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Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023

For Prelims: Nobel Prize, mRNA Vaccine, Base modified mRNA, Covid-19

For Mains: Mechanism of Vaccine in Treating Viral Infection, Scientific Innovations & Discoveries

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for 2023 has been awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their groundbreaking work on nucleoside base modification of messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA).

• The discoveries by the two Nobel Laureates were critical for developing effective mRNA vaccines against Covid-19 during the pandemic that began in early 2020.

What Did Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman Discover?

• Understanding the Challenge:
  • Cells possess an inherent capability to detect foreign materials. Dendritic cells, which play a crucial role in our immune system, had the ability to recognize in vitro transcribed mRNA as foreign, setting off an inflammatory response.
    • This reaction could potentially lead to harmful side effects and undermine the vaccine's efficacy.
  • Furthermore, another challenge stemmed from the fact that in vitro transcribed mRNA was highly unstable and susceptible to degradation by enzymes within the body.

Note

• In vitro transcribed mRNA is a type of synthetic RNA that is produced in the laboratory by using a DNA template and an RNA polymerase.
• It can be used for various purposes, such as making RNA probes, vaccines, or proteins.

• Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman’s Discovery:
  • Karikó and Weissman observed that dendritic cells identify in vitro transcribed mRNA as foreign, activating them and causing the release of inflammatory signals.
  • They questioned why this mRNA was considered foreign, unlike mRNA from mammalian cells, which didn't trigger the same response.
    • Mammalian cells are eukaryotic cells that belong to the animal kingdom and have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
  • This led them to realize that there must be distinct properties separating the two mRNA types.
  • The Breakthrough:
    • RNA, like Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), consists of four bases: A, U, G, and C. Karikó and Weissman noticed that natural RNA from mammalian cells often had chemical modifications in its bases.
    • They hypothesized that the absence of these modifications in lab-made mRNA might cause inflammatory reactions.
    • To test this, they created various mRNA variants with unique chemical alterations and delivered them to dendritic cells. Their results showed a significant reduction in inflammatory responses when base modifications were included in the mRNA.
    • This discovery transformed our understanding of how cells recognize and respond to different types of mRNA, with profound implications for mRNA's therapeutic potential.
    • Their subsequent studies in 2008 and 2010 demonstrated that mRNA with base modifications led to increased protein production.
      • This effect was attributed to the reduced activation of an enzyme involved in protein production.
    • Karikó and Weissman's research removed critical obstacles, making mRNA more suitable for clinical applications.

• Application of Base-modified mRNA Vaccines:
  • Interest in mRNA technology grew, and by 2010, several companies were actively developing this method for various purposes.
  • Initially pursued for vaccines against diseases like Zika virus, which is closely related to SARS-CoV-2.
  • With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, base-modified mRNA vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 surface protein were developed at an unprecedented pace.
    • These vaccines demonstrated protective effects of approximately 95% and received approval as early as December 2020.
  • The remarkable flexibility and speed of mRNA vaccine development opened doors to potential use against other infectious diseases.
  • Collectively, more than 13 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide, saving millions of lives and preventing severe illness.
  • This transformative development during a major health crisis highlights the critical role played by this year's Nobel laureates in recognizing the importance of base modifications in mRNA.

What are mRNA Vaccines and How do they Work?

• mRNA stands for messenger RNA, a molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein-making machinery of the cell.
• mRNA vaccines use synthetic mRNA that encodes a specific protein from a pathogen, such as the spike protein of the coronavirus.
  • When the mRNA vaccine is injected into the body, some of the cells take up the mRNA and use it to produce the protein. The protein then triggers an immune response that produces antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight the pathogen in the future.
• mRNA vaccines are faster and cheaper to produce, as they do not require cell culture or complex purification processes.
• mRNA vaccines are also more flexible and adaptable, as they can be easily modified to target new variants or strains of pathogens.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022)

1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector based platform.
3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen based vaccine.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

---

Mains

Q. What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (2022)

Global Innovation Index 2023

For Prelims: Global Innovation Index 2023, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations, South East Asia, East Asia and Oceania (SEAO) region, Science and Technology Cluster.

