Exploring the Rich Ecosystems of Rainforests

Prev Next

Exploring the Rich Ecosystems of Rainforests

27 Jun 2024

A rainforest is an area densely populated with tall, mostly evergreen trees and receives substantial rainfall. These ecosystems are among the oldest on Earth, with some existing for over 70 million years. Despite covering only 6% of the Earth's surface, rainforests are incredibly rich in biodiversity, and house more than half of the world’s plant and animal species. A single 10-square-kilometer area can host up to 1,500 flowering plants, 750 tree species, 400 bird species, and 150 butterfly species.

Rainforests are found on every continent except Antarctica, with the largest being the Amazon in South America and the Congo in Africa. Tropical rainforests also thrive in Southeast Asia and parts of Australia, while temperate rainforests exist in the Pacific Northwest of North America and Northern Europe. The biodiversity within these forests plays a crucial role in regulating the climate and providing essential resources.

Structure of Rainforests

Rainforests are typically divided into four layers– emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor, each with unique characteristics influenced by varying levels of sunlight, water, and air circulation. These layers form an interdependent system where processes and species in one layer affect others.

Emergent Layer: The emergent layer features the tallest trees that reach up to 60 meters (200 feet). These trees, like the Brazil nut tree and kapok tree, have sparse foliage on their trunks but wide-spreading canopies to capture sunlight, and animals such as birds, bats, and butterflies, often fly or glide between branches of these layers. In the Amazon rainforest, the Brazil nut tree stands out in the emergent layer as it can live for up to 1,000 years and grows taller than the surrounding trees.
Canopy Layer: Beneath the emergent layer lies the canopy, a dense, 6-meter (20-foot) thick layer of vegetation forming a roof over the lower layers. This layer blocks wind, rain, and sunlight, creating a humid, dark environment below. Trees here produce glossy leaves and fruits to attract animals, which help in seed dispersal. The canopy is home to many animals, including monkeys, birds, insects, and reptiles.
Understory Layer: Below the canopy, the understory is darker and more humid. Plants have larger leaves to catch the limited sunlight. This layer supports large flowers and strongly scented plants to attract pollinators. Animals like jaguars, snakes, birds, bats, and insects thrive here, using the dim environment for camouflage and hunting.
Forest Floor Layer: The forest floor is the darkest layer, making plant growth challenging. Decomposers such as termites, worms, and fungi break down organic material, providing nutrients for the shallow-rooted trees. Larger animals like pigs, armadillos, and leopards forage and hunt in this layer.

Types of Rainforests

Tropical rainforests: Tropical rainforests are primarily situated between the latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn)—within the tropics. These rainforests are found in Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, Southeast Asia, the island of New Guinea, and Australia.

The rays of the sun hit the tropics almost directly, which results in intense solar energy which keeps temperatures consistently high, mostly between 21° and 30°C (70° and 85°F).
- These high temperatures maintain warm and humid air, with an average humidity between 77-88%. These warm and moist conditions in tropical rainforests enable them to produce up to 75% of their own rain through evaporation and transpiration.
- Moreover, the abundance of sunlight and moisture are crucial for the diverse flora and fauna of tropical rainforests as approximately half of the world’s species reside here, with each hectare hosting an estimated 40 to 100 or more different tree species.
- The largest tropical rainforest in the world, which is the Amazon rainforest, is home to around 40,000 plant species, nearly 1,300 bird species, 3,000 types of fish, 427 mammal species, and 2.5 million different insects.

Temperate Rainforests: Temperate rainforests are found in mid-latitude regions, where temperatures are milder compared to the tropics. These rainforests are typically located in coastal, mountainous areas, which create conditions for high rainfall.

