PM-JANMAN Scheme

For Prelims: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, PM-JANMAN Scheme, Van Dhan Vikas Kendras, PM-AWAS scheme

For Mains: Sustainable Livelihoods For PVTGs. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has brought to light the ambitious Pradhan Mantri-Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) Scheme. Aimed at uplifting Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), this initiative carries the potential to address their unique challenges and provide essential infrastructure for a brighter future.

What is the PM-JANMAN Scheme?

• About:
  • PM JANMAN is a government scheme that aims to bring tribal communities into the mainstream.
  • The scheme (comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes) will be implemented by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in collaboration with the State governments and the PVTG communities.
  • The scheme will concentrate on 11 critical interventions overseen by 9 line Ministries, ensuring the implementation of existing schemes in villages inhabited by PVTGs.
    • It encompasses various sectors, including safe housing under the PM-AWAS Scheme, access to clean drinking water, improved healthcare, education, nutrition, road and telecommunications connectivity, as well as opportunities for sustainable livelihoods.
  • The plan also includes the establishment of Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for trading in forest produce, off-grid solar power systems for 1 lakh households, and solar street lights.
  • The scheme is expected to enhance the quality of life and well-being of the PVTGs, by addressing their multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and exclusion, and by recognizing and valuing their unique and valuable contribution to national and global development.
• Challenges in Implementation:
  • Lack of current data on PVTGs is a significant challenge, as the last available census data for PVTGs is from 2001, which counted a total of around 27.6 lakh individuals belonging to these communities.
    • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has started conducting baseline surveys, but an accurate and current dataset of PVTG populations is yet to be compiled.
    • The population data submitted to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment in 2022 was based on the 2011 Census and did not include the population of PVTGs in Maharashtra, Manipur, and Rajasthan.
    • The lack of current data hampers the accurate assessment of the needs and progress of PVTG communities.
    • The absence of a specific Census for PVTG communities, as recommended by the National Advisory Council in 2013, further adds to the challenge of gathering comprehensive information on their education, health, and housing status.
  • The complexity and diversity of the needs and capacities of the PVTGs across different regions and states and the need for customized and flexible approaches and interventions.
  • The stigma and discrimination faced by the PVTGs in mainstream society and the state and the need for sensitization and awareness among the stakeholders and the public.
  • The coordination and convergence of the scheme with the existing schemes and programmes of the central and state governments and the need for effective and efficient delivery and utilization of the resources and services.

Who are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?

• In 1973, the Dhebar Commission established Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a distinct category, encompassing tribal communities characterized by a declining or stagnant population, the use of pre-agrarian technology, economic backwardness, and low literacy.
  • These groups are identified as less developed among the tribal communities.
• In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as PVTGs. They reside in remote and inaccessible areas, facing challenges due to poor infrastructure and administrative support.
• There are 75 PVTG communities spread across 18 States and Union Territories in India.
  • Odisha has the highest number of PVTGs (15), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Bihar and Jharkhand (9), Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (7), Tamil Nadu (6), and Kerala and Gujarat (5 each).
  • The rest of the communities are spread across Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Tripura, and Manipur.
  • All four tribal groups in the Andaman and one in the Nicobar Islands are recognized as PVTGs.

Other Initiatives for PVTGs

• Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.
• Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra.
• PM PVTG Mission.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4

Ans: C

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Q. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

Italy Withdraws from China’s BRI

For Prelims: Italy Withdraws from China’s BRI, Belt and Road Initiative, G7 Nation, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), International Solar Alliance (ISA).

For Mains: Italy Withdraws from China’s BRI, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Source: IE

Why in News?

Italy has withdrawn from China's Belt and Road Initiative, more than four years after becoming the only G7 nation to sign up.

• Italy's potential withdrawal from China's BRI stems from a combination of economic, geopolitical, and strategic factors that have led the country to reassess its participation.

What are the Reasons for Italy’s Withdrawal From BRI?

