Be Mains Ready

Approach:

• Explain what is e-waste and state key features of the e-waste management rules in India.
• State causes behind e-waste generation.
• List the loopholes in the rules and their implementation.
• Suggest steps that can be taken to manage increasing e-waste in the country.

Key Fodder Points:

Current status

• E-waste is categorized as hazardous waste due to the presence of toxic materials such as mercury, lead and brominated flame retardants (which are considered as hazardous waste according to the Basel Convention).
• The Global E-Waste Monitor, 2017 published by the United Nations University estimated that India generates about 2 million metric tonnes of e-waste (2016) annually.
• Of the total e-waste produced in 2016, only 20% (8.9 MT) is documented to be collected properly and recycled, while there is no record of the remaining e-waste.
• E-waste in India is regulated under E-waste (Management) Rules 2016 which replaced the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.

Reasons for huge e-waste in India

• Consumerist culture: Consumption and production of electrical and electronic equipment have increased with higher levels of disposable income because of urbanization and industrialization.
• Affordability and necessity: ICT devices are becoming more affordable. Many people own multiple devices. Replacement cycles for mobile phones and computers, and also for other devices and equipment, are becoming shorter
• Illegal import of E-waste: 50% to 80% of e-waste collected by the US is exported to India, China, Pakistan, Taiwan and a number of African countries because of the availability of cheaper labour for recycling.
• The Indian Information Technology (IT) sector is one of the major contributors to the global economy. At the same time, it is responsible for the Generation of the bulk of E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in India.
• Lack of infrastructure and processing technology for return, recycle and reuse of the e-waste.
• Lack of awareness of hazards of e-waste on the environment and health.

Loopholes in the rules

• The rules do not focus on technology transfers for the recycling of electronic waste. Also, lack of an updated inventory of e-waste generated makes it difficult to quantify the e-waste recycled and disposed of. This is not taken into account by the existing rules.
• Lack of sufficient e-waste management infrastructure which has not been focussed upon by the rules.
• Implementation problems: No independent mechanism in place to check or verify the claims made in authorizations. The robust rules are flailed by the slack implementation.
• Producer Responsibility: The law states that the responsibility of producers is not confined to waste collection, but also to ensure that the waste reaches the authorised recycler/dismantler. However, there is no monitoring system and there is no guarantee that the waste collected by producers does not go to unauthorised recyclers.
• Unorganised sector: The rules do not take into account the problem of ill-equipped skilled labour to handle e-waste recycling. Most Indians end up selling their e-waste to the informal sector, which poses severe threats to human lives, with its improper and highly hazardous methods of extracting the trace amounts of precious metal from it and handling e-waste for profit.
• Consumers’ accountability: No information is provided along with the product packing about the e-collection center for the product sold. The responsibility of the consumers’ is not specified along with the product.
• The deposit refund scheme (DRS) that aids the recycling of the product is not operational in India.
• Informal sector and lack of incentive: The rules mandate an individual to drop the e-waste at an authorised collector, but do not provide any incentive against it. This forces e-waste to end up with the informal sector and loses track on further recycling.
• Lack of holistic planning: E-waste management rules are not in line with the problems that have emerged because of the promotion of government initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and ‘Digital India’.
• Lack of reliable e-waste data at the country level.

Remedial measures

• Incentives: Similar to Japan and Taiwan, an effective take-back program providing incentives for producers to design products that are less wasteful, contain fewer toxic components and are easier to disassemble, reuse, and recycle may help in reducing the wastes.
• End-of-life management should be made a priority in the design of new electronic products.
• Training: There should be training programs and effective methods to improve the job quality and satisfaction level of workers in the recycling industry.
• Infrastructure: Institutional infrastructures, including e-waste collection, transportation, treatment, storage, recovery, and disposal, need to be established, at national and/or regional levels for the environmentally sound management of e-waste.
• Collection centers: Establishment of e-waste collection, exchange and recycling centers should be encouraged in partnership with private entrepreneurs and manufacturers.
• Management of E-waste will help address the SDGs related to environmental protection (Goals 6, 11, 12, and 14) and health (Goal 3). It will also address Goal 8 that focuses on employment and economic growth since the sound management of e-waste can create new areas of employment and drive entrepreneurship.