They are found on the coasts of the Pacific Northwest in North America, Chile, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and southern Australia.
Temperate rainforests have average temperatures ranging between 10° and 21°C (50° and 70°F).
- They receive less sunlight and rainfall, with annual precipitation between 150 and 500 centimeters (60 to 200 inches). Rainfall in these forests results from warm, moist air from the coast being trapped by nearby mountains.
Although temperate rainforests are not as biologically diverse as tropical rainforests, they exhibit significant biological productivity, storing between 500 and 2000 metric tons of organic matter per hectare (202 to 809 metric tons per acre).
- Cooler temperatures and a stable climate slow decomposition, allowing more material to accumulate.
For instance, old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest generate three times the biomass of tropical rainforests. This productivity supports the growth of many plant species for extended periods.
- Trees in temperate rainforests, such as the coast redwood in California and the alerce in Chile, rank among the oldest and largest in the world.
Animal species in temperate rainforests typically include large mammals and small birds, insects, and reptiles, varying widely across different regions. In the Pacific Northwest, major predators include bobcats (Lynx rufus), mountain lions (Puma concolor), and black bears (Ursus americanus).

The Role of Rainforests

Rainforests act as massive sponges, storing vast amounts of water, with the Amazon alone believed to hold over half of Earth's rainwater. Trees draw water from the ground and release it into the atmosphere as mist and clouds, which then sustains rivers, lakes, and irrigation systems. This continuous water recycling prevents droughts and reduces the risk of famine and disease across the globe.
Additionally, over 25% of modern medicines originate from rainforest plants, yet only 1% of these plants have been studied, indicating the immense potential rainforests have for treating diseases. This shows how irreplaceable rainforests are for humankind.
Moreover, rainforests have also supported human civilization for thousands of years and shaped the diets, culture, and livelihoods, further emphasizing their critical importance.
- For example, indigenous to Central Africa's Ituri rainforest, the Mbuti community are traditionally hunter-gatherers who rely on forest plants and animals.
- In the northern Amazon, the Yanomami community practices hunting and shifting-cultivation agriculture. The Chimbu community in New Guinea's highland rainforest also practices shifting cultivation and subsistence agriculture, growing crops like sweet potatoes and bananas.

Threats to Rainforests

The alarming rates at which rainforests are disappearing are a direct consequence of the development of human civilization and their modern needs and demands from over the past few centuries. Rainforests once covered 14% of Earth's land, but now they only cover 6%. Since 1947, the area of tropical rainforests has halved to about 6.2 to 7.8 million square kilometers (3 million square miles). This loss is alarming as biologists predict rainforests will lose 5-10% of their species each decade. If rampant deforestation continues, many critical rainforest habitats could disappear within the next century. Currently, 40 hectares (100 acres) of rainforest are cleared every minute for agricultural and industrial use.

In the Pacific Northwest, logging companies harvest trees for timber and paper pulp, while in the Amazon, large-scale agriculture, like cattle ranching, clears vast areas for farmland. Similarly, in the Congo rainforest the infrastructure development, like building roads or digging mines directly contributes in reducing habitat and disrupting migration of species. Some rainforests are further threatened by large hydroelectric power projects, where dams flood extensive areas of land. This shows while the wealthy nations enjoy energy consumption and infrastructure development that supports them directly or indirectly, the cost of this development is often borne by developing countries where these rainforests are located with economies heavily reliant on natural resources.

Conclusion

To conclude, preserving nature requires turning discussions into actionable initiatives. This includes implementing conservation measures, establishing national parks, and promoting sustainable forestry. Furthermore, upholding Indigenous land rights, enforcing anti-deforestation laws, and developing sustainable economic opportunities like eco-tourism and Just Transition is also essential. Individually, reduce consumption of deforestation-linked products like beef, soy, and palm oil. Choosing responsibly sourced items, supporting Indigenous artisans, minimizing one’s carbon footprint, advocating for rainforest-friendly policies, and supporting conservation organizations through volunteering or fundraising are small yet key steps towards visible change.

References:

Prev Next

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Study Material

State PCS

Test Series

Videos

Drishti IAS Blog