For Mains: Global Innovation Index 2023, Growth and development of India in Innovation.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India retains 40^th rank out of 132 economies in the Global Innovation Index 2023 rankings published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

• The 2023 edition reveals the ranking of this year’s most innovative economies in the world amongst 132 economies and localizes the top 100 science and technology innovation clusters.

Note

GII is a leading reference for measuring an economy’s innovation ecosystem performance. Published annually, it is also a valuable benchmarking tool used by policymakers, business leaders, and other stakeholders to assess progress in innovation over time.

What is WIPO?

• WIPO is the global forum for Intellectual Property (IP) services, policy, information and cooperation.
• It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, with 193 member states.
• Its aim is to lead the development of a balanced and effective international IP system that enables innovation and creativity for the benefit of all.
• Its mandate, governing bodies and procedures are set out in the WIPO Convention, which established WIPO in 1967.

What are the Key Highlights of the Index?

• Most Innovative Economies in 2023:
  • Switzerland is the most innovative economy in 2023 followed by Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore.
    • Singapore has entered the top five, and has taken the leading position among South East Asia, East Asia and Oceania (SEAO) region economies.
• Top Science and Technology (S&T) Clusters in the World:
  • The top Science and Technology innovation clusters in the world in 2023 are Tokyo–Yokohama, followed by Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou, Seoul, Beijing and Shanghai-Suzhou.
    • S&T clusters are the areas in the world where the highest density of inventors and scientific authors are located.
  • China now has the largest number of clusters in the world, overtaking the United States.

What are the Key Highlights Related to India?

• Overall Ranking and Growth:
  • India secured the 40^th position in the latest GII 2023, showcasing a remarkable climb from the 81^th spot in 2015.
    • This ascent underscores India's consistent and substantial growth in innovation over the past eight years.
  • India secured the top position among the 37 lower-middle-income countries and leading among the 10 economies in Central and South America.
    • Key indicators affirmed India's robust innovation landscape, including significant rankings in ICT services exports, venture capital received, graduates in science and engineering, and global corporate R&D investors.
• S&T Clusters:
  • Compared to China’s 24 and US’s 21, India has only 4 S&T clusters among the world’s top 100. These are Chennai, Bengaluru , Mumbai and Delhi.
• India’s Progress:
  • India’s progress is attributed to its abundant knowledge capital and a thriving Startup Ecosystem, along with commendable efforts from public and private research organizations.
  • The Covid-19 pandemic emphasized the vital role of innovation in addressing challenges, aligning with the nation's vision of Atma Nirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India).
• Need for Improvement:
  • Certain areas necessitate improvement, particularly infrastructure, business sophistication, and institutions.
    • To bridge these gaps, NITI Aayog is actively working to promote policy-led innovation in crucial sectors such as electric vehicles, biotechnology, nanotechnology, space, and alternative energy sources.

What are the Initiatives Related to Innovation in India?

• Digital India
• Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
• National Education Policy
• Atal Tinkering Labs

MS Swaminathan

For Prelims: MS Swaminathan, Green Revolution, Food Security, Bengal famine of 1942-43, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

For Mains: MS Swaminathan and his contribution in agriculture and shaping the Indian Economy.

Source: TH

Why in News?

Monkomb Sambasivan (MS) Swaminathan, hailed as the 'Father of the India’s Green Revolution,' passed away at the age of 98.

Who was MS Swaminathan?

