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Consanguinity

For Prelims: Consanguinity, Genetic diseases, Inbreeding, Cystic fibrosis

For Mains: Benefits and Challenges Related to Consanguinity, Health

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recent studies delves into the influence of consanguinity on genetics and health. It elucidates how this widespread tradition affects disease susceptibility and the development of human traits within global populations.

What is Consanguinity?

• Consanguinity involves both social and genetic dimensions. Socially, it means marrying blood relatives, such as cousins or siblings, while genetically, it refers to unions between closely related individuals, often termed inbreeding.
  • It is a construct that has implications for both family and population genetics.

What are the Key Takeaways from the Studies Related to Consanguinity ?

• Approximately 15-20% of the world's population practices consanguinity, with higher prevalence in regions like Asia and West Africa.
  • Some ancient human civilizations, including the Egyptians and Incas, are believed to have practiced consanguinity.
  • Genetic evidence suggests that King Tutankhamun of Egypt was born to parents who were blood relatives.
• India has more than 4,000 endogamous groups where people marry within the same caste/tribe or group, making it a fertile ground for consanguinity studies.
• It was found that consanguinity has increased mortality rates and the prevalence of recessive genetic diseases in populations where it is practiced.

What are the Benefits and Challenges Related to Consanguinity?

• Benefits:
  • Preservation of Cultural and Social Traditions: In some societies, marrying within the family is a long-standing tradition that helps preserve cultural and social norms.
  • Social Safety Net: Consanguineous relationships can provide a built-in social safety net.
    • Relatives are more likely to assist each other during times of financial, emotional, or medical crises, reducing the burden on external social services.
  • Reduced Risk of Incompatibility: In some cases, marrying a close relative may reduce the risk of incompatibility in terms of cultural, religious, or social backgrounds. This can lead to more stable marriages.
  • Genetic Improvement in Animal and Plant Breeding Programs: In controlled breeding settings, mating closely related individuals is a widely used technique to strategically eliminate harmful genetic traits and enhance desirable qualities in plants and animals.
    • Through selective breeding, scientists can develop stronger and more productive strains, leading to better agricultural yields and improved livestock quality.
• Challenges of Consanguinity:
  • Increased Risk of Genetic Disorders: The most significant challenge of consanguinity is the increased risk of offspring inheriting genetic disorders due to the sharing of common recessive genes.
    • Conditions such as cystic fibrosis disability are more prevalent among offspring of close relatives.
  • Limited Genetic Diversity: Marrying close relatives can lead to limited genetic diversity in the population, potentially reducing the overall resilience to diseases and environmental changes.
  • Complex Family Dynamics: In consanguineous families, complex family dynamics can develop, as multiple roles and relationships intersect.
    • This can lead to conflicts and tensions related to decision-making and family hierarchies.
  • Potential Erosion of Individual Autonomy: In closely-knit consanguineous communities, there can be an erosion of individual autonomy, where decisions related to marriage, family planning, and other life choices are heavily influenced by the family or community, potentially limiting personal freedom.
  • Silenced Voices in Domestic Violence Cases: In consanguineous relationships, women may be discouraged from reporting domestic violence due to familial and cultural pressures to preserve family respect.
    • This silence can perpetuate the cycle of abuse, making it difficult to seek help or intervention in cases of domestic violence.

Way Forward

Consanguinity, a practice entwined with culture, genetics, and societal norms, necessitates a delicate balance. To tackle its challenges, there is a need to respect cultural values while addressing social and health issues through education, legal safeguards, and support services like personalized medicine and genetic counseling. Empowering individuals to make informed choices while preserving cultural heritage is also crucial.

Methane Mitigation to Combat Global Warming

For Prelims: Methane, International Energy Agency, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Convened Climate and Clean Air Coalition

For Mains: Methane Emissions - Impact, Agriculture and Methane Emissions, Initiatives to Curb Methane Emissions

Source: DTE

Why in News?

Recently, a new report titled "The Imperative of Cutting Methane from Fossil Fuels" released jointly by the International Energy Agency, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP-convened Climate and Clean Air Coalition, emphasizes the significance of targeted methane mitigation to combat global warming.

What are the Key Findings from the Report?

