner of Indian security agencies following the abduction of an Indian, Kulbhushan Jadhav. The group allegedly traded Jadhav to Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence (ISI).

Who is Jaish al-Adl?

  • Jaish al-Adl, or the Army of Justice, is a Sunni Militant group that emerged in 2012. It is primarily composed of members from the ethnic Baluch community, residing on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border.
  • The group is considered an offshoot of the Jundullah organisation, which saw its strength diminish after Iran arrested many of its members.
  • Jaish al-Adl's main objectives include seeking independence for Iran's eastern Sistan province and Pakistan's southwestern Baluchistan province. These goals, advocating for the rights of the Baluch people, make the group a common target for both the Iranian and Pakistani governments.
  • The ethnic Baluch community faces discrimination in both Iran and Pakistan, with concerns about a lack of fair distribution of resources and wealth in their respective provinces. Baluch separatists and nationalists demand a more equitable share and often resort to insurgency as a means of expressing their grievances.
  • The group's presence in Balochistan, particularly in the border regions, has been a source of tension between Iran and Pakistan.
    • Both countries have a history of suspicion and accusations regarding each other's involvement in supporting militant activities.

How has been the Relationship Between Pakistan and Iran?

  • Pre-1979 Alliance:
    • Before the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, both countries were firmly allied to the United States and had, in 1955, joined the Baghdad Pact, later known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), a military alliance modeled on NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
    • Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan during its wars against India in 1965 and 1971.
    • The Shah of Iran expressed concern about the "disintegration" of Pakistan after the Liberation of Bangladesh.
  • Post-1979 Shift:
    • The Islamic Revolution in Iran led to the rise of an ultra-conservative Shiite regime under Ayatollah Khomeini. This was concurrent with Pakistan's own Islamization under military dictator General Zia-ul-Haq.
    • The two countries found themselves on opposite ends of the sectarian divide.
  • Geopolitical Differences:
    • Iran went from being an ally to a sworn enemy of the United States almost overnight, the Americans embraced Pakistan closer.
    • Since 1979, has been a major reason for the Iranian distrust of Pakistan, which increased after 09/11 as Islamabad extended unqualified support to the US “War on Terror”.
    • Iran’s post-1979 foreign policy, which focused on exporting the revolution, made its Arab neighbours nervous.
      • Each of these oil-rich kingdoms was effectively controlled by a small group of families, not unlike the Shah’s regime in pre-revolution Iran. Pakistan’s continued strategic ties with these Arab kingdoms added rough edges to its relationship with Iran.
  • Afghanistan Conflict:
    • Iran and Pakistan found themselves on opposite sides in Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal.
    • Iran backed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban, a group initially supported by Pakistan.
    • Tensions escalated after the Taliban massacred Persian-speaking Shia Hazaras and Iranian diplomats in Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998.
  • Attempts at Reconciliation:
    • Despite historical tensions, both countries made attempts to improve ties. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto expressed regret over tightening U.S. sanctions against Iran in 1995, and Pakistan imported gas from Iran during her government.
    • However, relations soured after General Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999.

What is the Balochistan Dynamics between Iran and Pakistan?

  • Geographical and Demographic Context:
    • The Iran-Pakistan border, known as the Goldsmith Line, spans approximately 909 kilometres from a tripoint with Afghanistan to the northern Arabian Sea.
    • Roughly 9 million ethnic Baloch people inhabit both sides of the border, residing in the Pakistani province of Balochistan, the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan, and neighbouring areas of Afghanistan.
  • Shared Baloch Identity:
    • Baloch people share a common cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity that transcends the modern borders imposed on the region.
    • Despite living in different countries, the Balochs maintain strong ties based on historical and cultural connections.
  • Marginalisation and Grievances:
    • The Baloch in both Iran and Pakistan have experienced marginalization, feeling politically and economically distant from the dominant regimes in each country.
      • In Pakistan, the Baloch face challenges as an ethnic minority within a Punjabi-dominated political structure.
      • In Iran, they are not only an ethnic minority but also a religious minority, with the majority being Sunni in a predominantly Shia country.
  • Economic Disparities:
    • The Baloch homeland is rich in natural resources, but economic disparities persist. In Iran, a significant portion of the Baloch population lives under the poverty line.
    • In Pakistan, despite massive investments in projects like China's Belt and Road Initiative, improvements in their lives have been limited.
  • Nationalist Movements:
    • Baloch nationalism has historical roots dating back to the early 20th century when new international borders were drawn in the region.
    • The marginalisation of the Baloch people in both Iran and Pakistan has fueled separatist movements seeking a "Greater Balochistan" nation-state.
  • Insurgency and Cross-Border Movements:
    • Baloch insurgents operate on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, attacking military and occasionally civilian targets.
    • Insurgents, affiliated with groups like the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) and the Baloch Liberation Front (BLF), have been involved in armed struggles against the respective states.