• About:
  • Born on 7^th August, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India, he was deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's principles and India's struggle for independence.
  • He initially aimed to pursue a medical career but shifted his focus to agriculture due to the Bengal famine of 1942-43, a tragic event that left a profound impact on him and stirred his passion for improving India's agricultural sector.
• Career:
  • He pursued agricultural studies and research, delving into genetics and breeding, with the belief that improved crop varieties could have a significant impact on farmers' lives and help overcome food scarcity.
    • He served as the Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), where he played a crucial role in advancing agricultural research and education in India.
    • He also served as the Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organization Council and held leadership roles in international conservation and agricultural organizations.
• Contributions:
  • Role in the Green Revolution: He was widely recognized for his pivotal role in the Green Revolution, a transformative phase in Indian agriculture that significantly increased crop productivity and ensured Food Security for the nation.
  • High-Yielding Wheat and Rice: Swaminathan's groundbreaking work with Norman Borlaug in developing high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, notably the semi-dwarf wheat varieties, revolutionized agriculture in India during the 1960s and '70s.
    • This transformation significantly increased crop yields, making India self-sufficient in food production and averting the looming threat of famine.
  • Farmer Welfare: Swaminathan advocated for the welfare of farmers, emphasizing fair prices for agricultural produce and sustainable farming practices.
    • As chair of the National Commission of Farmers, the ‘Swaminathan Report’ probed the causes of farm distress.
    • One of its recommendations, that Minimum Support Prices (MSP) should at least be 50% more than average production costs, continues to be a primary demand of farm unions across India. MSP is the price at which the government purchases crops directly from farmers.
  • Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Right Act 2001: He played a pivotal role in developing the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Right Act 2001.
  • Other Contributions:
    • He will be remembered forever for his role in the global recognition of the 'Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere (Go MMB)' and Kerala's Kuttanad known for 'traditional cultivation of paddy below sea-level' as a globally important agricultural heritage site.
      • He also contributed to the conservation and enhancement of the biodiversity and ecology of these regions.
    • He also established the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) in 1988 to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development.
      • MSSRF focuses specifically on tribal and rural communities with a pro-poor, pro-women and pro-nature approach.
• Accolades:
  • He has received numerous accolades and awards for his outstanding contributions to agriculture, including being honored as the first World Food Prize Laureate in 1987.
  • He has also been conferred with the Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972) and Padma Vibhushan (1989).
  • Various international honors including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971) and the Albert Einstein World Science Award (1986).

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. How was India benefited from the contributions of Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively? (2019)

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)

Mahatma Gandhi’s 154th Birth Anniversary

For Prelims: Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Banknotes, Rerserve Bank of India, Sevagram Ashram, Swaccha Bharat Abhiyan, Truth, Non-Violence

For Mains: Relevance of Mahatma Gandhi’s principles and teachings in the contemporary world

Source: IE

Why in News?

On 2nd October,2023, Mahatma Gandhi’s 154th birth anniversary was celebrated across the nation to commemorate his principles and ideals that inspire the nation until the present times, owing to the indispensable role played by him during the freedom struggle.

• His contributions to the freedom struggle earned him the epithet of “Father of Nation” which led to his portrait being featured on Indian legal banknotes.
• Being a multi-faceted personality, Mahatma Gandhi had deep interest in music, and he always promoted safeguarding the environment.

Who was Mahatma Gandhi?

How did Mahatma Gandhi Become a Permanent Feature on Legal Banknotes of India?

• The Origins of Gandhi’s Image on Indian currency:
  • The portrait of Gandhi visible on banknotes is a cut-out of a photograph taken in 1946, where he is standing with British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
  • The photograph was selected as it had the most suitable expression of Gandhi smiling — the portrait is a mirror image of the cut-out.
  • According to Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, “the design, form and material of banknotes” shall be such as may be approved by the central government after consideration of the recommendations made by the central board.
• Gandhi’s First Appearance on INR notes:
  • Gandhi first featured on Indian currency in 1969, when a special series was issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary.
  • Then, in October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes, featuring Gandhi, was launched.
• Gandhiji, a Permanent Feature on Banknotes:
  • Gandhi was chosen because of his national appeal, and in 1996, a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ was launched by the RBI to replace the former Ashoka Pillar bank notes.
  • Several security features were also introduced, including a windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually impaired.