• Methane Emissions and Global Warming:
  • Mitigating methane emissions is essential to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
    • Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas responsible for about 30% of global warming since the Industrial Revolution.
  • These efforts could prevent approximately 0.1°C of warming by 2050.
• Current Methane Emission Scenario:
  • Globally, approximately 580 million tonnes of methane are emitted annually.
    • Human activities contribute to 60% of these emissions.
    • Fossil fuel operations alone were responsible for about 120 million tonnes of methane emissions in 2022.
  • Under current trajectories, total anthropogenic methane emissions could rise by up to 13% between 2020 and 2030.

• Need for Targeted Methane Mitigation:
  • Even with deep cuts in fossil fuel use, not addressing methane could lead to global temperatures exceeding 1.6°C by 2050.
  • Targeted methane mitigation measures are imperative and should complement decarbonization efforts.
    • Existing technologies can help avoid over 80 million tonnes of annual methane emissions from fossil fuels by 2030.
    • These solutions are estimated to be cost-effective, often at low or even negative cost.
  • Around USD 75 billion is required by 2030 for all methane reduction measures in the oil and gas sector in the Net Zero scenario.
    • Actions such as eliminating routine venting and flaring and repairing leaks are a must to reducing methane emissions from the energy sector and for this, the organisations called for appropriate regulatory frameworks.
  • Most measures can and should be financed by the industry itself, but a number of low- and middle-income countries may face barriers to accessing capital for some interventions, which may not be implemented without concessional financing.
• Economic and Health Benefits:
  • Methane is the primary reason for ground-level ozone pollution and mitigation efforts will help prevent “nearly one million premature deaths through 2050, which is equivalent to the current population of Amsterdam, Netherlands”.
  • Achieving methane reduction targets will result in the prevention of 95 million tonnes of crop losses for wheat, rice, soy and maize (corn).
    • These savings are equivalent to roughly 60% of the volume of wheat, rice, soy and maize produced in Africa in 2021.
  • Avoiding such losses of crops, labour and forestry will “provide direct economic benefits valued at more than USD 260 billion between 2020 and 2050”.
• Regulatory Frameworks:
  • Appropriate regulatory frameworks are crucial for effective methane reduction.

What is Methane?

• About:
  • Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon, consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
    • It is flammable and is used as a fuel worldwide.
  • Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG), which has an atmospheric lifetime of around a decade and affects the climate for hundreds of years.
  • Methane has more than 80 times the warming power of carbon dioxide over the first 20 years of its lifetime in the atmosphere.
  • The common sources of methane are oil and natural gas systems, agricultural activities, coal mining and wastes.
• Initiatives to Tackle Methane Emissions:
  • India:
    • Harit Dhara (HD).
    • BS VI Emission Norms.
    • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
  • Global:
    • Methane Alert and Response System (MARS).
    • Global Methane Pledge.

• International Energy Agency
  • It is an autonomous Intergovernmental Organisation established in 1974 in Paris, France.
  • It mainly focuses on its energy policies which include economic development, energy security and environmental protection.
  • Mission: Ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its member countries and beyond.
  • Major Reports: World Energy Outlook Report,World, Energy Investment Report, and India Energy Outlook Report.
  • India joined the IEA in 2017.
• United Nations Environment Programme
  • The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on 5th June 1972.
  • It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.
  • Major Reports: Emission Gap Report, Adaptation Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.
  • Major Campaigns: Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.
  • Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya.
  • UNEP supports its 193 Member States to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and live in harmony with nature.
  • India is a member of the UNEP.
• UNEP-Convened Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
  • It is a voluntary global partnership of governments, intergovernmental organizations, businesses, scientific institutions, and civil society organizations working to reduce short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) that have a significant impact on climate change and public health.
  • India is a CCAC Partner since 2019.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’? (2019)

1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.
2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the sea floor.
3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

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Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

Bio-Decomposer to Address Stubble Burning

For Prelims: Bio-Decomposer to Address Stubble Burning, Stubble Burning, Air Pollution, Southwest Monsoon, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM).

For Mains: Bio-Decomposer to Address Stubble Burning, e-technology in the aid of farmers, Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the Delhi Government has initiated the spraying of a Bio-Decomposer to tackle Stubble Burning. However, the effectiveness of the microbial solution largely depends on its timing of application, according to farmers.

• Stubble burning in Delhi is not a major contributor to its pollution levels, with a minimal number of instances reported in recent years.

What is the Issue of Stubble Burning?