What are the Implications of Escalating Tensions Between Pakistan and Iran?

  • Regional Stability:
    • Escalating tensions between Pakistan and Iran could contribute to regional instability, especially given the complex geopolitical landscape of the Middle East and South Asia.
    • The relationship between Pakistan and Iran may further strain, impacting diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties.
  • Proxy Dynamics:
    • Both Pakistan and Iran have been accused of supporting proxies in regional conflicts. Escalations may heighten proxy dynamics, with each country trying to exert influence in the other's internal affairs or supporting certain factions in ongoing regional conflicts.
  • Impact on Balochistan:
    • Balochistan could witness increased unrest. The Baloch nationalist movements might gain momentum, and there could be repercussions for the local populations.
    • The situation might draw in other regional actors, such as India, the United States, Saudi Arabia, or Israel, further complicating the geopolitical landscape and potentially leading to a broader regional conflict.
  • Security Concerns:
    • Escalating tensions may raise security concerns for neighbouring countries, particularly Afghanistan. The region is already grappling with security challenges, and heightened tensions could exacerbate the situation.
  • Implications for India:
    • The tensions may impact India's relations with Iran, especially considering India's involvement in projects like the Chabahar port. India may find itself in a delicate diplomatic position, balancing its ties with both Iran and the United States.

What is India’s Stance over the Faceoff Between Pakistan and Iran?

  • Zero Tolerance Towards Terrorism:
    • India emphasised its "uncompromising position of zero tolerance towards Terrorism." This statement underscores India's consistent stance against terrorism, aligning with its long-standing concerns regarding cross-border terrorism emanating from Pakistan.
  • Understanding Actions in Self-Defense:
    • India acknowledged and expressed an understanding of "actions that countries take in their self-defence." It suggests a recognition of the complex security dynamics in the region and a cautious approach to the actions taken by countries to address their security concerns.

Conclusion

  • The implications of escalating tensions between Pakistan and Iran are multifaceted and extend beyond bilateral relations.
  • The situation has the potential to impact regional stability, security dynamics, and the broader geopolitical landscape in the Middle East and South Asia.
  • Diplomatic efforts and de-escalation measures will be crucial to mitigate the risks and prevent further deterioration of the situation.
  • Indians should raise the issue of Terrorism at international forums such as the United Nations (UN) and present evidence of Pakistan's involvement in supporting or trading with militant groups like JAA, which abducted Kulsbhushan Jadhav and traded with the Pakistan Government.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.

(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.

(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

Ans: (c)

Mains

Q. In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (2018)

Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017)

Indian Economy

States’ Startup Ranking 2022

For Prelims: Startup Ranking 2022, National Startup Award,2023, Startup.

For Mains: Role of Startup in promoting Culture of Innovation, Ease of Doing Business and issues related to it.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The results of the 4th edition of Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems were released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

  • This edition’s ranking exercise saw the highest-ever participation with 33 States and UTs participating.
    • A ‘National Report’ encompassing the full exercise, along with a ‘Compendium of Best Practices’ and individual ‘State Report’ for all participating states was also launched, celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship in India with a total of 31 States/UTs having formulated State Startup Policies.

What is States’ Startup Ranking?

  • About:
    • The Start-up India initiative of the Government of India envisages to build a robust Start-up ecosystem in the country for nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding entrepreneurs.
    • The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has been conducting the States’ Start-up Ranking Exercise since 2018.
      • The exercise plays a crucial role in easing the business environment for start-ups in the country.
  • Objectives:
    • Help bring to the fore progress made by the States/ UTs for promoting the Startup ecosystem.
    • Foster competitiveness & propel the States/ UTs to work proactively.
    • Facilitate States/ UTs to identify, learn and replicate good practices.
  • Classification: States and Union Territories are classified into 5 Categories:
    • Best Performers
    • Top Performers
    • Leaders
    • Aspiring Leaders
    • Emerging Start-up Ecosystems.
      • Note: The 'Beginner list' was part of earlier rankings but has been discontinued since 2019.

What are the Findings of States’ Startup Ranking 2022?