What are Mahatma Gandhi’s Lessons on Sustainability?

• Simplicity and Minimalism:
  • Gandhi advocated for a simple and minimalist lifestyle. He believed that individuals should live with the bare minimum and avoid excessive consumption.
  • This idea of simple living, or "Sarvodaya," promotes the conservation of resources and a reduced ecological footprint.
• Self-Sufficiency:
  • Gandhi emphasized the importance of self-sufficiency at the community level. He promoted the idea of villages being self-reliant in terms of food, clothing, and other basic needs.
  • This approach reduces dependence on external resources and minimizes environmental impacts associated with long-distance transportation and trade.
• Nonviolence (Ahimsa):
  • Gandhi's principle of nonviolence extends beyond human relations to encompass all living beings and the environment. He believed in the ethical treatment of animals and was a vegetarian himself.
  • This reflects his concern for the well-being of all creatures and the importance of coexisting harmoniously with nature.
• Sustainable Agriculture:
  • Gandhi supported sustainable and organic farming practices. He advocated for the use of natural fertilizers, crop rotation, and traditional farming methods that preserve soil fertility and reduce the need for chemical inputs.
• Conservation of Resources:
  • Gandhi emphasized the responsible use and conservation of natural resources, such as water and forests.
  • He believed in protecting and regenerating the environment to ensure that future generations have access to these resources.
• Localism and Decentralization:
  • Gandhi was a proponent of decentralization of power and resources. He believed in devolving authority to local communities, which can be more attuned to their own environmental and sustainability needs.
• Swadeshi:
  • Gandhi promoted the Swadeshi movement, which encouraged the use of locally produced goods and materials.
  • This concept aimed to reduce the ecological impact of long-distance trade and promote local economies.
• Respect for Nature:
  • Gandhi believed that humans should have a deep respect and reverence for nature.
  • He saw nature as an essential part of human life and called for responsible stewardship of the environment.
• Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam:
  • His belief in Vasudev Kutumbakam (the entire world is one family) encourages us to believe that we all are citizens of one world, and that we must remain conscious of global issues.

What is the Relationship of Mahatma Gandhi’s Idea of Politics with Music?

• Bhajans and Religious Music:
  • Gandhi had a strong spiritual side, and he often used devotional music, such as bhajans (Hindu religious songs), as a means of connecting with his inner self and finding solace.
  • He believed that singing hymns and religious songs helped purify the mind and strengthen one's connection with the divine.
• Inspirational Songs:
  • Gandhi encouraged the use of inspirational songs and patriotic songs to unite people in the struggle for independence.
  • Songs like "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" and "Vaishnav Jan To" were among his favorites and were frequently sung during his prayer meetings and public gatherings.
• Fasting and Silence:
  • Gandhi sometimes observed periods of fasting and silence as a form of protest or self-purification.
  • During these times, he often communicated with others through written messages and used music to convey his thoughts and feelings.
• Community Bonding:
  • Music played a crucial role in bringing communities together during Gandhi's nonviolent movements.
  • Chants, songs, and music created a sense of unity and solidarity among the participants in various campaigns, such as the Salt March.
• Promotion of Folk Music:
  • Gandhi was a proponent of traditional Indian culture and believed in the preservation of folk music and arts.
  • He encouraged the use of local languages and music to connect with the masses, as he believed that they were more relatable and accessible.
• Role in Nonviolent Resistance:
  • Music was an integral part of the nonviolent resistance movements led by Gandhi. It served as a means of inspiring and mobilizing people, fostering a sense of collective identity, and uplifting spirits during challenging times.
• Advocacy for Simplicity:
  • Gandhi's philosophy of simplicity and minimalism extended to music. He preferred simple and melodious tunes that could be easily understood and appreciated by the common people.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q1. Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021)

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(d) Sarojini Naidu

Ans: (c)

Q2. With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of ‘indentured labour’.
2. In Lord Chelmsford’s ‘War Conference’, Mahatma Gandhi did not support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.
3. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian people, the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

---

Mains

Q1. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (2021)

SC Concerned About Delayed Judicial Appointments

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Collegium System , Judicial Appointments

For Mains: Collegium System and its Criticism

Source: TH

Why in News?

Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) of India said the judiciary is losing fresh talent like never before as prospective candidates shortlisted for judgeships in High Courts give up their applications due to the government's prolonged inaction in processing High Court Collegium recommendations.

• The Attorney General of India was directed to provide updates on pending judicial appointments and transfers until 9th October, 2023.

What are the SC's Concerns Regarding Judicial Appointments?

• Prolonged Delays and Talent Drain:
  • The Supreme Court has raised concerns about the significant backlog of 70 High Court Collegium recommendations pending with the government for over 10 months.
  • This extended delay in processing recommendations has led to a talent drain within the Judiciary, as prospective candidates withdraw their candidature due to government inaction.
    • Bright legal minds, eager to join the Bench, are withdrawing due to the uncertainty created by these delays.
• Controversial Segregation of Names:
  • The government's practice of segregating names from Collegium-recommended lists is a matter of grave concern.
  • Despite explicit forbidding by the Collegium, the government continued to segregate names, causing embarrassment and opposition to the Collegium's directions.
    • This controversial practice has resulted in candidates withdrawing their candidature.
• Backlog of Appointments and Vacant Positions:
  • The extensive backlog of High Court Collegium recommendations has left numerous judicial positions vacant across the country.
  • The Memorandum of Procedure mandates prompt appointment of names reiterated by the Collegium, but this process is not being followed, causing further delays.

• Specific Pending Cases:
  • The appointment of a Chief Justice to the Manipur High Court remains pending, causing uncertainty.
  • Additionally, there has been no response from the government on 26 transfers recommended by the Supreme Court Collegium.

How are Judges Appointments Carried Out in India?

• Chief Justice of India (CJI):
  • The President of India appoints the CJI and the other SC judges.
    • As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor.
    • In practice, it has been strictly by seniority ever since the supersession controversy of the 1970s.
• Supreme Court Judges:
  • SC Judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and such other judges of the Supreme Court and the High courts as he deems necessary.
    • The CJI and a panel of four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court, known as the Collegium, recommend the names of the candidates to be appointed as SC judges to the President.
• Chief Justice of High Courts (HC) and Judges of HC:
  • The Chief Justice of the HC is appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the governor of the state concerned.
  • The judges of a HC are appointed by the President. High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges. For appointment of judges, the chief justice of the concerned high court is also consulted.
    • The Chief Justice of the High Court is also required to consult his two senior-most puisne Judges before recommending a name for appointment to the High Court.

Way Forward

• The government must expedite the processing of pending High Court Collegium recommendations to eliminate the backlog of appointments and fill vacant judicial positions promptly.
• The government should cease the practice of segregating names from the Collegium's recommendations and adhere to the Collegium's directions in appointing judges.
• Establish a transparent system to track and report on the progress of judicial appointments and transfers. Hold accountable those responsible for undue delays or non-compliance.

Legal Insights

The Centre and the Collegium System

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)

Digital World of Cookies

For Prelims: Right to Privacy, Session Cookies, Third-party Cookies, Cross-Site Request Forgery.

For Mains: Challenges Related to Emerging Technologies, Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023.

Source: TH

Why in News?

As the ever-evolving digital landscape continues to reshape online experiences, cookies emerge as dual agents, serving as indispensable facilitators of personalization and convenience, yet concurrently posing significant challenges in the domains of user privacy and data security

What are Cookies?