• About:
  • Stubble (parali) burning is a method of removing paddy crop residues from the field to sow wheat from the last week of September to November, coinciding with the withdrawal of Southwest Monsoon.
  • Stubble burning is a process of setting on fire the straw stubble, left after the harvesting of grains, like paddy, wheat, etc. It is usually required in areas that use the combined harvesting method which leaves crop residue behind.
  • It is a common practice in October and November across North West India, but primarily in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Effects of Stubble Burning:
  • Pollution: Emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere which contain harmful gases like methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
    • These pollutants disperse in the surroundings, may undergo a physical and chemical transformation and eventually adversely affect human health by causing a thick blanket of smog.
  • Soil Fertility: Burning husk on the ground destroys the nutrients in the soil, making it less fertile.
  • Heat Penetration: The heat generated by stubble burning penetrates into the soil, leading to the loss of moisture and useful microbes.
• Alternatives to Stubble Burning:
  • In-Situ Treatment of Stubble: For example, crop residue management by zero-tiller machine and Use of bio-decomposers.
  • Ex-Situ (off-site) Treatment: For example, Use of rice straw as cattle fodder.
  • Use of Technology: For example Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) machine, which can uproot the stubble and also sow seeds in the area cleared. The stubble can then be used as mulch for the field.

What is Bio-Decomposer to Tackle Stubble Burning?

• About:
  • Biodecomposer is designed to accelerate the natural decomposition process of crop residues.
  • It is typically a concoction of various microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and enzymes that work together to break down the plant material into organic matter that enriches the soil.
  • Examples:
    • Bacteria: Bacillus, Clostridium, E. coli, Salmonella
    • Fungi: Mushrooms, Molds, Yeasts
    • Earthworms
    • Insects: Beetles, Flies, Ants, Maggots
    • Arthropods: Millipedes, Woodlice
• Pusa-Biodecomposer:
  • It is a fungi-based liquid solution that can soften hard stubble to the extent that it can be easily mixed with soil in the field to act as compost.
    • The fungi thrive at 30-32 degree Celsius, which is the temperature prevailing when paddy is harvested and wheat is sown.
  • It produces enzymes to digest cellulose, lignin and pectin in paddy straw.
    • It is developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and named after ICAR’s campus at Pusa in Delhi.
  • It rapidly converts crop residues, animal waste, dung and other waste into organic manure.
• Benefits:
  • The decomposer improves the fertility and productivity of the soil as the stubble works as manure and compost for the crops and lesser fertiliser consumption is required in the future.
  • It is an efficient and effective, cheaper, doable and practical technique to stop stubble burning.
  • It is an eco-friendly and environmentally useful technology and will contribute to achieving the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Efficacy:
  • The microbial solution aims to decompose paddy straw left in the field post-harvest. It needs to be sprayed after harvest, ploughed into the soil, and lightly irrigated for the stubble to decompose over a period of 20-25 days.
  • Farmers have emphasized the importance of aligning the spraying process with the timing of harvest to maximize the effectiveness of the decomposer.
  • Factors like crop rotation, labor availability, and the type of crop grown affect the relevance and usability of the decomposer for farmers.
  • The effectiveness of the microbial solution is also dependent on weather conditions, with less rain in September and October favoring its application.

What are the Other Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning?

• The State Governments of Punjab, National Capital Region (NCR) States and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) have developed detailed monitorable action plans based on the framework by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to tackle the problem of air pollution.

Way Forward

• It is important to Encourage farmers to adopt alternative farming practices such as zero tillage, direct seeding, and crop diversification. These practices can reduce the generation of crop residue and minimize the need for stubble burning.
• Promote the use of modern harvesting machinery like combine harvesters that can cut crops at a lower height, leaving less stubble behind. This can significantly reduce the need for stubble burning.
• Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers about the harmful effects of stubble burning and the available alternatives. Engage with farmer groups, agricultural universities, and local communities to disseminate information effectively.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)

Balancing Reproductive Autonomy and Unborn Child's Rights

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971,Abortion Law in India, Reproductive Rights

For Mains: Legal Provisions Related to Abortion in India, Major Issues Related to Women.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India recently denied permission to terminate a 26-week pregnancy for a married woman under the provisions of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy(MTP) Act, 1971.

What was the Issue in the Case?