States and UTs were divided into two categories:

  • Category A (Population> 1 crore) and Category B (Population< 1 crore)

  • 7 broad Reform Areas:
    • The participants were evaluated across 7 broad Reform Areas consisting of 25 Action Points such as:
      • Institutional Support
      • Fostering Innovation and Entrepreneurship
      • Access to Market
      • Incubation and Mentorship support
      • Funding Support
      • Capacity building of enablers
      • Roadmap to a sustainable future.
    • 15% of the total scores were awarded based on 10,000+ survey responses collected in 9 languages (telephonic and web-based).

  • Status of Indian Startup Ecosystem:
    • The number of recognized Startups has grown at 120% (CAGR) over the last 7 years and stands at over one lakh Startups as of October 2023.
    • The coverage of Startups has increased sixfold in the last seven years with presence in close to 670+ districts across the country.
    • Close to 50% of the recognized Startups are based out of Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.

What are the Initiatives Taken to Promote Startup?

  • Funds of Funds (FoF) Scheme:
    • The FoF for Startups Scheme, established in June 2016 with a corpus of Rs. 10,000 Cr, aims to boost the Indian Startup ecosystem by spreading contributions over the 14th and 15th Finance Commission cycles based on implementation progress, facilitating access to domestic capital.
  • Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISF):
    • SISF, approved for a four-year period from 2021-22 with a corpus of Rs. 945 Cr, provides financial aid to Startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialisation.
  • Startup India Investor Connect:
    • Startup India Investor Connect facilitates AI-based matchmaking to connect startups with investors, streamlining the process for entrepreneurs to pitch their ideas to multiple investors through a single application.
  • Startup India’s Multilateral Engagements: Startup20:
    • Startup20, established during G20 India Presidency 2023, is a dedicated global platform for startups, mirroring B20 for large enterprises. India's Startup20, now the third-largest ecosystem globally, boosts its standing as a startup hub.
    • As a dialogue forum, it engages with G20 leaders on macroeconomic issues, supported by G20 India Sherpa and the Startup20 secretariat.
  • Other Intervention Under the Startup India Initiative:
    • Startup India Innovation Week:
      • DPIIT organises Startup India Innovation week around the National Startup Day, i.e., 16th January, with the primary goal to bring together the country's key Startups, entrepreneurs, investors, incubators, funding entities, banks, policymakers, and other national/international stakeholders to celebrate entrepreneurship and promote innovation.
    • Handholding support under National Startup Awards (NSA):
      • It is an initiative undertaken by Startup India to recognize and reward Startups and ecosystem enablers who are building innovative products and scalable enterprises, with high potential of employment generation or wealth creation, demonstrating measurable social impact.
    • MAARG Portal:
      • MAARG Portal by Startup India is a one-stop mentorship platform to facilitate mentorship for startups across diverse sectors, functions, stages, geographies, and backgrounds.
  • Other Related Initiatives for Startups:

What are the National Startup Awards 2023?

The National Startup Awards 2023 is one of the flagship initiatives undertaken by Startup India to recognize and reward outstanding startups and enablers that demonstrate exceptional capabilities.

  • Consideration is also given to champion sectors identified by the Government with a focus on improving India’s manufacturing capabilities towards the mission of an “Atma Nirbhar Bharat”.
  • Key Facts:
    • The fourth edition of the National Startup Awards has received over 2,000 applications, testifying to the increasing acceptance of the initiative among startup ecosystem stakeholders across the board.
    • NSA 2023 has actively engaged across diverse sectors of the economy and showcased a remarkable commitment to inclusivity.
    • A large number of startup applications for NSA 2023 have women in the leadership positions of their enterprises.
    • Additionally, many applications have also nominated themselves as sustainability champions, focused on climate change, sustainability, waste management, renewables, or allied sectors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What does venture capital mean? (2014)

A. A short-term capital provided to industries

B. A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs

C. Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses

D. Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries

Ans: B

Mains:

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.(2015)

Internal Security

Challenges to India’s Cyber Security

For Prelims: Hacking, Phishing, Cyber Security, Computer Emergency Response Team, India (CERT-IN), Information Technology (IT) Amendment Act 2008, SWIFT system, UPSC CSE PYQ.

For Mains: Challenges related to India’s Cyber Security.

Source: TH

Why in News?

A critical vulnerability that exposed the personal details of VVIPs, including top industrialists, celebrities and sports personalities in the country, has been fixed by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs 10 months after a cybersecurity expert flagged the issue.

  • The cybersecurity flaw was initially identified by a Cybersecurity Expert who reported the issue to the Computer Emergency Response Team, India (CERT-IN).
  • Despite the alert, the vulnerability persisted for several months, raising concerns about potential data theft or misuse.