• Economic Imbalance:
  • Italy had joined the BRI in 2019 at a time it was desperate for investment and infrastructure building, having survived three recessions in 10 years.
  • However, the anticipated economic benefits haven't materialized as in these four years later, the agreement hasn’t done much for Italy.
    • According to figures from the Council on Foreign Relations, Chinese FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in Italy dropped from USD 650 million in 2019 to just USD 33 million in 2021.
    • In terms of trade, since joining BRI, Italy’s exports to China increased from 14.5 billion euros to a mere 18.5 billion euros, while Chinese exports to Italy expanded from 33.5 billion euros to 50.9 billion euros.
• Geopolitical Realignment:
  • Italy's reconsideration is part of a broader trend among European nations to reassess their relationships with China.
  • Concerns over China's increasing influence, geopolitical alignments, and strategic implications, particularly amid global events like the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have prompted Italy to reevaluate its stance toward the BRI.
    • In April, the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) collapsed. Last year, Estonia and Latvia quit the 17+1, China’s diplomatic push in Central and Eastern European countries. Lithuania had walked out in 2021.
• Alignment with Western Allies:
  • Italy's inclination to align itself more closely with its Western allies, especially in the G7, might influence its decision regarding the BRI.
  • With the G7 presidency upcoming, Italy might see leaving the BRI as a gesture of solidarity with Western allies.
• Negative Press and Debt Concerns:
  • The BRI has faced criticism globally for potential debt traps and lack of transparency in financial dealings.
  • Reports of other countries facing substantial debt burdens due to their participation in the BRI might be contributing to Italy's Withdrawal.

How Have India-Italy Relations Been?

• Historical and Cultural Links:
  • India and Italy share ancient ties that date back thousands of years, with historical connections through trade routes and cultural exchanges.
  • Personalities like Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi have had notable interactions with Italy, contributing to the historical tapestry of bilateral relations.
• Setbacks in Bilateral Relations:
  • Italian Marines Case: In 2012, the case involving two Italian marines accused of killing Indian fishermen off the Kerala coast strained relations. The issue escalated politically and legally, impacting diplomatic ties between the countries. The case was eventually resolved after compensation was paid by Italy to India, closing in 2021.
  • AgustaWestland Allegations: Corruption allegations regarding the AgustaWestland deal further strained relations. Investigations into unethical dealings and corruption in a major defence deal led to legal battles in both Italy and India.
    • Despite the cancellation of the contract and legal proceedings, the Italian courts dismissed all charges due to insufficient evidence.
• Efforts Towards Repair:
  • Diplomatic Engagement: Efforts to mend ties began around 2018. Official visits, cultural exchanges, and high-level engagements between officials from both countries aimed to rebuild relations.
  • Strategic Partnerships: Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Italy for the G20 summit in 2021 and subsequent engagements with Italian leadership marked significant milestones. Bilateral agreements and strategic partnerships were established, focusing on various sectors like defense, trade, and technology.
  • Economic Cooperation: Bilateral trade has witnessed significant growth, with Italy emerging as a key trading partner for India within the EU. The emphasis on economic cooperation, including collaborations in defense and technology, has strengthened ties.
  • Rethinking Engagement with China: Both India and Italy have reevaluated their engagements with China, especially concerning initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Italy's rethinking on the BRI, driven by economic imbalances and unmet expectations, aligns with India's opposition to the BRI due to territorial concerns.
• Cooperation in Other Areas:
  • Science, Technology and Research Collaboration: In 2021 both countries established Thematic Working Groups as a method of work between the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the creation of the first joint ASI-ISRO working group in heliophysics.
    • Heliophysics is the study of the effects of the Sun on the Solar System.
  • Cooperation for Counter-Terrorism and Security: Both sides pledged to strengthen cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime both at a bilateral level and in multilateral fora.
    • Both nations also agreed to hold the next meeting of the ‘India-Italy Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism’ to further advance cooperation, exchange of expertise and capacity building.
  • Regional Cooperation and Connectivity: India and Italy have acknowledged the potential of new international organisations such as the Coalition on Disaster Resilient Infrastructures (CDRI) and the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
    • India welcomed Italy joining ISA after the universalisation of ISA.

Way Forward

• With Italy stepping away from the BRI, there's potential for increased economic collaboration between India and Italy. Both countries can explore avenues for trade, investment, and joint ventures in sectors like technology, manufacturing, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, and infrastructure development.
• India and Italy can elevate their strategic partnership across various domains, including defense, cybersecurity, counterterrorism, and maritime security. Collaborative efforts in defense production, joint military exercises, and information sharing can bolster security ties.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2016)

(a) African Union
(b) Brazil 
(c) European Union 
(d) China

Ans: (d)

Monetary Policy Committee Decisions: RBI

For Prelims: Monetary Policy Committee Decisions: RBI, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Inflation, CPI, Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

For Mains: Monetary Policy Committee Decisions, Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development and employment, Inclusive growth and issues arising from it, Government Budgeting.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in its bimonthly Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Meeting has retained benchmark interest rates unchanged for the 5^th time in a row.