• Case:
  • The case involved a 27-year-old married woman who was in her 26th week of pregnancy, seeking legal permission to terminate her pregnancy.
    • The woman asserted her physical, emotional, mental, financial, and medical inability to carry, deliver, or raise another child, citing her pre-existing conditions and experiences with postpartum depression.
  • The woman sought recourse to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act of 1971 to plead her case.
• Judgment:
  • The Court expressed reluctance to order a medical termination when the pregnancy is viable and does not pose an immediate threat to the woman's life.
    • The decision is grounded in the interpretation of Section 5 of the MTP Act, 1971, which allows abortion only if the woman's life and health are in immediate danger.
    • The three-judge Bench, led by the Chief Justice of India (CJI), emphasized that a woman cannot claim an "absolute, overriding right" to abort, particularly when medical reports confirm that the pregnancy doesn't pose immediate danger to her life or that of the fetus.
      • CJI distinguished the term 'life' in Section 5 of MTP Act, 1971 from its broader usage in Article 21 of the Constitution, emphasizing its application to life-and-death situations.
        • Article 21 protects an individual's fundamental right to a dignified and meaningful life.
• Government Stance:
  • The government argues that the woman's reproductive autonomy cannot infringe upon the rights of her unborn child.
  • Refers to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act of 2021, which extended the abortion deadline to 24 weeks in cases of substantial foetal abnormalities.
    • Believes that once a viable baby is present, the relief should not be one-sided, and the woman's right to bodily autonomy should not go beyond the Act.
  • Argues that the woman's fundamental right to choice can be curtailed.
• Implications and Challenges
  • The case raises fundamental questions about women's reproductive rights, even in late stages of pregnancy, and the ethical considerations surrounding abortion.
    • Legal experts and advocates have differing opinions on whether an absolute right to terminate pregnancy should exist, especially in the absence of abnormalities.
  • This complex legal and ethical dilemma highlights the need for further discourse and clarity on reproductive rights in India.
  • The case also highlights the challenges women face in accessing legal abortion services in India.

What are the Legal Provisions Related to Abortion in India?

• Until the 1960s, abortion was illegal in India. The Shantilal Shah Committee was formed in the mid-1960s to examine the need for regulations. As a result, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, of 1971 was passed, legalizing safe abortions and protecting women's health.
  • The MTP Act, of 1971, permits licensed medical professionals to perform abortions in specific predetermined situations as provided under the legislation.
  • The MTP Act was amended in 2021 to allow certain categories of women, such as rape victims, minors, mentally ill women, etc., to obtain abortions up to 24 weeks of gestation, raising it from the previous 20 weeks.
    • It sets up state-level Medical Boards to decide if a pregnancy may be terminated after 24 weeks in cases of substantial fetal abnormalities.
  • The MTP Act also provides for the protection of women’s privacy, confidentiality, and dignity in accessing safe abortion services.
• The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, which prohibits sex-selective abortions and regulates the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for detecting genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the foetus.
• The Constitution of India, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty to all citizens under Article 21. This right has been interpreted by the Supreme Court of India to include the right to reproductive choice and autonomy for women.

Conclusion

• The case underscores the need for a delicate balance between women's reproductive rights and the protection of unborn children, involving all stakeholders. It emphasizes the ongoing importance of maintaining open dialogues and legal frameworks to address these complex ethical challenges while respecting the dignity and autonomy of women.

Legal Insight: Supreme Court Rejects Plea to Abort 26-Week Pregnancy

https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/en

Green Credit Program

For Prelims: Green Credit program, LiFE campaign, Carbon credits, Kyoto Protocol, Sovereign Green Bond, Green Energy Corridor

For Mains: Covered Activities under Green Credit Programme, Concerns Regarding Green Credit Programme

Source: BL

Why in News?

The government has recently unveiled an innovative and voluntary Green Credit program designed to reward and incentivize individuals and entities for their positive environmental contributions.

• Participants can earn Green Credits for a wide range of activities that promote environmental sustainability.

What is Green Credit?