What is CERT-In?

  • About:
    • CERT-In is the national nodal agency responsible for handling cyber security threats, such as Hacking and Phishing. It operates under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
    • CERT-In has been operational since January 2004.
  • Functions of CERT-In:
    • According to the Information Technology (IT) Amendment Act 2008, CERT-In has been designated to serve as the national agency to perform the following functions in the area of cyber security:
      • Collection, analysis and dissemination of information on cyber incidents.
      • Forecast and alerts of cyber security incidents.
      • Emergency measures for handling cyber security incidents.
      • Coordination of cyber incident response activities.
      • Issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes and whitepapers relating to information security practices, procedures, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents.
      • Such other functions relating to cyber security as may be prescribed.
  • Importance for India:
    • CERT-In is important for India because it helps to protect the country’s critical information infrastructure and digital assets from cyber-attacks.
    • It also helps to enhance the cyber resilience and readiness of the country’s various sectors, such as government, defence, banking, telecom, etc.
    • It also contributes to the national security and economic development of the country by promoting a safe and secure cyber environment.

What is Critical Information Infrastructure?

  • About:
    • The Information Technology Act of 2000 defines Critical Information Infrastructure as a computer resource, the incapacitation or destruction of which shall have debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health or safety.
    • The government, under the IT Act of 2000, has the power to declare any data, database, IT network or communications infrastructure as CII to protect that digital asset.
    • Any person who secures access or attempts to secure access to a protected system in violation of the law can be punished with a jail term of up to 10 years.
  • Protection of CIIs in India:
    • NCIIPC as Nodal Agency:
      • Created in January 2014, the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is the nodal agency for taking all measures to protect the nation’s critical information infrastructure.
    • Mandate of NCIIPC:
      • It is mandated to guard CIIs from unauthorised access, modification, use, disclosure, disruption, incapacitation or distraction.
      • It will monitor and forecast national-level threats to CII for policy guidance, expertise sharing and situational awareness for early warning or alerts.
      • In the event of any threat to critical information infrastructure the NCIIPC may call for information and give directions to the critical sectors or persons serving or having a critical impact on Critical Information Infrastructure.

What are Challenges to India’s Cybersecurity?

  • Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability:
    • Power grids, transportation systems, and communication networks are susceptible to cyber-attacks, posing a threat to essential services and national security.
    • The attempted cyber attack on the Kudankulam Nuclear power plant in October 2019 highlights the potential risks to critical infrastructure.
  • Financial Sector Threats:
    • The financial sector is at a high risk of cyberattacks, with cybercriminals targeting banks, financial institutions, and online payment systems.
    • Malware attacks, such as the one on City Union Bank’s SWIFT system in March 2020, can result in financial losses, identity theft, and damage trust in the financial system.
  • Data Breaches and Privacy Concerns:
    • As India transitions to a digital economy, the increased storage of personal and government data online raises the risk of data breaches.
    • The compromise of sensitive information, as seen in the leak of Common Admission Test (CAT) data in May 2021, can have severe consequences for privacy and security.
  • Cyber Espionage:
    • India is a target for cyber espionage activities that aim to steal confidential information and gain a strategic advantage.
    • Examples include Operation SideCopy in 2020, where a Pakistani threat actor targeted Indian military and diplomatic personnel with malware and phishing emails.
  • Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs):
    • APTs, characterised by sophisticated and prolonged cyber attacks, pose a challenge as they are difficult to detect and counter.
    • The targeting of India's power sector by a China-linked APT group in February 2021, with potential implications for power outages, underscores the severity of this threat.
  • Supply Chain Vulnerabilities:
    • Weaknesses in software or hardware components used by government and businesses create supply chain vulnerabilities.
    • The global cyberattack on SolarWinds in December 2020 affected Indian organizations, including the National Informatics Centre (NIC) and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

What are the Initiatives Taken for Cyber Security?