• The key repo rate has been paused for five consecutive reviews at 6.5%.

What are the Key Highlights of the MPC Meeting?

• Policy Rates:
  • Policy Repo Rate: 6.5%
    • Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (RBI) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Here, the central bank purchases the security.
  • Standing Deposit Facility (SDF): 6.25 %
    • The SDF is a liquidity window through which the RBI will give banks an option to park excess liquidity with it.
    • It is different from the reverse repo facility in that it does not require banks to provide collateral while parking funds.
  • Marginal Standing Facility Rate: 6.75%
    • MSF is a window for scheduled banks to borrow overnight from the RBI in an emergency situation when interbank liquidity dries up completely.
    • Under interbank lending, banks lend funds to one another for a specified term.
  • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): 4.50%
    • Under CRR, the commercial banks have to hold a certain minimum amount of deposit (NDTL) as reserves with the central bank.
  • Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): 18.00%
    • SLR is the minimum percentage of deposits that a commercial bank has to maintain in the form of liquid cash, gold or other securities.
• Projections:
  • Growth Projection Raised:
    • The GDP growth projection for 2023-24 was raised to 7% from earlier 6.5%, buoyed by a robust 7.6% growth in the second quarter of 2023-24 FY.
  • Inflation Forecast:
    • The Consumer Price Index (CPI) based inflation forecast for the fiscal year 2023-24 has been retained at 5.4%.

What are Other Initiatives Taken by the RBI?

• Hiked in UPI Limit for Health and Education:
  • RBI has hiked the UPI limit for Health and Education transactions from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh per transaction in order to yield substantial operational advantages for both healthcare institutions and patients, according to industry experts.
• Recurring e-Payment Mandates:
  • The RBI has expanded the limit on recurring e-payment mandates for credit card, insurance premia payments, and mutual fund investments to Rs 1 lakh from Rs 15,000 allows for more substantial periodic transactions.
• Regulatory Framework for Web-Aggregation:
  • RBI is planning to establish a regulatory framework for web-aggregation of loan products to improve customer-centricity and transparency in digital lending.
• Partnerships with Fintechs:
  • The RBI has sought to get a better grip on the growing incidence of banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) partnering with Fintechs by proposing the creation of a Fintech Repository by April 2024.
  • FinTechs would be encouraged to provide relevant information voluntarily to this Repository.

Note

• Inflation: It refers to the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time, leading to a decrease in the purchasing power of money.
  • Headline Inflation: It is the total inflation for the period, comprising a basket of commodities.
    • The food and fuel inflation form one of the components of headline inflation in India.
  • Core Inflation: It excludes volatile goods from the basket of commodities tracking Headline Inflation. These volatile commodities mainly comprise food and beverages (including vegetables) and fuel and light (crude oil).
    • Core inflation = Headline inflation – (Food and Fuel) inflation.
• Inflation Targeting: It is a monetary policy framework aimed at maintaining a specific target range for inflation.
  • The Urjit Patel Committee recommended CPI (Consumer Price Index) over WPI (Wholesale Price Index) as a measure for inflation targeting.
    • The current inflation target also aligns with the committee's recommendation to establish a target inflation rate of 4%, accompanied by an acceptable range of deviation of +/- 2%.
    • The central government, in consultation with the RBI, sets an inflation target, and an upper and lower tolerance level for retail inflation.
• Liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without significantly affecting its price.
  • It signifies the availability of cash or liquid assets to meet financial obligations or make investments. In simpler terms, liquidity is to get your money whenever you need it.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (2017)

1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

Ans: (a)

Q. If the RBI decides to adopt an expansionist monetary policy, which of the following would it not do? (2020)

1. Cut and optimize the Statutory Liquidity Ratio
2. Increase the Marginal Standing Facility Rate
3. Cut the Bank Rate and Repo Rate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

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Mains:

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

EU's Landmark AI Legislation

For Prelims: European Union, Artificial intelligence, Facial recognition technology, Generative AI, General Data Protection Regulation, Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence.

For Mains: Different Global Approaches to AI Regulation, Key Components of the EU Framework for AI Regulation, India's Strategy Regarding AI Regulation.