• About:
  • Green Credit refers to a unit of incentive provided to individuals and entities engaged in activities that deliver a positive impact on the environment.
    • It is a voluntary program initiated by the government to incentivize various stakeholders in contributing to environmental preservation and sustainable practices.
  • This program is part of the broader 'LiFE' campaign (Lifestyle for Environment), and it encourages and rewards voluntary environmentally-positive actions.
• Covered Activities:
  • The Green Credit program encompasses eight key types of activities aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability:
    • Tree Plantation: Planting trees to increase green cover and combat deforestation.
    • Water Management: Implementing strategies to efficiently manage and conserve water resources.
    • Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practices.
    • Waste Management: Implementing effective waste management systems to reduce environmental pollution.
    • Air Pollution Reduction: Initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution and improving air quality.
    • Mangrove Conservation and Restoration: Protecting and restoring mangrove ecosystems for ecological balance.
• Earning and Calculation of Green Credit:
  • To earn Green Credits, participants need to register their environmental activities through a dedicated website. The activities will then be subject to verification by a designated agency.
    • Based on the agency's report, the administrator will grant the applicant a certificate of Green Credit.
  • The calculation of Green Credit is determined by factors such as resource requirements, scale, scope, size, and other relevant parameters necessary to achieve the desired environmental outcomes.
• Green Credit Registry and Trading Platform:
  • A critical component of the program is the establishment of a Green Credit Registry, which will help track and manage earned credits.
  • Additionally, the administrator will create and maintain a trading platform, enabling the trading of Green Credits on a domestic market.
• Independence from Carbon Credits:
  • It is important to note that the Green Credit program operates independently of the carbon credits provided under the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023, which is governed by the Energy Conservation Act of 2001.
  • An environmental activity generating Green Credits may have climate co-benefits, such as reducing or removing carbon emissions, which can potentially lead to the acquisition of carbon credits in addition to Green Credits.

Note

A carbon credit is a unit of exchange that can be used to offset greenhouse gas emissions. One carbon credit is equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide or equivalent greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere.

• The concept of carbon credit originated from the Kyoto Protocol.

What are the Concerns Regarding Green Credit Programme?

• Verification and Validation Complexity: The process of verifying and validating environmentally-positive actions can be complex and time-consuming.
  • Concerns exist regarding the administrative burden on both participants and regulatory bodies.
• Risk of Greenwashing: There is a risk that some participants may engage in greenwashing, where they falsely claim environmentally-friendly activities to earn Green Credits without genuinely contributing to environmental conservation.
• Compatibility with Carbon Credits: While the program is intended to be independent of carbon credits, there are concerns about potential overlaps and the complexity of evaluation between the two types of environmental credits.
• Accounting for Regional Differences: The program may struggle to account for regional variations in environmental impact, making it challenging to establish uniform credit values for diverse geographical areas.

What are the Other Government Initiatives to Promote the Green Economy?

• Sovereign Green Bond
• Green Energy Corridor
• National Green Hydrogen Mission

Conclusion

• Advancing the Green Credit Mechanism requires a multi-faceted approach, focusing on standardization, transparency, regional customization, and regulatory oversight while promoting long-term sustainability and public awareness. By doing so, the program can contribute to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q1. The concept of carbon credit originated from which one of the following? (2009)

(a) Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro
(b) Kyoto Protocol
(c) Montreal Protocol
(d) G-8 Summit, Heiligendamm

Ans: (b)

Q2. Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2011)

(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme.

Ans: (d)

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Mains

Q1. Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. (2014)

Q2. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022)

Same Sex Marriage in India

For Prelims: Same-Sex Marriage, Section 377, Indian Penal Code (IPC), Homosexuality, LGBTQ Community,Supreme Court, High Court, Constitution Bench.

For Mains: Impact of Judgement of Supreme Court on petitions to legalise same sex marriage on social fabric and progress of Indian Society.

Source: IE

Why in News ?

Recently, The Supreme Court has delivered its long awaited verdict rejecting petitions to legalise same-sex marriage and delved deeper on the provisions of the Special Marriage Act, 1954 to examine the issue thoroughly, which have convergence and interrelationship with homosexuality.

What is the Observation of the Supreme Court (SC)?