Way Forward

  • India’s primary legislation governing cyber crimes is the Information Technology (IT) Act of 2000, which has been amended several times to address new challenges and threats.
  • However, the IT Act still has some gaps and limitations, such as the lack of clear definitions, procedures, and penalties for various cyber offences, and the low conviction rate of cybercriminals.
  • India needs to enact comprehensive and updated laws that cover all aspects of cyber security, such as cyber terrorism, cyber warfare, cyber espionage, and cyber fraud.
  • India has several initiatives and policies to improve its cyber security, such as the National Cyber Security Policy, the Cyber Cells and Cybercrime Investigation Units, the Cyber Crime Reporting Platforms, and the Capacity Building and Training programs.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions

Q. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)

  1. Service providers
  2. Data centers
  3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Exp:

  • According to section 70B of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), the Union Government by notification should appoint an agency named Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERTIn) to serve as the national agency for incident response.
  • The Union Government under section 70B of the IT Act, 2000 established and notified rules of CERT-In in 2014. According to Rule 12(1)(a), it is mandatory for service providers, intermediaries, data centers and corporate bodies to report cyber security incidences to CERT-In within a reasonable time of occurrence of the incident. Hence, 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
  • Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
Important Facts For Prelims

Alliance for Global Good- Gender Equity and Equality

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India established the "Global Alliance for Global Good - Gender Equity and Equality" at the 54th annual World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, gaining full support from WEF for promoting women's empowerment and gender equality.

What are the Key Highlights of the Alliance for Global Good- Gender Equity and Equality?

  • The alliance is a response to the G20 Summit 2023 Leaders' Declaration and India's commitment to women-led development.
    • It seeks to build on the initiatives of the Engagement Group and frameworks like Business 20, Women 20, and G20 EMPOWER.
      • The G20 Alliance for the Empowerment and Progression of Women's Economic Representation (G20 EMPOWER) is an initiative that aims to increase women's leadership and empowerment in the private sector.
  • The primary objective of this new Alliance is to bring together global best practices, knowledge sharing and investments in the identified areas of women’s health, education, and enterprise.
  • Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the alliance will be housed and anchored by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Centre for Women Leadership.
    • CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organisation that works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India.
  • The WEF has come on board as a ‘Network Partner’ and Invest India as an ‘Institutional Partner’.
  • The alliance aims to champion women-led development, leveraging India’s spectacular inclusive growth story and its philosophy of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Prayas” (Together with all, Development for all and Effort for all).

World Economic Forum

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (2017)

(a) World Economic Forum
(b) UN Human Rights Council
(c) UN Women
(d) World Health Organization

Ans: (a)

Q2. Who among the following is the founder of World Economic Forum? (2009)

(a) Klaus Schwab
(b) John Kenneth Galbraith
(c) Hobert Zoellick
(d) Paul Krugman

Ans (a)

Q3. The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the (2019)

(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank

Ans: (c)

Rapid Fire

SCOPE's Commendation Certificate to NHPC

National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Limited, a Mini Ratna Category-I Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) and India's premier hydropower company achieved a significant milestone by being honoured with Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE's) 'Commendation Certificate' for its effective implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.

Read more: Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.

Rapid Fire

Study Material in Indian Languages

The Government of India has directed school and higher education regulators and heads of educational institutions to make study material in Indian languages available for all courses in the next three years.

  • Study material for all courses under school and higher education will be made available digitally in Indian languages included in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
  • This decision is in line with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP-2020) to promote multilingualism in education at every level.
  • The government has been working in this direction for the past two years, with translation of various educational materials being done through the Anuvadini AI-based App.
    • In the school education ecosystem also study material is available in multiple Indian languages including over 30 languages on DIKSHA.
    • Competitive exams like JEE, NEET, and CUET are being held in 13 Indian languages.

Read more: Transforming Indian Education

Rapid Fire

Vemana Jayanti

The Indian Prime Minister paid tribute to Mahayogi Vemana on the occasion of Vemana Jayanti on 19th January 2024.

  • Mahayogi Vemana, popularly known as Yogi Vemana, was an Indian philosopher and poet in the Telugu language.
  • His poems are known for their use of simple language and native idioms.
    • They discuss the subjects of yoga, wisdom and morality.
  • Many of his poems end up with the signature line Viswadaabhi Raama Vinura Vema.

Rapid Fire

Mesolithic Gum Unveils Ancient Scandinavian Diet

A recent study delves into the analysis of DNA extracted from a 10,000-year-old chewing gum discovered on the west coast of Scandinavia.

  • The examination of chewed resin, accompanied by stone tools, suggests activities such as fishing, hunting, and resource gathering. The stone material also indicated a Mesolithic chronology.
    • The findings reveal that the inhabitants of this region, approximately 9,700 years ago, subsisted on a diet comprising deer, trout, and hazelnuts.
  • The Mesolithic Age is the period of time between the Palaeolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. The exact beginning of this part of the Stone Age varies from region to region.
    • People transitioned from using large chipped stone stools to using smaller chipped stone tools (microliths).
    • It was during the Mesolithic Age that the dog was domesticated.
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