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recently, the European Union (EU) has set the stage for the world's first comprehensive legislation aimed at regulating the use of Artificial intelligence (AI).

• The EU's proposed framework will undergo a parliamentary vote in early 2024, potentially becoming enforceable by 2025.

What are the Key Components of the EU Framework for AI Regulation?

• Safeguards in Legislation:
  • Empowerment of Consumers: Ability for individuals to launch complaints against perceived AI violations.
  • Restrictions on Law Enforcement Adoption: Clear boundaries on AI usage by law enforcement agencies.
  • Strict Limitations on AI: Strong restrictions on facial recognition technology and AI manipulation of human behaviour.
  • Penalties for Violations: Provision for tough penalties for companies found breaking the rules.
  • Limited Biometric Surveillance: Governments permitted to use real-time biometric surveillance in public areas only in cases of serious threats like terrorist attacks.
• Categorization of AI Applications:
  • Four Risk Classes: AI applications classified into four risk categories based on their level of risk and invasiveness.
  • Banned Applications: Mass-scale facial recognition and behavioral control AI applications are largely banned, with exemptions for law enforcement.
  • High-Risk Applications: Allowed with certification and provision for backend technique transparency, such as AI tools for self-driving cars.
  • Medium-Risk Applications: Deployable without restrictions, like generative AI chatbots, with explicit disclosure to users about AI interaction, transparency obligations, and detailed tech documentation.
• Other EU's Regulatory Achievements:
  • General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Implementation: Enforced since May 2018, focusing on privacy and explicit consent for data processing.
    • Sub-Legislations: DSA and DMA:
      • Digital Services Act (DSA): Focus on regulating hate speech, counterfeit goods, etc.
      • Digital Markets Act (DMA): Identifying "dominant gatekeeper" platforms and addressing non-competitive practices and dominance abuse.

What are Different Global Approaches to AI Regulation?

• EU: Tough stance, categorising AI based on invasiveness and risk.
• United Kingdom: 'Light-touch' approach fostering innovation in AI.
• United States: Positioned between strict regulation and innovation support.
• China: Introduced its own measures for AI regulation, aligning with its policies and priorities.

What is India's Strategy Regarding AI Regulation?

• Stance:
  • India is yet to have a comprehensive framework for regulating AI. However, India has shifted from a stance of not considering AI regulation to actively formulating regulations based on a risk-based, user-harm approach.
• Advocacy for Inclusive and Responsible AI:
  • India's initial national AI strategy, #AIFORALL, aimed at inclusivity, debuted in 2018.
  • NITI Aayog's National Strategy for AI (2018) included a chapter on responsible AI.
    • In 2021, NITI Aayog issued a paper, ‘Principle of Responsible AI’. Seven broad principles were enumerated in the paper: equality, safety and reliability, inclusivity and non-discrimination, transparency, accountability, privacy and reinforcement of positive human value.
  • In March 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology introduced IndiaAI, the national program on AI, aimed at serving as a comprehensive initiative to cover all AI-related research and innovations.
  • In July, 2023 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India issued a paper, that recommended setting up a domestic statutory authority to regulate AI through the lens of a “risk-based framework” and constitution of an advisory body with members from multiple government departments, academia and experts.
• Major Sector-specific AI Frameworks in India:
  • Healthcare Sector:
    • Indian Council of Medical Research issued ethical guidelines for AI in biomedical research and healthcare in June 2023.
  • Capital Market:
    • SEBI issued a circular in January 2019 to guide policies and create an inventory for AI systems in the capital market.
  • Education Sector:
    • National Education Policy 2020 recommends AI awareness integration in school courses.

Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)

• GPAI is a forum of 28 nations and the European Union that is working together to understand the challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence, or AI, and to promote its responsible evolution.
  • India joined the GPAI as a founding member in 2020 and became the Chair of the GPAI in November 2022 after France.
  • Notably, China is not a member of the GPAI.
• India is set to host the Annual GPAI Summit from 12th December to 14th December 2023.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q1. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)

Diel Vertical Migration and Carbon Sequestration

Source: TH

Why in News?

Deep-sea creatures, like zooplankton, ascend at night in Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) for nourishment and safety. This synchronised journey showcases nature's marvels and significantly influences Earth's Carbon Cycle.

What is Diel Vertical Migration (DVM)?