• About:
  • In the realm of computing and web browsing, cookies are small pieces of data stored on a user's device (browser), commonly as text files.
  • These files are generated by the websites a user visits and serve the purpose of retaining information regarding the user's interactions and preferences during their online navigation.
• Categories of Cookies
  • Session Cookies: Temporary in nature, these cookies function as digital post-it notes for websites, residing in a user's computer memory solely during active browsing sessions.
  • Persistent Cookies: Analogous to digital bookmarks, persistent cookies endure on the user's device beyond the conclusion of a browsing session.
    • They retain and recall information such as login credentials, language preferences, and previous interactions with advertisements.
  • Secure Cookies: Distinguished by their transmission over encrypted connections, these cookies are employed primarily for safeguarding sensitive data, such as login credentials.
  • Third-party Cookies: Originating from domains distinct from the one currently being visited, these cookies are frequently employed for tracking and advertising purposes, offering both utility and the potential for intrusion.
• Role of Cookies
  • User Authentication: Functioning as digital identity cards, cookies assist websites in recognizing and preserving user login statuses throughout their visits.
  • Personalization: Cookies enable the retention of user preferences, encompassing language selections and website themes.
  • Persistent Shopping Carts: They ensure that items added to online shopping carts remain accessible even upon subsequent returns.
  • Analytics: Cookies aid website proprietors in the collection of valuable data concerning user interactions, thereby facilitating enhancements and tailored content delivery.
  • Targeted Advertising: Advertisers employ cookies to showcase advertisements that correspond with user interests and previous browsing histories, enhancing the allure of online shopping.
• Associated Challenges
  • Privacy Concerns: Cookies possess the capability to track user online behavior, raising concerns about potential intrusions into digital privacy.
    • Inadequately secured cookies can serve as vulnerabilities exploited by cybercriminals to gain access to and pilfer personal information.
    • Through Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), attackers can use cookies to perform unauthorized actions on a user's behalf without their consent.
  • Cookie Bloat: Over time, as users visit more websites, cookies accumulate on their devices, consuming storage space and potentially slowing down web browsing.
  • Impact on User Experience: Users may find these frequent consent requests annoying and disruptive to their browsing experience, as they have to interact with these dialogs repeatedly.

Way Forward

• Balancing Personalization and Privacy: Users must be offered the ability to customize their cookie preferences, allowing them to opt in or out of specific categories of cookies.
  • They should be given personalized privacy dashboards, displaying detailed information about how their data is used (in accordance with India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023), which cookies are active, and the associated benefits.
  • They should be allowed to specify the expiration date of their consent for cookies, giving them more control over how long their data is stored and used.
• User Awareness: To educate users, the website should provide clear and accessible information about cookies and their importance for the website's functionality and performance.

Recognising the Heterogeneity of Northeast India

For Prelims: North East India, Indo-Chinese Mongoloid racial grouping, Indigenous Communities, Social Cohesion.

For Mains: Recognising the Heterogeneity of Northeast India.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Northeast region is home to numerous ethnic communities who have migrated from “all points of the compass, making it important to reject a singular Northeast identity and emphasizing its rich linguistic, cultural, and ethnic diversity.

What is the Ethnic Composition of the North-East?

• Ethnic Composition:
  • The region is home to numerous ethnic communities, predominantly belonging to the Indo-Chinese Mongoloid racial grouping.
  • Northeast India is known for its diverse population, which is made up of over 200 different ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture and traditions.
    • Some of the major ethnic groups in the region include the Assamese, Bodos, Nagas, Mizos, Khasis, Garos, and Arunachalis.