• Against Constitutional Validity:
  • A five-judge Constitution Bench of the apex court headed by Chief Justice of India ruled in a 3:2 verdict against giving constitutional validity to same-sex marriages.
• Domain Of Parliament:
  • The CJI, in his opinion, concludes that the court can neither strike down or read words into the Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954 to include same sex members within the ambit of the SMA 1954.The top court said it is for Parliament and state Legislature to formulate laws on it.
• Other Observations:
  • However, at the same time, the SC says the relationship of marriage is not a static one.
  • SC holds that queer persons have an equal right and freedom to enter into a “union”.
  • All five judges on the Bench, agreed that there is no fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

CJI and Justice Kaul (Minority Opinions): Favoured extension of Civil Union to same-sex couples:

• A ‘civil union’ refers to the legal status that allows same-sex couples specific rights and responsibilities that are normally conferred upon married couples. Although a civil union resembles a marriage, it does not have the same recognition in personal law as marriage.

What is the Legality of Same-Sex Marriages in India?

• The right to marry is not expressly recognized either as a fundamental or constitutional right under the Indian Constitution but a statutory right.
• Though marriage is regulated through various statutory enactments, its recognition as a fundamental right has only developed through judicial decisions of India’s Supreme Court. Such declaration of law is binding on all courts throughout India under Article 141 of the Constitution.
• Earlier Views of Supreme Court on Same-Sex Marriages:
  • Marriage as a Fundamental Right (Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. and others 2018):
    • While referring to Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Right and the Puttaswamy case, the SC held that the right to marry a person of one’s choice is integral to Article 21 of the Constitution.
      • Article 16 (2) in the Indian constitution provides that there cannot be any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them.
    • The right to marry is intrinsic to the liberty which the Constitution guarantees as a fundamental right, as the ability of each individual to take decisions on matters central to the pursuit of happiness. Matters of belief and faith, including whether to believe are at the core of constitutional liberty.
  • LGBTQ Community Entitled to all Constitutional Rights (Navjet Singh Johar and others v. Union of India 2018):
    • The SC held that members of the LGBTQ community “are entitled, as all other citizens, to the full range of constitutional rights including the liberties protected by the Constitution” and are entitled to equal citizenship and “equal protection of law”.

What is the Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954?

• About:
  • Marriages in India can be registered under the respective personal laws Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Muslim Personal Law Application Act, 1937, or under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
  • It is the duty of the Judiciary to ensure that the rights of both the husband and wife are protected.
  • The Special Marriage Act, 1954 has provisions for civil marriage for people of India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of religion or faith followed by either party.
  • When a person solemnized marriage under this law, then the marriage is not governed by personal laws but by the Special Marriage Act.
• Features:
  • Allows people from two different religious backgrounds to come together in the bond of marriage.
  • Lays down the procedure for both solemnization and registration of marriage, where either of the husband or wife or both are not Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, or Sikhs.
  • Being a secular Act, it plays a key role in liberating individuals from traditional requirements of marriage.

What are the Arugments in Favour of Same Sex Marriage?

• Equal Rights and Protection Under the Law: All individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, have the right to marry and form a family.
  • Same-sex couples should have the same legal rights and protections as opposite-sex couples.
  • Non-recognition of same-sex marriage amounted to discrimination that struck at the root of the dignity of LBTQIA+ couples.
• Strengthening Families and Communities: Marriage provides social and economic benefits to couples and their families which will also benefit the same-sex people.
• Cohabitation as a Fundamental Right: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) acknowledged that cohabitation is a fundamental right, and it is the government's obligation to legally recognize the social impact of such relationships.
• Biological gender is not ‘absolute: The Supreme Court of India says that biological gender is not absolute, and that gender is more complex than just one's genitals. There is no absolute concept of a man or a woman.
• Global Acceptance: Same-sex marriage is legal in many countries around the world, and denying this right to individuals in a democratic society goes against the global principles.
  • In 32 countries, same-sex marriage is legal.

What are the Arugments Against Same Sex Marriage?

• Religious and Cultural Beliefs: Many religious and cultural groups believe that marriage should only be between a man and a woman.
  • They argue that changing the traditional definition of marriage would go against the fundamental principles of their beliefs and values.
• Procreation: Some people argue that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation, and that same-sex couples cannot have biological children.
  • Therefore, they believe that same-sex marriage should not be allowed because it goes against the natural order of things.
• Legal issues: There are concerns that allowing same-sex marriage will create legal problems, such as issues with inheritance, tax, and property rights.
  • Some people argue that it would be too difficult to change all the laws and regulations to accommodate same-sex marriage.
• Issues with Adoption of Childrens: When queer couples adopt children, it can lead to societal stigma, discrimination, and negative impacts on the child's emotional and psychological well-being, especially in Indian society where acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community is not universal.