• DVM is a synchronised movement of marine organisms, often seen in deep-sea creatures like zooplankton, as they migrate vertically in the water column, ascending towards the surface at night and descending to deeper levels during the day.
  • This pattern helps these organisms find food while avoiding predators, showcasing a strategic survival tactic.
• At dusk, organisms from the mesopelagic layer (Deeper Layer or Twilight Zone) rise to the safety of the epipelagic zone (Upper Layer), capitalising on darkness to feed on microscopic phytoplankton while evading diurnal predators.
• This synchronized migration, finely attuned to natural light cycles, stands as the planet's largest biomass migration, occurring daily across all oceans.

How DVM's help in Carbon Sequestration?

• Organisms inhabiting the mesopelagic layer actively extract substantial carbon from upper ocean layers while feeding on surface plankton, transporting it to deeper waters.
• Within the twilight zone, migratory animals contribute to the food chain, passing on consumed carbon to their predators. The resultant carbon-rich waste sinks to the ocean floor, becoming a crucial carbon sink, trapping carbon dioxide and aiding in atmospheric carbon concentration regulation.

What is Carbon Sequestration?

• About:
  • Carbon sequestration is the long-term storage of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and the ocean.
  • Carbon sequestration occurs both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon.
• Types:
  • Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration: Terrestrial carbon sequestration is the process through which Co₂ from the atmosphere is absorbed by trees and plants through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in soils and biomass (tree trunks, branches, foliage, and roots)
  • Geologic Carbon Sequestration: Co₂ can be stored, in oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs, unmineable coal seams, saline formations and shale formations with high organic content.
  • Ocean Carbon Sequestration: Oceans absorb, release and store large amounts of Co₂ from the atmosphere. This can be done in two ways- enhancing the productivity of ocean biological systems through Iron fertilization, and injecting CO2 into the deep ocean.
    • The dumping of iron stimulates phytoplankton production, which in turn leads to enhanced photosynthesis from these microorganisms, helping in CO2 absorption.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? (2012)

1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.
3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (a)

Q. In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? (2017)

1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
3. Subterranean deep saline formations

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

1. Contour bunding
2. Relay cropping
3. Zero tillage In the context of global climate change,

which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil?

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of them

Ans: (b)

Gram Manchitra and mActionSoft

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj introduced "Gram Manchitra," a Geographic Information System (GIS) app.

• Additionally, the Ministry launched "mActionSoft," a mobile-based solution for geo-tagging project assets.

What is Gram Manchitra and mActionSoft?

• Gram Manchitra:
  • About: The primary goal of Gram Manchitra is to encourage spatial planning initiatives by Gram Panchayats, leveraging the capabilities of geo-spatial technology.
    • The app supports the Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) by aiding decision-making.
  • Features:
    • Unified GeoSpatial Platform: Gram Manchitra provides a single and unified platform, facilitating the visualisation of developmental projects and activities at the Gram Panchayat level.
    • Sector-Wise Planning: It enables Gram Panchayats to plan and execute developmental works across different sectors, fostering a holistic approach to rural development.
    • Development Plan Tools: Tools include project site identification, asset tracking, cost estimation, and project impact assessment.
• mActionSoft:
  • About: mActionSoft is a mobile-based solution, plays a crucial role in capturing geo-tagged photos with GPS coordinates for works with asset outputs.
    • Assets undergo geo-tagging at three stages: before the commencement of work, during the work, and upon completion.
    • This establishes a comprehensive repository of information on various works related to natural resource management, water harvesting, sanitation, agriculture, and more.
  • Features:
    • Geo-Tagging: Panchayats geotag assets created under finance commission funds with photographs, ensuring transparency and accountability.
      • The assets geo-tagged using mActionSoft seamlessly integrate with Gram Manchitra, enriching the visualisation of developmental works in Gram Panchayats.

• Geographic Information System: It is a technology that captures, manages, analyses, and presents geographical or spatial data.
  • It allows users to visualise, interpret, and understand data by linking it to locations on the Earth's surface.
  • GIS combines various layers of information such as maps, satellite imagery, and data tables to create interactive maps and models.
  • It is used in diverse fields like urban planning, environmental analysis, natural resource management, emergency response, and more, aiding in decision-making and problem-solving related to spatial information.
• Geotagging: It is the process of adding geographical identification to various media such as photos, videos, websites, or other documents.
  • It involves attaching metadata, usually GPS coordinates to these files, providing specific location information about where the media was created or captured.
  • This enables users to pinpoint the exact geographic location associated with the content, facilitating organization, search, and mapping of data based on its location.