State	Ethnic Groups
Arunachal Pradesh	Adis, Nyishi, Apatani, Tagin, Mismi, Khampti, Wancho, Tangsha, Monpa, etc.
Assam	Barmans, Bodos (Bodokacharis), Deori, Hojai, Sonowal Kacharis, Miri (Mising), Dimasa, Hajong, etc.
Meghalaya	The Khasis, the Garos, Jaintias, etc .
Manipur	Meities, Nagas, Kukis and Chins, Meitei Pangals (Meitei –Muslims) etc.
Mizoram	Lushei, Ralte, Hmar, Paite, Pawis (formerly known as Lais), etc.
Nagaland	Angami, Ao, Chang, Chiru, Phom, Rengma, Sangtam, Sema, Zeliang, etc.
Tripura	Tripuri, Reang, Chakma, Halam, Garo, Lusei, Darlong, etc.
Sikkim	Nepalis, Bhutias, Lepchas, etc.

• The region is also home to several indigenous communities that have managed to preserve their way of life, despite the rapid modernization taking place in other parts of India.
  • These communities include the Apatanis of Arunachal Pradesh, who practice a unique form of agriculture that involves cultivating rice on terraced fields, and the Khasi people of Meghalaya, who have a matrilineal society where women inherit property and have a central role in decision-making.
• Need for Rejecting Homogeneity of the Region:
  • The tendency to homogenize the Northeast into a single category is a fallacy that overlooks the intricate fabric of its society.
  • Such a view not only oversimplifies the reality but also perpetuates misunderstanding and misrepresentation.
  • Each state within the Northeast holds a distinct cultural heritage, language, and historical narrative.
  • By rejecting a monolithic identity of the region one can delve into the unique characteristics of each state and community, appreciating the richness that this diversity brings.

Why is it Important to Recognise Heterogeneity of the North-East?

• Preserving Cultural Heritage:
  • The diverse cultural tapestry of the Northeast is a testament to the historical roots and practices of its various communities.
  • From the vibrant festivals of Assam to the ancient traditions of Sikkim, each culture offers a unique perspective on life, values, and beliefs. Preserving and celebrating this heterogeneity ensures the safeguarding of these cultural legacies for future generations.
• Linguistic Identity:
  • Northeast region is home to a plethora of languages, each representing the nuanced worldview of its speakers.
  • By recognizing this linguistic heterogeneity, the distinctiveness of these languages and the communities that speak them can be honored.
• Social Cohesion:
  • Acknowledging the diversity within the Northeast promotes social cohesion and inclusivity.
  • It encourages a sense of unity amid differences, enabling a more harmonious coexistence. By understanding and appreciating the distinct backgrounds and experiences of various communities, social integration is enhanced, contributing to a stronger, united nation.
• Tailored Policies for Development:
  • A one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective and unfair, hampering the region's progress.
  • Tailored policies that consider the unique socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts can foster sustainable development and growth.

Note: Descriptive Nicknames for Northeast States

• Arunachal Pradesh: Dawn-lit Mountains
• Assam: Gateway to North East
• Manipur: Jewel of India
• Meghalaya: Abode of Clouds
• Mizoram: Land of Blue Mountains
• Nagaland: Land of Festivals
• Sikkim: Himalayan Paradise
• Tripura: Land of Diversity

Conclusion

• To truly understand and appreciate this remarkable diversity, it is imperative to reject a singular Northeast identity and embrace the heterogeneity that defines the region.
• Only by doing so can we craft inclusive policies, celebrate unique cultural legacies, and foster social unity, paving the way for a more harmonious and prosperous society.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2013)

	Tribe	State
1.	Limboo (Limbu)	Sikkim
2.	Karbi	Himachal Pradesh
3.	Dongaria Kondh	Odisha
4.	Bonda	Tamil Nadu

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (a)

Airport Codes

Source: IE

Why in News?

The upcoming Noida International Airport in Jewar was recently awarded its own unique international three-letter code, 'DXN', by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

• 'D' signifies Delhi, 'N' represents Noida, and 'X' symbolizes connectivity to the globe.

What are Airport Codes?