What Could be the Way Forward?

• Raise Awareness: The purpose of awareness campaigns is to promote equality and acceptance of all sexual orientations and expand public opinion about the LGBTQIA+ community.
• Legal Reforms: Amendments in the Special Marriage Act, 1954 to allow same-sex couples to legally marry and enjoy the same rights and benefits as opposite-sex couples.
  • Meanwhile bring the contract like agreement so that homosexual people can enjoy similar rights like heterosexuals.
• Dialogue and Engagement: Engaging in a dialogue with religious leaders and communities can help bridge the gap between traditional beliefs and modern attitudes towards same-sex relationships.
• Legal Challenges: The Indian LGBTQIA+ community can challenge the constitutionality of the current laws that prevent same-sex marriage in court. Such legal challenges can help establish a legal precedent that will pave the way for the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• Collaboration: The legalisation of same-sex marriage requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including the LGBTQIA+ community, the government, civil society, and religious leaders.
  • By working together, we can create a more inclusive society where everyone has the right to love and marry whomever they choose, regardless of their gender.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q 1. Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice? (2019)

(a) Article 19
(b) Article 21
(c) Article 25
(d) Article 29

Ans: (b)

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Mains

Q 2. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (2017)

Arabian Leopards and Wolves

Source: DTE

Why in News?

At present times, both the Arabian wolf and Arabian leopard are critically endangered, with the leopard having lost 98% of its historical range and is believed to be extinct in its northern range, including the Negev and Judaean deserts.

Dhib and Nimr: Dhib and Nimr are the Arabic terms for the two animals (wolf and leopard respectively).

What are the Characteristics of the Arabian Leopards and Wolves?

• Arabian Wolves:
  • About:
    • The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), is a subspecies of the gray wolf. The Arabian wolf holds the distinction of being the world's smallest wolf, making it a unique and significant part of the region's wildlife.
  • Geographical Spread:
    • These wolves are native to the Arabian Peninsula, including regions such as the Negev Desert in southern Israel and parts of the Middle East.
  • Significance:
    • In the Negev Desert and Arava Valley of southern Israel, the Arabian wolf remains a resilient apex predator, playing a vital ecological role. These wolves are adapted to life in arid environments with limited productivity.
    • Arabian wolves are known to "suppress" populations of smaller canids like jackals and foxes, helping to regulate the ecosystem in the Negev Desert.
    • These wolves are a crucial part of the desert ecosystem and contribute to maintaining herbivore populations and consuming carrion, which underscores their ecological importance.
• Arabian Leopards:
  • About:
    • The Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr), is another iconic but critically endangered species native to the Arabian Peninsula. These leopards were historically found in various parts of the Arabian Peninsula, including the Negev and Judaean deserts.
  • Geographical Spread:
    • Unfortunately, the status of the Arabian leopard in these regions is dire. A recent study published in 2023 reported that the Arabian leopard has lost most of its historical range, and its populations have become highly isolated and fragmented.
    • In the Negev and Judaean deserts, this species is considered extinct in its entire northern range.
• Conservation Efforts for Both Arabian Wolves and Leopards:
  • From an ecological perspective, it would require adequate prey availability, suitable habitat, and protection from human persecution.
  • However, the competition between wild and domestic prey, overgrazing of vulnerable vegetation, and conflicts with herders pose significant challenges.
  • Efforts are being made to increase tolerance and coexistence with Arabian wolves, especially in pastoralist landscapes. Education about the ecological role of these wolves is being promoted.
  • It is recommended to reduce hunting rates, not only of wolves but also of their prey, to support the recovery of the wolf's natural prey base.

What is the Present Context of these two animals?

• Moreover, the ongoing conflicts in the region, such as those between Israel and Palestine, could further complicate conservation efforts for the Arabian leopard.
• The response of large carnivores like leopards to armed conflicts can vary, and cooperation between different sectors is essential for successful conservation.
• Conservation efforts could potentially serve as a means to build bridges between human groups in conflict, promoting the shared conservation of natural heritage.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q 1. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Q. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species? (2012)

(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal

Ans: (a)

UN Approved Multinational Security Mission in Haiti

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has approved the Multinational Security Mission(MSS), led by Kenya, to restore security, protect critical infrastructure and control spiraling violence in Haiti.