What are the Other Related Government Initiatives?

• SVAMITVA Scheme
• e-Gram Swaraj e-Financial Management System

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news? (2010)

(a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India

(b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayaan-II

(c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India

(d) A space telescope developed by India

Ans: C

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Mains

Q.1 Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)

Second Phase of LeadIT

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Recently, at the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) Summit 2023 hosted by India and Sweden at the Conference of Parties (COP 28) in the United Arab Emirates, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change announced the three pillars of the second phase of LeadIT (2.0).

What is the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT)?

• About:
  • LeadIT is a global initiative that aims to accelerate the transition of challenging sectors such as steel, cement, chemicals, aviation, and shipping to low-carbon pathways.
  • The LeadIT gathers countries and companies that are committed to action to achieve the Paris Agreement.
  • It was launched by the governments of Sweden and India at the United Nations Climate Action Summit in 2019 and is supported by the World Economic Forum.
  • The LeadIT Secretariat is responsible for managing the work of the Leadership Group.
• Members:
  • LeadIT, boasting 38 members, encompasses countries and companies. Notably, India is an active participant.
  • LeadIT members subscribe to the notion that energy-intensive industries can and must progress on low-carbon pathways, aiming to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

What are the Key Highlights of the Second Phase of LeadIT?

• Mission
  • Facilitate the creation of policies and regulations backing an inclusive industry transition through public-private partnerships. Mobilise resources, support knowledge-sharing, and accelerate pathways to achieve net-zero industry emissions by 2050.
• LeadIT Pillars:
  • Global Forum for a Just and Equitable Industry Transition:
    • Ensuring continuous dialogue and engagement between governments and industry.
    • This pillar is dedicated to sustaining LeadIT's engagement with multilateral groups (e.g., UN Climate Action, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP presidencies), facilitating knowledge sharing among members, and vigilantly monitoring the transition's pace.
  • Technology Transfer and Co-development:
    • This pillar is dedicated to facilitating business-to-business technology transfer and building national institutional capacity for innovation.
  • Industry Transition Partnerships:
    • The LeadIT Secretariat aids members in creating industry transition partnerships, supporting emerging markets and developing economies in their pursuit of green industrial transitions.
      • These partnerships involve mapping, coordinating, and strengthening technical and financial international assistance to enhance effectiveness.
    • The ultimate goal is to establish enabling conditions for a pipeline of bankable low-carbon industrial projects.

Successful Training Launch of Short-Range Ballistic Missile ‘Agni-1’

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Recently, training launch of Short-Range Ballistic Missile ‘Agni-1’ was carried out successfully from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. The launch, carried out under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command, successfully validated all operational and technical parameters.

What is Ballistic Missile ‘Agni-1’?

• About:
  • The Agni-1 is a Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM) developed by India as part of its Agni series of missiles. It is the first missile in the Agni series and is designed to be a strategic weapon capable of carrying a nuclear payload.
  • The Agni-1 is primarily intended for use as a deterrent against potential adversaries and is known for its quick response time.
  • It is the first variant of the Agni series missiles under Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP).
• Technical Specifications:
  • The Agni-1 is a single-stage, solid-fueled missile with a range of around 700 to around 1200 kilometers and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg, making it a short-range ballistic missile. It has the capability to carry both conventional and nuclear warheads.
  • The solid-fuel propulsion system enhances its operational flexibility and reduces launch preparation time.
• Development and Testing:
  • The Agni-1 was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in India. The missile has undergone several successful test launches to validate its performance and reliability.
  • Agni-1 was first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989. The Indian army accepted Agni-1 in service in 2007.

What are the Other Agni Class of Missiles?