• About:
  • Airport codes serve as distinctive identifiers for airports worldwide. These codes are essential for a seamless travel experience and are used in various contexts, from tickets and boarding passes to airport signage.
• Types:
  • Each airport actually has two unique codes: one assigned by IATA and another by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a branch of the United Nations. These codes have distinct purposes:
    • IATA Codes (Three-Digit Codes):
      • Created in the 1960s to standardize airport identification.
      • Used for passenger-facing operations.
      • Appear on tickets, boarding passes, signage, and other consumer-related materials.
      • Examples include DEL for Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi) and BOM for Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (Mumbai).
    • ICAO Codes (Four-Digit Codes):
      • Utilized by industry professionals such as pilots, air traffic controllers, and airport planners.
      • Facilitate precise communication in aviation.
      • Examples include VIDP for Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi).

International Air Transport Association

• IATA is the trade association for the world’s airlines, representing some 300 airlines or 83% of total air traffic.
  • It was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945.
• Head Office: Montreal, Canada.

International Civil Aviation Organization

• In 1944, 54 nations came together to draft the Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the 'Chicago Convention.'
• ICAO came into being on 4^th April 1947. In October 1947, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations linked to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
  • India is one of the ICAO's founder members, having attended the Chicago Conference in 1944
• ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines.
• Headquarter: Montreal, Canada

Rapid Fire Current Affairs

Karman Line

Boundaries in science, particularly the Karman Line, are gaining attention for their role in defining and distinguishing elements that could otherwise merge.

• The Karman Line is an imaginary boundary located at 100 km above sea level that separates Earth's atmosphere from space.
  • Although not all scientists and spacefarers accept it, a majority of countries and space organizations recognize it as a boundary.
• It was established in the 1960s by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), a record-keeping body. Any individual who crosses this line qualifies as an astronaut.
• The Karman Line was established to regulate airspace and marks the altitude beyond which a traditional aircraft can't fly.
  • Any aircraft flying beyond it needs a propulsion system to pull away from the earth's tug.
• It also acts as a legal reference that separates airspace that a country can claim to own from space itself, which is governed like international waters.

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Pink Bollworm

The Pink Bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella) infestation in cotton fields across northern India has become a severe crisis for farmers, causing widespread damage and financial losses.

• The infestation of the Pink Bollworm (PBW) has hit cotton fields in northern Rajasthan, Haryana, and southwestern Punjab since 2021.
• The PBW is a destructive pest that primarily affects cotton crops. It is native to Asia and was first reported in India in 1842.
  • PBW larvae burrow into the developing cotton bolls, affecting both the weight and quality of the harvested cotton lint.
• Genetically modified Bt cotton seeds, initially effective against certain pests, have lost their efficacy in combating PBW due to the insect's resistance.

Read more: Cotton Production in India, Emergency Measures to Tackle Pink Bollworm

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Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri

India observed the birth anniversary of Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri on 2^nd October, honoring his significant contributions and legacy.

• He served as India's second Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966, faced significant challenges during his tenure, including the aftermath of the 1962 war with China, drought, food crises, and the 1965 war with Pakistan.
  • His famous slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" symbolized India's determination to tackle these issues.
• Unfortunately, his prime ministership ended abruptly on January 10, 1966, when he passed away in Tashkent, USSR (now Uzbekistan), while negotiating the Tashkent Agreement with Pakistan's President, Muhammad Ayub Khan.
  • He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1966.

Read more: Lal Bahadur Shastri

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IAF Boosts Indigenous Missile Arsenal with Astra-MK1

The Indian Air Force (IAF) has placed two contracts with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for the indigenous Astra Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air to Air Missile and the first batch is expected to be inducted by the end of 2023.

• Astra is fully integrated on the SU-30MKI and in August, 2023 it was successfully test-fired from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas off the coast of Goa.
• Development is also underway for the more advanced Astra-MK2, which boasts longer-range capabilities.

Read more: Astra