Why is the UN Sending a Multinational Security Mission to Haiti?

• Haiti's Plea for Urgent Help:
  • Haiti faced escalating gang violence, causing chaos and suffering throughout the country. A group of gangs known as "G9 and Family" disrupted the main fuel port and the Capital city Port-au-Prince, leading to a nationwide crisis.
    • This has resulted in widespread killings of nearly 2,800 people, between October 2022 and June 2023.
    • Human rights groups have reported a rise in sexual violence and crimes against women. In addition to this, mass looting and burning of houses have led to the displacement of thousands of people, with around 200,000 fleeing their homes. As per estimates, almost half the population is in need of humanitarian assistance.
  • The Haitian Prime Minister reached out to the international community, seeking specialized armed forces to counter the gangs and their backers.
• Multinational Security Mission:
  • Unlike the Previous UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti that concluded in 2017, this new MSS will not be operated by the United Nations.
    • Kenya has volunteered to lead the force, with support from other countries like the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Antigua and Barbuda.
• Role and Responsibilities:
  • The mission aims to provide operational support to the Haitian National Police, enhance security conditions, protect vital infrastructure, and facilitate the conduct of elections.
  • The force will have the authority to make arrests in coordination with Haitian police.

Haiti

• It is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, Haiti occupies the western one-third of the island of Hispaniola.
  • The Dominican Republic borders Haiti on the eastern side of the island. Haiti’s neighbours include Jamaica to the west and Cuba to the northwest.
• Official Languages: French, Haitian Creole.
• Major Mountain Ranges: Massif de la Selle, Massif du Nord.
• It is the world’s first independent Black-led republic.
• The nation underwent about two centuries of Spanish colonial rule and more than a century of French rule.

Rapid Fire Current Affairs

5^th National Water Awards for 2023

The Ministry of Jal Shakti has announced the commencement of the 5^th National Water Awards (NWA) for 2023, aiming to recognize and encourage outstanding efforts in the field of water conservation and management.

• The NWA were introduced in 2018. The first distribution ceremony was held in 2019.
• Award Categories:
  • 'Best State,' 'Best District,' 'Best Village Panchayat,' 'Best Urban Local Body,' 'Best School/College,' 'Best Institution (other than school/college),' 'Best Industry,' 'Best Civil Society,' 'Best Water User Association,' and 'Best Individual for excellence.'
• Prizes and Recognition:
  • Winners in the categories of 'Best State' and 'Best District' will receive a trophy and citation.

Read more: National Water Awards (NWA)

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RITES Ltd, and IRCON Awarded Navratna Status

The Ministry of Finance has conferred the esteemed 'Navratna' status upon two Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) under the Ministry of Railways, Ircon International Limited (IRCON) and RITES Ltd (RITES).

• Navratna Companies in India are a group of CPSEs that have enhanced financial autonomy and flexibility to compete in the global market. They are given certain privileges, such as investing up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval.
• The Navratna status was first introduced in 1997. There are currently 16 Navratna Companies in India.
  • To attain Navratna status, a firm must initially hold the Miniratna designation and it needs to achieve a score of 60 or more (out of 100) according to six performance criteria, which include metrics like Net Profit to Net Worth, Earnings per Share, and Inter-Sectoral Performance.

Read more: Sectors of Indian Economy

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World Spine Day 2023

Every year on October 16^th, World Spine Day (WSD) raises awareness about spine health.

• Theme for 2023: “Move Your Spine”, which emphasizes the role of physical activity and movement in preventing and managing spinal pain and disability.
• WSD was initiated in 2008 by the World Federation of Chiropractic (WFC), which coordinates the event in collaboration with various organizations around the world.
  • The purpose of WSD is to educate people about the causes, prevention, and treatment of spinal disorders, and to encourage them to take care of their spines.

Read more: Multiple Sclerosis

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World White Cane Day

World White Cane Day is observed globally on 15^th October aimed at promoting accessibility and inclusion for individuals with disabilities, particularly the visually impaired.

• Also known as White Cane Safety Day, the day was first recognised in 1964 in the United States by President Lyndon B Johnson.
• A white cane is a navigation or identification aid for people living with sight loss. It is a powerful symbol for visually impaired individuals, representing independence, mobility, freedom, and confidence.

Read more: Person with Disabilities in India