The Agni series is a family of ballistic missiles developed by India, with each variant designed for specific ranges and purposes. Besides Agni-1, other notable missiles in the series include:

• Range of other Agni Missiles:
  • Agni II: Range more than 2000 km.
  • Agni III: Range of more than 2,500 Km
  • Agni IV: Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road-mobile launcher.
  • Agni-V: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
  • Agni Prime: A two-stage canisterised missile (under development) has been successfully flight tested in June 2023.
    • The missile is capable of delivering a number of warheads at separate locations at a distance of 1,000 - 2,000 km.
• ICBMs:
  • It is a type of long-range ballistic missile with the capability to travel vast distances, typically intercontinental ranges.
  • They play a crucial role in a country's nuclear triad, which includes land-based missiles, submarine-launched missiles (SLBMs), and strategic bombers.
  • ICBMs are characterized by their exceptionally long ranges, typically exceeding 5,500 kilometers (about 3,400 miles) and often reaching distances of over 10,000 kilometers (more than 6,200 miles).
  • ICBMs follow a ballistic trajectory, meaning they are launched into space before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere to strike their targets.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q1. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)

(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.

Ans: (c)

Q2. With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2014)

1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Project

The Ministry for Culture has decided to map and document all villages under the Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Programme.

• This National Mission on Cultural Mapping is conducted in coordination with Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) under the Ministry of Culture.
• A web portal on MGMD has also been launched. The MGMD seeks to compile comprehensive information detailing the life, history, and ethos of Indian villages and to make the same available to virtual and real-time visitors.
• Under the MGMD, information is collected under seven broad categories such as Arts and Crafts Village, Ecologically Oriented Village etc.

Read More: Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana

SC Deploys SUVAS for Regional Language Accessibility

Recently, the Indian Law Minister stated that the Supreme Court (SC) has introduced SUVAS, an AI-driven translation tool, to facilitate regional language usage in legal proceedings.

• This specialized tool, developed with support from the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, currently translates English judicial documents into eleven Indian languages.
• Additionally, the Chief Justice of India noted that the landmark Kesavananda Bharati verdict is accessible in 10 Indian languages on the SC website, marking 50 years since the ruling.
  • The Constitutional Bench in the Kesavananda Bharati case ruled by a 7-6 verdict that Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution so long as it did not alter or amend the basic structure or essential features of the Constitution.

Read more: Strengthening Indian Judiciary

Suvidha Sanitary Napkins under PMBJP

The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers has recently brought attention to the Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins, an initiative under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP). In a bid to enhance women's health and accessibility to menstrual hygiene products.

• Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins are available at Jan Aushadhi Kendras throughout India at a subsidized price of Rs. 1/- per pad.
  • Since its inception until November 30^th November 2023, over 47.87 crore Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Pads have been sold through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
  • The sanitary pads are oxy-biodegradable and maintain good quality standards.
• PMBJP is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses.
  • PMBJP stores have been set up to provide generic drugs, which are available at lesser prices but are equivalent in quality and efficacy as expensive branded drugs.

Read more: Janaushadhi Diwas, Review of PMBJP

IMO Green Voyage2050 Project

India has been recognized as the pioneer lead country for the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Green Voyage2050 Project, a significant stride toward mitigating Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from ships.

• The GreenVoyage2050 Project is a partnership project between the Government of Norway and IMO launched in 2019 aiming to transform the shipping industry towards a lower carbon future.
• The Initial IMO Strategy sets out a clear vision to cut total annual GHG emissions by a minimum of 50% by 2050, relative to 2008 levels.
• The GreenVoyage2050 Project is working with 12 countries: Azerbaijan, Belize, China, Cook Islands, Ecuador, Georgia, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, and Sri Lanka.
  • The participating countries can be broadly categorised into “New Pilot Countries” and “Pioneer Pilot Countries”.

Read more: India Re-elected to International Maritime Organisation Council, IMO Guidelines on Shipping Fuel

Wed in India

Recently, the Indian Prime Minister, addressing the Uttarakhand Global Investors Summit, emphasised Uttarakhand’s untapped potential, recognizing the 'House of Himalaya' brand and advocating for the 'Wed in India' movement, like the Make in India movement.

• Affluent individuals were urged to reconsider foreign destination weddings, encouraging weddings in India.
• House of Himalaya brand is an attempt to establish the local products of the state in foreign markets which will strengthen the ‘vocal for local’ campaign.

Pinna Nobilis

A huge clam that was on the verge of extinction has made a comeback, with a surge in numbers in waters off Croatia.

• The clam, known as the noble pen shell or pinna nobilis, started dying out as a deadly pathogen spread in parts of the Mediterranean around 2016.
• The clams, whose shells can grow as much as 1.2 m across, play an important ecological role by filtering seawater and allowing other organisms to flourish.
• They have been spotted across the Adriatic and Istria peninsula.

Read More: Critically Endangered